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SCHOOL  CLASSICS 


EDITED  UNDER  THE  SUPERVISION  OF 

WILLIAM  C.  COLLAR  and  JOHN  TETLOW 


SELECTIONS 

FROM 

URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES 


WITH 

NOTES,  ILLUSTRATIONS,  MAPS,  PROSE  EXERCISES 
WORD  GROUPS,  AND  VOCABULARY 


BY 

BENJAMIN  L.  D’OOGE,  Ph.D. 

Michigan  State  Normal  College 


-boston  oolleck  Library 

CH*BTNtrx  HILL,  MASS, 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


Copyright,  1895,  1905 

By  BENJAMIN  L.  D’OOGE 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


58.3 


14054a 


)t  satljenaum  B  r  e  S  £ 


GINN  &  COMPANY  •  PRO¬ 
PRIETORS  •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


-♦0« 


Long  before  the  report  of  the  Committee  of  Ten  gave 
expression  to  the  thought,  teachers  of  Latin  throughout 
the  country  felt  the  need  of  a  proper  stepping-stone  from 
the  work  of  the  first  year  to  Caesar.  The  recommenda¬ 
tion  of  the  Committee,  therefore,  that  such  books  as  the 
Breviary  of  Eutropius,  Gradatim ,  and  Viri  Romae  should 
be  read  as  introductory  to  Caesar  or  Nepos  was  most 
heartily  received. 

Viri  Romae  is  a  comparatively  new  book  to  American 
schools,  though  it  has  long  enjoyed  great  and  deserved 
popularity  in  the  schools  of  France  and  Germany.  It  is 
a  compilation  made  from  Cicero,  Livy,  Sallust,  Seneca, 
Valerius  Maximus,  and  other  Roman  writers,  by  Charles 
Francois  Lhomond,  Professor  Emeritus  of  the  University 
of  Paris  (1727-1794).  It  is  simplified  Latin,  but  not 
manufactured  Latin.  Much  is  taken  verbatim  from  the 
authors  named,  and  such  changes  as  occur  consist  in  the 
omission  of  unnecessary  details  and  in  the  removal  of 
difficulties  in  order  and  syntax.  The  style  of  the  authors 
has  been  necessarily  somewhat  changed,  but  the  Latin  is 
pure  and  the  expressions  classical. 

The  real  and  lively  interest  that  the  book  inspires  com- 


CONTENTS 


-♦O* 


SELECTIONS 

Hints  to  Teachers . 

I.  Romani  imperi  exordium  .... 

II.  Romulus,  Romanorum  rex  primus 

III.  Numa  Pompilius,  Romanorum  rex  secundus 

IV.  Tullus  Hostilius,  Romanorum  rex  tertius  . 

V.  Ancus  Marcius,  Romanorum  rex  quartus  . 

VI.  Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Romanorum  rex 

quintus  . 

VII.  Servius  Tullius,  Romanorum  rex  sextus  . 

VIII.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Romanorum  rex  septi¬ 
mus  et  ultimus . 

IX.  Horatius  Cocles . 

X.  Menenius  Agrippa . 

XI.  Lucius  Virginius  centurio  .... 

XII.  Marcus  Furius  Camillus . 

XIII.  Spurius  Postumius . 

XIV.  Publius  Valerius  Laevinus  et  Pyrrhus,  rex 

Epiri . 

XV.  Gaius  Fabricius . 

XVI.  Gaius  Duilius . 

XVII.  Gaius  Lutatius  Catulus . 

XVIII.  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus . 

XIX.  Aemilius  Paulus  et  Terentius  Varro. 


PAGE 

vii 

1 

3 

•  5 
6 

•  9 

10 
.  12 


14 

16 

16 

17 

!9 


25 

28 

30 

31 


•  37 


CONTENTS. 


viii 

SELECTIONS  PAGB 

XX.  Tiberius  Gracchus  et  Gaius  Gracchus  .  39 

XXL  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus  .....  42 

XXII.  Gaius  Iulius  Caesar . 48 

XXIII.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  ......  57 

XXIV.  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus  ....  63 

Reference  Books  and  Books  for  Collateral 


Reading . 72,  73 

Notes . 75 

Suggestions  to  Students . 14 1 

Exercises  in  Latin  Composition  .  .  .  143 

Word-Groups  ........  187 

Vocabulary . 201 


LIST  OF  COLORED  MAPS. 

Urbs  Roma  Antiqua . Frontispiece. 

Italia  Superior  . 16 

Italia  Inferior . 17 

Imperium  Romanum  Augusto  Mortuo  XIV  a.d.  .  .  72 


FULL-PAGE  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The  Bronze  Wolf  of  the  Capitol 

Numa  Pompilius . 

Triumphal  Chariot . 

Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus  .... 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar . 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero . 

Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus 


5 

.  19 
42 
.  48 
57 
•  63 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS. 


1.  How  to  Read  Latin.  —  As  this  is  the  first  continuous 
reading  in  Latin  that  many  students  using  this  book  will  do,  it 
is  very  important  that  the  right  method  of  reading  be  adopted 
from  the  outset.  First,  and  most  important,  the  text  should 
be  read  and  understood  in  the  order  in  which  it  stands.  Any 
rearrangement  of  the  order  of  the  words  and  thought  destroys 
that  apprehension  of  Latin  idiom  and  style  which  should  be 
most  carefully  cultivated.  As  each  word  is  met  it  should  be 
disposed  of  as  far  as  may  be.  If  it  should  prove  impossible 
to  settle  all  points  definitely,  keep  the  mind  expectant  until  the 
progress  of  the  sentence  settles  all  that  was  doubtful.  It  is 
thus  that  the  Romans  read  and  understood  their  language,  and 
we  must  learn  to  do  likewise  if  we  would  master  it  and  partake 
of  its  spirit.  Prof.  W.  G.  Hale’s  pamphlet  on  the  'Art  of  Read¬ 
ing  Latin  ’  (Ginn  &  Co.),  gives  a  clear  exposition  of  this 
method. 

2.  Reading  at  sight.  —  No  discipline  is  more  useful  for 
inspiring  confidence  in  pupils  than  frequent  practice  in  sight 
reading.  Much  of  the  Viri  Romae  is  peculiarly  adapted  to 
this  purpose,  and  though  no  pages  of  the  text  have  been 
especially  set  apart  and  annotated  for  it,  still,  with  such  help 
as  the  teacher  may  deem  necessary,  almost  any  passage  may 
be  so  studied,  and  the  effect  is  sure  to  be  beneficial  and  inspir¬ 
ing  to  the  class. 

3.  The  Translation  of  Latin.  —  To  read  Latin  is  one 
thing;  to  translate  it  is  quite  another.  To  read  Latin  is  to  get 


X 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS. 


the  thought  without  a  conscious  appeal  to  the  English 
equivalent ;  the  translator  will  clothe  this  thought  in  English 
thoroughly  idiomatic  and  as  good  as  his  command  of  English 
makes  possible.  The  so-called  '  literal  translation  ’  has  no 
place  in  scholarly  work.  It  is  but  seldom  that  the  Latin  idiom 
and  the  English  idiom  are  so  far  identical  as  to  make  a  literal 
translation  tolerable.  Students  that  are  allowed  to  translate 
literally,  are  in  danger  of  doing  more  to  ruin  their  English  than 
they  will  ever  gain  from  the  study  of  Latin.  On  the  contrary, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  excellent  training  in  the  mother 
tongue  that  a  good  translation  affords.  Students  should  be 
asked  at  frequent  intervals  to  hand  in  such  translations. 

4.  The  Pronouncing  of  Latin.  —  Students  should  be 
taught  to  distinguish  carefully  between  the  long  and  the  short 
vowel  sounds.  To  this  end  the  quantity  of  all  vowels  long  by 
nature  has  been  marked.  Many  students  do  not  have  their 
attention  called  to  this  important  point  until  they  begin  to  scan 
verse,  or  perhaps  not  until  they  enter  college.  For  one  to 
reform  who  has  been  careless  in  his  Latin  speech  for  many 
years,  is  a  most  discouraging  task.  Accuracy  should  be  insisted 
upon  from  the  outset,  and  no  faulty  pronunciation  should  ever 
be  heard  in  the  class-room.  Quantities  may  be  learned  gradu¬ 
ally  by  marking  them  in  all  written  work  during  the  first  and 
second  years.  This  will  insure  care  and  accuracy  in  the  years  to 
come  without  further  formal  instruction.  During  the  second 
year  Latin  should  always  be  pronounced  before  translation. 
Often  it  is  useful  to  read  the  review  lesson  without  a  transla¬ 
tion  ;  seeking,  so  far  as  possible,  to  convey  the  meaning  by 
proper  expression  in  pronunciation.  Anecdotes  and  striking 
passages  should  often  be  learned  as  a  memory  exercise,  and 
spoken  before  the  class.  Sometimes  the  teacher  should  read 
the  review,  and  the  class  translate  with  books  closed.  It  is 
important  that  the  ear  and  the  eye  should  be  alike  trained. 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS. 


xi 


5.  The  Notes.  —  The  notes  to  the  text  have  not  been 
made  chiefly  grammatical.  References  are  usually  given  but 
once,  and  similar  constructions  are  referred  to  the  first  instance 
of  each  for  comparison  and  explanation.  This  method  of 
teaching  syntax  has  proved  more  effective  than  repeated  refer¬ 
ence  to  the  same  principle  without  comparison.  Such  further 
drill  as  is  necessary  is  left  to  the  teacher.  It  is  well  to  bear  in 
mind  that  too  much  attention  to  syntax  is  an  absolute  hindrance 
to  idiomatic  and  appreciative  translation. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  aim  of  the  notes  has  been  to  interest 
the  student  in  ancient  life  and  custom,  and  to  create  about  him 
that  classic  atmosphere  without  which  all  our  teaching  is  vain. 
Modern  life  is  so  far  removed  from  ancient  life,  that  the 
beginner  in  Latin  finds  himself  even  more  strange  to  his 
environment  than  to  the  language.  He  needs  an  interpreter  to 
the  former  quite  as  much  as  to  the  latter.  The  difficulties  that 
students  find  with  the  ancient  languages  and  their  lack  of 
enthusiasm  for  them  are  often  due  to  their  living  in  an 
unfamiliar  world  without  guide  to  its  mysteries  and  beauties. 
It  is  to  satisfy  this  larger  need  that  the  text  has  been  supplied 
with  maps,  illustrations,  copious  references  to  collateral  reading, 
and  with  such  concise  information  as  seemed  most  helpful.  It 
is  in  directing  the  collateral  reading  of  his  pupils  that  a  teacher 
can  be  of  perhaps  the  largest  service,  and  he  can  accomplish 
this  best  by  having  in  the  reference  library  of  his  school  such 
books  as  have  been  recommended  (see  pp.  72,  73). 

6.  Latin  Composition.  —  It  is  the  unanimous  testimony 
of  teachers  that  nothing  can  take  the  place  of  frequent  prac¬ 
tice  in  speaking  and  in  writing  idiomatic  Latin.  In  no  other 
way  can  a  knowledge  of  words,  forms,  constructions,  and 
idioms  be  so  easily  acquired.  Prose  exercises  for  oral  and 
written  translation  have  been  added  to  this  book,  based  upon 
the  text,  and  accompanied  by  appropriate  grammatical  refer- 


Xll 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS. 


ences.  These  exercises  have  been  carefully  graded  and 
adapted  to  a  systematic  development  of  syntactical  principles. 
It  is  hoped  that  they  will  be  found  to  combine  the  advantages 
of  both  of  the  methods  of  teaching  Latin  composition  most  in 
vogue  ;  that  of  using  short  sentences  to  illustrate  grammatical 
principles,  and  that  of  using  continuous  English  with  no  system¬ 
atic  instruction  in  syntax.  The  editor  has  found  that  each 
method  has  its  advantages  and  its  disadvantages.  Perhaps 
he  has  been  so  fortunate  as  to  solve  the  problem  by  com¬ 
bining  the  advantages  of  both.  Teachers  will  of  course  use 
their  own  judgment  in  determining  the  amount  and  frequency 
of  work  in  Latin  composition.  Many  find  it  most  useful  to 
have  some  oral  and  written  work  every  day.  Such  will  be  able 
to  complete  these  exercises  in  twenty  weeks  or  less.  Others, 
that  proceed  more  slowly,  may  find  it  advantageous  to  continue 
with  them  even  after  the  text  has  been  finished  and  some  other 
author  begun,  in  order  that  the  systematic  study  of  syntax  may 
not  be  interrupted  and  prematurely  abandoned.  In  oral  trans¬ 
lation,  quick,  sharp,  accurate  work  should  be  insisted  upon.  A 
minute  on  each  sentence  is  sufficient.  For  obvious  reasons 
many  more  lessons  have  been  devoted  to  the  constructions  of 
the  moods  than  to  those  of  the  cases ;  but  all  that  is  most 
essential  to  a  sound  knowledge  of  syntax  will  be  found  fully 
illustrated. 

7.  Word-Groups.  —  Immediately  preceding  the  vocabulary, 
some  pages  will  be  found  containing  groups  of  words  selected 
from  the  text  and  based  on  the  commonest  Latin  roots.  It 
is  suggested  that  students  be  given  a  few  lessons  on  the 
formation  of  Latin  words,  and  the  meanings  of  the  most 
frequently  recurring  prefixes  and  suffixes,  and  that  then  a 
systematic  study  of  these  groups  be  made.  Want  of  a 
vocabulary  is  a  fatal  obstruction  to  the  easy  reading  of  Latin, 
and  there  is  no  easier  way  of  building  one  up  than  by 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS. 


xiii 

memorizing  lists  of  words  fundamentally  connected  by  a 
common  root.  A  thorough  knowledge  of  even  the  few  roots 
contained  in  this  list  may  form  the  basis  for  a  vocabulary 
surprisingly  large. 

8.  The  Vocabulary.  —  The  vocabulary  has  been  con¬ 
structed  not  merely  for  help  in  translating,  but  to  afford 
abundant  opportunity  for  etymological  and  comparative  word 
study.  Primary  derivations  have  been  given  only  when  the 
roots  are  included  in  the  list  forming  the  basis  for  the  Word- 
Groups  ;  secondary  etymologies  are  given  in  all  cases.  In 
addition,  every  word  is  referred  to  the  text  for  illustrations  of 
its  use  and  range  of  meaning. 


THE  BRONZE  WOLF  OF  THE  CAPITOL. 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


I.  Romani  imperi  exordium. 

Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  Numitorem  et  Amulium  filios 
habuit.  Numitori,  qui  natu  maior  erat,  regnum  reli¬ 
quit  ;  sed  Amiilius  pulso  fratre  regnavit  et,  ut  eum 
subole  privaret,  Rheam  Silviam,  eius  filiam,  Vestae 
sacerdotem  fecit,  quae  tamen  Romulum  et  Remum  5 
geminos  edidit.  Ea  re  cognita  Amulius  ipsam  in  vin¬ 
cula  coniecit,  parvulos  alveo  impositos  abiecit  in  Ti¬ 
berim,  qui  tunc  forte  super  ripas  erat  effusus  ;  sed 
relabente  flumine  eos  aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  Vastae 
tum  in  eis  locis  solitudines  erant.  Lupa,  ut  fama  tra-  10 
ditum  est,  ad  vagitum  accurrit,  infantes  lingua  lambit, 
ubera  eorum  ori  admovit  matremque  se  gessit. 

Cum  lupa  saepius  ad  parvulos  veluti  ad  catulos 
reverteretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  re  animadversa 
eos  tulit  in  casam  et  Accae  Larentiae  coniugi  dedit  15 
educandos.  Adulti  deinde  hi  inter  pastores  primo 
ludicris  certaminibus  vires  auxere,  deinde  venando 
saltus  peragrare  et  latrones  a  rapina  pecorum  arcere 
coeperunt.  Qua  re  cum  eis  insidiati  essent  latrones, 
Remus  captus  est,  Romulus  vi  se  defendit.  Tum  20 
Faustulus  necessitate  compulsus  indicavit  Romulo 


2 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


quis  esset  eorum  avus,  quae  mater.  Romulus  statun 
armatis  pastoribus  Albam  properavit. 

Interea  Remum  latrones  ad  Amulium  regem  perduxe¬ 
runt,  eum  accusantes  quasi  Numitoris  agros  Infestare 
5  solitus  esset ;  itaque  Remus  a  rege  Numitori  ad  suppli¬ 
cium  traditus  est;  at  cum  Numitor,  adulescentis  vol- 
tum  considerans,  aetatem  minimeque  servilem  indolem 
compararet,  haud  procul  erat  quin  nepotem  agnosce¬ 
ret.  Nam  Remus  oris  lineamentis  erat  matri  simillimus 
io  aetasque  expositionis  temporibus  congruebat.  Ea  res 
dum  Numitoris  animum  anxium  tenet,  repente  Romulus 
supervenit,  fratrem  liberat,  interempto  Amiilio  avum 
Numitorem  in  regnum  restituit. 

Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem,  in  eisdem  locis 
15  ubi  expositi  ubique  educati  erant,  condiderunt;  sed 
orta  inter  eos  contentione  uter  nomen  novae  urbi 
daret  eamque  imperio  regeret,  auspicia  decreverunt 
adhibere.  Remus  prior  sex  voltures,  Romulus  postea 
duodecim  vidit.  Sic  Romulus,  victor  augurio,  urbem 
20  Romam  vocavit.  Ad  novae  urbis  tutelam  sufficere 
vallum  videbatur.  Cuius  angustias  inridens  cum  Re¬ 
mus  saltli  id  traiecisset,  eum  Iratus  Romulus  interfecit 
his  increpans  verbis:  “Sic  deinde,  quicumque  alius 
transiliet  moenia  mea.”  Ita  solus  potitus  est  imperio 
25  Romulus. 


ROMULUS. 


3 


II.  Romulus,  Romanorum  rex  primus. 

753-715  B.C. 

Romulus  imaginem  urbis  magis  quam  urbem  fecerat; 
incolae  deerant.  Erat  in  proximo  lucus ;  hunc  asylum 
fecit.  Et  statim  eo  mira  vis  latronum  pastorumque 
confugit.  Cum  vero  uxores  ipse  populusque  non  ha¬ 
berent,  legatos  circa  vicinas  gentes  misit,  qui  societatem  5 
conubiumque  novo  populo  peterent.  Nusquam  be¬ 
nigne  audita  legatio  est ;  ludibrium  etiam  additum : 

“  Cur  non  feminis  quoque  asylum  aperuistis  ?  Id  ■ — 
enim  compar  foret  conubium.”  Romulus  aegritudi¬ 
nem  animi  dissimulans  ludos  parat ;  indici  deinde  10 
finitimis  spectaculum  iubet.  Multi  convenere  studio 
etiam  videndae  novae  urbis,  maxime  Sabini  cum  liberis 
et  coniugibus.  Ubi  spectaculi  tempus  venit  eoque  con¬ 
versae  mentes  cum  oculis  erant,  tum  signo  dato  iuvenes 
Romani  discurrunt,  virgines  rapiunt.  15 

Haec  fuit  statim  causa  belli.  Sabini  enim  ob  vir¬ 
gines  raptas  bellum  adversus  Romanos  sumpserunt  et, 
cum  Romae  appropinquarent,  Tarpeiam  virginem  nactl 
sunt,  quae  aquam  forte  extra  moenia  petitum  ierat. 
Huius  pater  Romanae  praeerat  arci.  Titus  Tatius,  20 
Sabinorum  dux,  Tarpeiae  optionem  muneris  dedit,  si 
exercitum  suum  in  Capitolium  perduxisset.  Illa  petiit 
quod  Sabini  in  sinistris  manibus  gererent,  videlicet  et 
anulos  et  armillas.  Quibus  dolose  promissis  Tarpeia 
Sabinos  in  arcem  perduxit,  ubi  Tatius  scutis  eam  obrui  25 
iussit;  nam  et  ea  in  laevis  habuerant.  Sic  impia  pro¬ 
ditio  celeri  poena  vindicata  est. 


4 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Deinde  Romulus  ad  certamen  processit  et  in  eo 
loco  ubi  nunc  Romanum  Forum  est,  pugnam  con¬ 
seruit.  Primo  impetu  vir  inter  Romanos  insignis, 
nomine  Hostilius,  fortissime  dimicans  cecidit  ;  cuius 
5  interitu  consternati  Romani  fugere  coeperunt.  Iam 
Sabini  clamitabant:  “Vicimus  perfidos  hospites,  im¬ 
belles  hostes.  Nunc  sciunt  longe  aliud  esse  virgines 
rapere,  aliud  pugnare  cum  viris.”  Tunc  Romulus 
arma  ad  caelum  tollens  Iovi  aedem  vovit,  et  exercitus 
io  seu  forte  seu  divinitus  restitit.  Itaque  proelium  red¬ 
integratur  ;  sed  raptae  mulieres  crinibus  passis  ausae 
sunt  se  inter  tela  volantia  Inferre  et  hinc  patres,  hinc 
viros  orantes,  pacem  conciliarunt. 

Romulus  foedere  cum  Tatio  icto  et  Sabinbs  in 
15  urbem  recepit  et  regnum  cum  Tatio  sociavit.  Verum 
non  ita  multo  post  occiso  Tati5  ad  Romulum  poten¬ 
tatus  omnis  recidit.  Centum  deinde  ex  senioribus 
elegit,  quorum  consilio  omnia  ageret,  quos  senatores 
nominavit  propter  senectutem.  Tres  equitum  cen- 
20  turias  constituit,  populum  in  triginta  curias  distribuit. 
His  ita  ordinatis  cum  ad  exercitum  lustrandum  con¬ 
tionem  in  campo  ad  Caprae  paludem  haberet,  subito 
coorta  est  tempestas  cum  magno  fragore  tonitribusque 
et  Romulus  e  conspectu  ablatus  est.  Ad  deos  trans- 
25  Isse  volgo  creditus  est  ;  cui  rei  fidem  fecit  Iiilius  Pro¬ 
culus,  vir  nobilis.  Orta  enim  inter  patres  et  plebem 
seditione,  in  contionem  processit  iureiurando  adfir- 
mans  visum  a  se  Romulum  augustiore  forma,  eun- 
demque  praecipere  ut  seditionibus  abstinerent  et  rem 
30  militarem  colerent ;  futurum  ut  omnium  gentium  domi- 


NUMA  POMPILIUS 


NUMA  POMPILIUS. 


5 


ni  exsisterent.  Aedes  in  colle  Quirinali  Romulo  con¬ 
stituta,  ipse  pro  deo  cultus  et  Quirinus  est  appellatus. 


III.  Numa  Pompilius,  Romanorum  rex  secundus. 

715-673  B.C. 

Successit  Romulo  Numa  Pompilius,  vir  incluta  ius- 
titia  et  religione.  Is  Curibus,  ex  oppido  Sabinorum, 
accitus  est.  Qui  cum  Romam  venisset,  ut  populum  5 
ferum  religione  mitigaret,  sacra  plurima  Instituit. 
Aram  Vestae  consecravit  et  Ignem  in  ara  perpetuo 
alendum  virginibus  dedit.  Flaminem  Iovis  sacerdo¬ 
tem  creavit  eumque  Insigni  veste  et  curuli  sella  ador¬ 
navit.  Dicitur  quondam  ipsum  Iovem  e  caelo  elicuisse.  10 
Hic  ingentibus  fulminibus  in  urbem  demissis  descendit 
in  nemus  Aventinum,  ubi  Numam  docuit  quibus  sacris 
fulmina  essent  procuranda,  et  praeterea  imperi  certa 
pignora  populo  Romano  daturum  se  esse  promisit. 
Numa  laetus  rem  populo  nuntiavit.  Postridie  omnes  15 
ad  aedes  regias  convenerunt  silentesque  exspectabant 
quid  futurum  esset.  Atque  sole  orto  delabitur  e  caelo 
scisso  scutum,  quod  ancile  appellavit  Numa.  Id  ne 
furto  auferri  posset,  Mamurium  fabrum  undecim  scuta 
eadem  forma  fabricare  iussit.  Duodecim  autem  Salios  20 
Martis  sacerdotes  legit,  qui  ancilia,  secreta  illa  imperi 
pignora,  custodirent  et  Kalendls  Martiis  per  urbem 
canentes  et  rite  saltantes  ferrent. 

Annum  in  duodecim  menses  ad  cursum  lunae  de¬ 
scripsit  ;  nefastos  fastosque  dies  fecit ;  portas  Iano  25 
gemino  aedificavit,  ut  esset  index  pacis  et  belli ;  nam 


6 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


apertus,  in  armis  esse  civitatem,  clausus,  pacatos  circa 
omnes  populos,  significabat. 

Leges  quoque  plurimas  et  utiles  tulit  Numa.  Ut 
vero  maiorem  institutis  suis  auctoritatem  conciliaret, 
5  simulavit  sibi  cum  dea  Egeria  esse  conloquia  noc¬ 
turna,  eiusque  monitu  se  omnia  quae  ageret  facere. 
Lucus  erat,  quem  medium  fons  perenni  rigabat  aqua  ; 
eo  saepe  Numa  sine  arbitris  se  Inferebat,  velut  ad 
congressum  deae  :  ita  omnium  animds  ea  pietate  im- 
io  buit  ut  fides  ac  iusiurandum  non  minus  quam  legum 
et  poenarum  metus  cives  contineret.  Bellum  quidem 
nfillum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  civitati  profuit  quam 
Romulus.  Morbo  exstinctus  in  Ianiculo  monte  se- 
pultus  est.  Ita  duo  deinceps  reges,  ille  bello,  hic 
15  pace,  civitatem  auxerunt.  Romulus  septem  et  triginta 
regnavit  annos,  Numa  tres  et  quadraginta. 


IV.  Tullus  Hostilius,  Romanorum  rex  tertius. 

673-641  B.C. 

Mortuo  Numa  Tullus  Hostilius  rex  creatus  est.  Hic 
non  solum  proximo  regi  dissimilis,  sed  ferocior  etiam 
Romulo  fuit.  Ed  regnante  bellum  inter  Albanos  et 
20  Romanos  exortum  est.  Ducibus  Hostilio  et  Fufetio 
placuit  rem  paucorum  certamine  finiri.  Erant  apud 
Romanos  trigemini  fratres  Horatii,  tres  apud  Albanos 
Curiatii.  Cum  eis  agunt  reges,  ut  pro  sua  quisque 
patria  dimicent  ferro.  Foedus  ictum  est  ea  lege,  ut 
25  unde  victoria  ibi  imperium  esset. 

Icto  foedere  trigemini  arma  capiunt  et  in  medium 


TULLUS  HOSTILIUS. 


7 


inter  duas  acies  procedunt.  Consederant  utrimque 
duo  exercitus.  Datur  signum  Infestisque  armis  terni 
iuvenes,  magnorum  exercituum  animos  gerentes,  con¬ 
currunt.  Ut  primo  concursu  increpuere  arma  mican- 
tesque  fulsere  gladii,  horror  ingens  spectantes  perstrin-  5 
git.  Consertis  deinde  manibus  statim  duo  Romani 
alius  super  alium  exspirantes  ceciderunt;  tres  Albani 
volneratl.  Ad  casum  Romandrum  conclamavit  gaudio 
exercitus  Albanus.  Romanos  iam  spes  tota  deserebat. 
Unum  Horatium  tres  Curiatii  circumsteterant.  Forte  10 
is  integer  fuit  ;  sed  quia  tribus  impar  erat,  ut  distrahe¬ 
ret  hostes,  fugam  capessivit,  singulos  per  intervalla 
secuturos  esse  ratus.  Iam  aliquantum  spatl  ex  eo 
loco,  ubi  pugnatum  est,  aufugerat,  cum  respiciens 
videt  unum  e  Curiatiis  haud  procul  ab  sese  abesse.  15 
In  eum  magno  impetu  redit  et,  dum  Albanus  exercitus 
inclamat  Curiatiis  ut  opem  ferant  fratri,  iam  Horatius 
eum  occiderat.  Alterum  deinde,  priusquam  tertius 
posset  consequi,  interfecit. 

Iam  singuli  supererant,  sed  nec  spe  nec  viribus  pares.  20 
Alter  erat  intactus  ferro  et  geminata  victoria  ferox  ; 
alter  fessum  volnere,  fessum  cursu  trahebat  corpus. 
Nec  illud  proelium  fuit.  Romanus  exsultans  male 
sustinentem  arma  Curiatium  conficit,  iacentem  spoliat. 
Romani  ovantes  ac  gratulantes  Horatium  accipiunt  et  25 
domum  deducunt.  Princeps  Ibat  Horatius  trium  fra¬ 
trum  spolia  prae  se  gerens.  Cui  obvia  fuit  soror,  quae 
desponsa  fuerat  uni  ex  Curiatiis,  visoque  super  umeros 
fratris  paludamento  sponsi,  quod  ipsa  confecerat,  flere 
et  crines  solvere  coepit.  Movet  ferocis  iuvenis  animum  30 


8 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


comploratio  sororis  in  tanto  gaudio  publico ;  itaque 
stricto  gladio  transfigit  puellam,  simul  eam  verbis  in¬ 
crepans  :  “  Abi  hinc  cum  immaturo  amore  ad  sponsum, 
oblita  fratrum,  oblita  patriae.  Sic  eat,  quaecumque 
5  Romana  lugebit  hostem.” 

Atr5x  id  visum  est  facinus  patribus  plebique ;  qua 
re  raptus  est  in  ius  Horatius  et  apud  iudices  condem¬ 
natus.  Iam  accesserat  lictor  iniciebatque  laqueum. 
Tum  Horatius  ad  populum  provocavit.  Interea  pater 
io  Horati  senex  proclamabat  filiam  suam  iure  caesam 
esse ;  et  iuvenem  amplexus  spoliaque  Curiatiorum  os¬ 
tentans  orabat  populum  ne  se,  quem  paulo  ante  cum 
egregia  stirpe  conspexissent,  orbum  liberis  faceret. 
Non  tulit  populus  patris  lacrimas  iuvenemque  absolvit 
15  admiratione  magis  virtutis  quam  iure  causae.  Ut 
tamen  caedes  manifesta  expiaretur,  pater,  quibusdam 
sacrificiis  peractis,  transmisit  per  viam  tigillum  et 
filium  capite  adoperto  velut  sub  iugum  misit ;  quod 
tigillum  sororium  appellatum  est. 

20  Non  diu  pax  Albana  mansit;  nam  Mettius  Fufetius, 
dux  Albanorum,  cum  se  invidiosum  apud  cives  videret, 
quod  bellum  tino  paucdrum  certamine  finlsset,  ut  rem 
corrigeret,  Veientes  Fldenatesque  adversus  Romanos 
concitavit.  Ipse,  a  Tullo  in  auxilium  arcessitus,  aciem 
25  in  collem  subduxit,  ut  fortunam  'belli  exspectaret  et 
sequeretur.  Qua  re  Tullus  intellecta  magna  voce  ait 
suo  illud  iussu  Mettium  facere,  ut  hostes  a  tergo  cir¬ 
cumvenirentur.  Quo  audito  hostes  territi  et  victi  sunt. 
Postero  die  Mettius  cum  ad  gratulandum  Tullo  venisset, 
30  iussu  illius  quadrigis  religatus  et  in  diversa  distractus 


ANCUS  MARCIUS. 


9 


est.  Deinde  Tullus  Albam  propter  ducis  perfidiam 
diruit  et  Albanos  Romam  transire  iussit. 

Roma  interim  crevit  Albae  ruinis ;  duplicatus  est 
civium  numerus  ;  mons  Caelius  urbi  additus  et,  quo 
frequentius  habitaretur,  eam  sedem  Tullus  regiae  cepit  5 
ibique  deinde  habitavit.  Auctarum  virium  fiducia 
elatus  bellum  Sabinis  indixit :  pestilentia  insecuta  est ; 
nulla  tamen  ab  armis  quies  dabatur.  Credebat  enim 
rex  bellicosus  salubriora  militiae  quam  domi  esse  iuve- 
num  corpora,  sed  ipse  quoque  diuturno  morbo  est  im-  10 
plicatus.  Tunc  vero  adeo  fracti  simul  cum  corpore 
sunt  spiritus  illi  feroces  ut  nulli  rei  postea  nisi  sacris 
operam  daret.  Memorant  Tullum  fulmine  ictum  cum 
domo  conflagrasse.  Tullus  magna  gloria  belli  regnavit 
annos  duos  et  triginta.  15 


V.  Ancus  Marcius,  Romanorum  rex  quartus. 

641-616  B.C. 

Tullo  mortuo  Ancum  Marcium  regem  populus  cre¬ 
avit.  Numae  Pompili  nepos  Ancus  Marcius  erat, 
aequitate  et  religione  avo  similis.  Tunc  Latini,  cum 
quibus  Tullo  regnante  ictum  foedus  erat,  sustulerant 
animos  et  incursionem  in  agrum  Romanum  fecerunt.  20 
Ancus,  priusquam  eis  bellum  indiceret,  legatum  misit, 
qui  res  repeteret,  eumque  morem  posteri  acceperunt. 

Id  autem  hoc  modo  fiebat.  Legatus,  ubi  ad  fines 
eorum  venit  a  quibus  res  repetuntur,  capite  velato, 
“Audi,  Iuppiter,”  inquit,  “audite,  fines  huius  populi.  25 
Ego  sum  publicus  nuntius  populi  Romani ;  verbis  meis 


10 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


fides  sit.”  Deinde  peragit  postulata.  Si  non  deduntur 
res  quas  exposcit,  hastam  in  fines  hostium  emittit  bel¬ 
lumque  ita  indicit.  Legatus  qui  ea  de  re  mittitur, 
fetialis  ritusque  belli  indicendi  ius  fetiale  appellatur. 

5  Legato  Romano  res  repetenti  superbe  responsum 
est  a  Latinis  :  qua  re  bellum  hoc  modo  eis  indictum 
est.  Ancus  exercitu  conscripto  profectus  Latinos  fudit 
et  compluribus  oppidis  deletis  cives  Romam  traduxit. 
Cum  autem  in  tanta  hominum  multitudine  facinora 
io  clandestina  fierent,  Ancus  carcerem  in  media  urbe  ad 
terrorem  increscentis  audaciae  aedificavit.  Idem  nova 
moenia  urbi  circumdedit,  Ianiculum  montem  ponte 
sublicio  in  Tiberi  facto  urbi  coniunxit,  in  ore  Tiberis 
Ostiam  urbem  condidit.  Pluribus  aliis  rebus  intra 
15  paucos  annos  confectis  immatura  morte  praereptus 
obiit. 


VI.  Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Romanorum  rex  quintus. 

616-578  B.C. 

Anco  regnante  Lucius  Tarquinius,  Tarquiniis  ex 
Etruriae  urbe  profectus,  cum  coniuge  et  fortunis  om¬ 
nibus  Romam  commigravit.  Additur  haec  fabula  : 
20  advenienti  aquila  pilleum  sustulit  et  super  carpentum, 
cui  Tarquinius  insidebat,  cum  magno  clangore  volitans 
rursus  capiti  apte  reposuit ;  inde  sublimis  abiit.  Tana¬ 
quil  coniunx,  caelestium  prodigiorum  perita,  regnum  ei 
portendi  intellexit ;  itaque,  virum  complexa,  excelsa  et 
25  alta  sperare  eum  iussit.  Has  spes  cogitationesque 
secum  portantes  urbem  ingressi  sunt,  domicilioque  ibi 


LUCIUS  TARQUINIUS  PRISCUS. 


11 


comparato  Tarquinius  pecunia  et  industria  dignitatem 
atque  etiam  Anci  regis  familiaritatem  consecutus  est; 
a  quo  tutor  liberis  relictus  regnum  intercepit  et  ita 
administravit,  quasi  iure  adeptus  esset. 

Tarquinius  Priscus  Latinos  bello  domuit ;  Circum  5 
Maximum  aedificavit;  de  Sabinis  triumphavit  ;  murum 
lapideum  urbi  circumdedit.  Equitum  centurias  dupli¬ 
cavit,  nomina  mutare  non  potuit,  deterritus,  ut  ferunt, 
Atti  Navi  auctoritate.  Attus  enim,  ea  tempestate 
augur  inclutus,  id  fieri  posse  negabat,  nisi  aves  ad-  10 
dixissent ;  iratus  rex  in  experimentum  artis  eum  inter¬ 
rogavit  fierine  posset  quod  ipse  mente  concepisset ; 
Attus  augurio  acto  fieri  posse  respondit.  “Atqui 
hoc,”  inquit  rex,  “agitabam,  num  cotem  illam  secare 
novacula  possem.”  “Potes  ergo,”  inquit  augur,  et  15 
rex  secuisse  dicitur.  Tarquinius  filium  tredecim  am 
norum,  quod  in  proelio  hostem  percussisset,  praetexta 
bullaque  donavit ;  unde  haec  ingenuorum  puerorum 
insignia  esse  coeperunt. 

Supererant  duo  Anci  filii,  qui  aegre  ferentes  se  pa-  20 
terno  regno  fraudatos  esse  regi  insidias  paraverunt. 

Ex  pastoribus  duos  ferocissimos  deligunt  ad  patran¬ 
dum  facinus.  Ei  simulata  rixa  in  vestibulo  regiae 
tumultuantur.  Quorum  clamor  cum  penitus  in  regiam 
pervenisset,  vocati  ad  regem  pergunt.  Primo  uterque  25 
vociferari  coepit  et  certatim  alter  alteri  obstrepere. 
Cum  vero  iussi  essent  invicem  dicere,  tinus  ex  compo¬ 
sito  rem  orditur  ;  dumque  intentus  in  eum  se  rex  totus 
avertit,  alter  elatam  securim  in  eius  caput  deiecit,  et 
relicto  in  volnere  telo  ambo  foras  se  proripiunt.  30 


12 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


VII.  Servius  Tullius,  Romanorum  rex  sextus. 

578-534  B.C. 

Post  hunc  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium  genitus 
ex  nobili  femina,  captiva  tamen  et  famula.  Qui  cum 
in  domo  Tarquini  Prisci  educaretur,  ferunt  prodigium 
visu  eventuque  mirabile  accidisse.  Flammae  species 
5  pueri  dormientis  caput  amplexa  est.  Hoc  visu  Tana¬ 
quil  summam  ei  dignitatem  portendi  intellexit  coniu- 
gique  suasit  ut  eum  haud  secus  ac  suos  liberos  edu¬ 
caret.  Is  postquam  adolevit,  et  fortitudine  et  consilio 
Insignis  fuit.  In  proelio  quodam,  in  quo  rex  Tarquinius 
10  adversus  Sabinos  conflixit,  militibus  segnius  dimicanti¬ 
bus,  raptum  signum  in  hostem  misit.  Cuius  recipiendi 
gratia  Romani  tam  acriter  pugnaverunt  ut  et  signum 
et  victoriam  referrent.  Qua  re  a  Tarquinio  gener  ad- 
sumptus  est;  et  cum  Tarquinius  occisus  esset,  Tana- 
15  quii,  Tarquini  uxor,  mortem  eius  celavit  populumque 
ex  superiore  parte  aedium  adlocuta,  ait  regem  grave 
quidem,  sed  non  letale  volnus  accepisse  eumque  petere 
ut  interim,  dum  convalesceret,  Servio  Tullio  dicto  audi¬ 
entes  essent.  Sic  Servius  Tullius  regnare  coepit,  sed 
20  recte  imperium  administravit.  Sabinos  subegit ;  mon¬ 
tes  tres,  Quirinalem,  Viminalem,  Esquilinum  urbi  ad- 
iunxit;  fossas  circa  murum  duxit.  Idem  censum  ordi¬ 
navit  et  populum  in  classes  et  centurias  distribuit. 

Servius  Tullius  aliquod  urbi  decus  addere  volebat. 
25  Iam  tum  inclutum  erat  Dianae  Ephesiae  fanum.  Id 
communiter  a  civitatibus  Asiae  factum  fama  ferebat. 
Itaque  Latinorum  populis  suasit  ut  et  ipsi  fanum 


SERVIUS  TULLIUS. 


13 


Dianae  cum  populo  Romano  Romae  in  Aventino  monte 
aedificarent.  Quo  facto  bos  mirae  magnitudinis  cuidam 
Latino  nata  dicitur  et  responsum  somnio  datum  eum 
populum  summam  imperi  habiturum  cuius  civis  bovem 
illam  Dianae  immolasset.  Latinus  bovem  ad  fanum  5 
Dianae  egit  et  causam  sacerdoti  Romano  exposuit. 
Ille  callidus  dixit  prius  eum  vivo  flumine  manus  ab¬ 
luere  debere.  Latinus  dum  ad  Tiberim  descendit, 
sacerdos  bovem  immolavit.  Ita  imperium  civibus 
sibique  gloriam  adquisivit.  10 

Servius  Tullius  filiam  alteram  ferocem,  mitem  alte¬ 
ram  habens,  cum  Tarquini  filios  pari  esse  animo  vide¬ 
ret,  ferocem  miti,  mitem  feroci  in  matrimonium  dedit, 
ne  duo  violenta  ingenia  matrimonio  iungerentur.  Sed 
mites  seu  forte  seu  fraude  perierunt;  feroces  morum  15 
similitudo  coniunxit.  Statim  Tarquinius  a  Tullia  in¬ 
citatus  advocato  senatu  regnum  paternum  repetere 
coepit.  Qua  re  audita  Servius  dum  ad  curiam  con¬ 
tendit,  iussu  Tarquini  per  gradus  deiectus  et  domum 
refugiens  interfectus  est.  Tullia  carpento  vecta  in  20 
Forum  properavit  et  coniugem  e  curia  evocatum  prima 
regem  salutavit ;  cuius  iussu  cum  e  turba  ac  tumultu 
decessisset  domumque  rediret,  viso  patris  corpore  mu¬ 
lionem  cunctantem  et  frena  inhibentem  super  ipsum 
corpus  carpentum  agere  iussit.  Unde  vicus  ille  scele-  25 
ratus  dictus  est.  Servius  Tullius  regnavit  annos  quat¬ 
tuor  et  quadraginta. 


14 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


VIII.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Romanorum  rex  septimus 

et  ultimus. 

5 34-5 10  B-c- 

Tarquinius  Superbus  regnum  sceleste  occupavit. 
Tamen  bello  strenuus  Latinos  Sablnosque  domuit. 
Urbem  Gabios  in  potestatem  redegit  fraude  Sexti  fili. 
Is  cum  indigne  ferret  eam  urbem  a  patre  expugnari 
5  non  posse,  ad  Gabinos  se  contulit,  patris  saevitiam  in 
se  conquerens.  Benigne  a  Gabinis  exceptus  paulatim 
eorum  benevolentiam  consequitur,  fictis  blanditiis  ita 
eos  adliciens  ut  apud  omnes  plurimum  posset  et  ad 
postremum  dux  belli  eligeretur.  Tum  e  suis  unum  ad 
o  patrem  mittit  sciscitatum  quidnam  se  facere  vellet. 
Pater  nuntio  fili  nihil  respondit,  sed  velut  delibera¬ 
bundus  in  hortum  transiit  ibique  inambulans  sequente 
nuntio  altissima  papaverum  capita  baculo  decussit. 
Nuntius  fessus  exspectando  rediit  Gabios.  Sextus 
5  cognito  silentio  patris  et  facto  intellexit  quid  vellet 
pater.  Primores  civitatis  interemit  patrique  urbem 
sine  ulla,  dimicatione  tradidit. 

Postea  rex  Ardeam  urbem  obsidebat.  Ibi  cum  in 
castris  essent,  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  sorore  regis 
o  natus,  forte  cenabat  apud  Sextum  Tarquinium  cum 
iuvenibus  regiis.  Incidit  de  uxoribus  mentio :  cum 
suam  unus  quisque  laudaret,  placuit  experiri.  Itaque 
citatis  equis  Romam  avolant ;  regias  nurus  in  convivio 
et  luxu  deprehendunt.  Pergunt  inde  Collatiam  ;  Lu- 
5  cretiam,  Collatini  uxorem,  inter  ancillas  lanae  deditam 
inveniunt.  Ea  ergo  ceteris  praestare  iudicatur.  Paucis 


TARQUINIUS  SUPERBUS. 


15 


interiectis  diebus  Sextus  Collatiam  rediit  et  Lucretiae 
vim  attulit.  Illa  postero  die  advocatis  patre  et  coniuge 
rem  exposuit  et  se  cultro,  quem  sub  veste  abditum 
habebat,  occidit.  Conclamant  vir  paterque  et  in  exi¬ 
tium  regum  coniurant.  Tarquinio  Romam  redeunti  5 
clausae  sunt  urbis  portae  et  exsilium  indictum. 

In  antiquis  annalibus  memoriae  haec  sunt  prodita. 
Anus  hospita  atque  incognita  ad  Tarquinium  quondam 
Superbum  regem  adiit,  novem  libros  ferens,  quos  esse 
dicebat  divina  oracula  :  eos  se  velle  venum  dare.  Tar-  10 
quinius  pretium  percontatus  est :  mulier  nimium  atque 
immensum  poposcit.  Rex,  quasi  anus  aetate  desiperet, 
derisit.  Tum  illa  foculum  cum  Igni  apponit  et  tres 
libros  ex  novem  deurit ;  et,  ecquid  reliquos  sex  eodem 
pretio  emere  vellet,  regem  interrogavit.  Sed  Tar-  15 
quinius  id  multo  risit  magis  dlxitque  anum  iam  procul 
dubio  delirare.  Mulier  ibidem  statiin  tres  alios  libros 
exussit;  atque  id  ipsum  denuo  placide  rogat,  ut  tres 
reliquos  eodem  illo  pretio  emat.  Tarquinius  ore  iam 
serio  atque  attentiore  animo  fit ;  eam  constantiam  con-  20 
fidentiamque  non  neglegendam  intellegit  ;  libros  tres 
reliquos  mercatur  nihilo  minore  pretio  quam  quod  erat 
petitum  pro  omnibus.  Sed  eam  mulierem  tunc  a  Tar¬ 
quinio  digressam  postea  nusquam  loci  visam  constitit. 
Libri  tres  in  sacrario  conditi  Sibylllnlque  appellati.  25 
Ad  eos,  quasi  ad  oraculum,  Quindecim  viri  adeunt,  cum 
dii  immortales  publice  consulendi  sunt. 


16 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


IX.  Horatius  Cocles. 

507  B.C. 

Porsena,  rex  Etruscorum,  ad  restituendos  in  regnum 
Tarquinios  infesto  exercitu  Romam  venit.  Primo  im¬ 
petu  Ianiculum  cepit.  Non  umquam  alias  ante  tantus 
terror  Romanos  invasit ;  adeo  valida  res  tum  Clusina 
5  erat  magnumque  Porsenae  nomen.  Ex  agris  in  urbem 
demigrant  :  urbem  ipsam  saepiunt  praesidiis.  Alia 
urbis  pars  muris,  alia  Tiberi  obiecto  tuta  videbatur. 
Pons  sublicius  iter  paene  hostibus  dedit,  nisi  unus  vir 
fuisset  Horatius  Cocles,  illo  cognomine  appellatus, 
10  quod  in  alio  proelio  oculum  amiserat.  Is  extrema 
pontis  parte  occupata  aciem  hostium  solus  sustinuit 
donec  pons  a  tergo  interrumperetur.  Ipsa  audacia 
obstupefecit  hostes;  ponte  rescisso  armatus  in  Ti¬ 
berim  desiluit  et  multis  superincidentibus  telis  incol- 
15  urnis  ad  suos  tranavit.  Grata  erga  tantam  virtutem 
civitas  fuit ;  ei  tantum  agri  publice  datum  est  quantum 
uno  die  circumaravit.  Statua  quoque  ei  in  Comitio 
posita. 


X.  Menenius  Agrippa. 

494  B.C. 

Menenius  Agrippa  concordiam  inter  patres  plebem- 
20  que  restituit.  Nam  cum  plebs  a  patribus  in  montem 
sacrum  secessisset,  quod  tributa  simul  et  militiam  non 
toleraret,  Agrippa,  vir  facundus,  ad  plebem  missus  est. 
Qui  intromissus  in  castra  nihil  aliud  nisi  hoc  narrasse 
fertur.  “  Olim  humani  artus,  cum  ventrem  otiosum 


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Longitude  East  30  of  Paris 


Pachynum  Prom. 


LUCIUS  VIRGINIUS  CENTURIO. 


17 


cernerent,  ab  eo  discordarunt,  conspiraruntque  ne 
manus  ad  os  cibum  ferrent  neve  os  acciperet  datum 
neve  dentes  conficerent.  At  dum  ventrem  domare 
volunt,  ipsi  quoque  defecerunt,  totumque  corpus  ad 
extremam  tabem  venit  ;  inde  intellexerunt  ventris  5 
quoque  haud  segne  ministerium  esse  eumque  acceptos 
cibos  concoquere  et  per  omnia  membra  digerere,  et  cum 
eo  in  gratiam  redierunt.  Sic  senatus  et  plebes,  quasi 
unum  corpus,  discordia  pereunt,  concordia  valent.” 

Hac  fabula  Menenius  flexit  hominum  mentes  :  plebs  10 
in  urbem  regressa  est.  Creavit  tamen  tribunos,  qui 
libertatem  suam  a  nobilitatis  superbia  defenderent. 
Paulo  post  mortuus  est  Menenius,  vir  omni  vita  pariter 
patribus  ac  plebi  carus.  Is  tamen  in  tanta  paupertate 
decessit  ut  eum  plebs  conlatis  sextantibus  sepeliret,  15 
locum  sepulcro  senatus  publice  daret.  Potest  con¬ 
solari  pauperes  Menenius,  sed  multo  magis  docere 
locupletes  quam  non  sit  necessaria  solidam  laudem 
cupienti  nimis  anxia  divitiarum  comparatio. 


XI.  Lucius  Virginius  Centurio. 

451  B.C. 

Anno  trecentesimo  ab  urbe  condita  pro  duobus  con-  20 
sulibus  decem  viri  creati  sunt,  qui  adlatas  e  Graecia 
leges  populo  proponerent.  Duodecim  tabulis  eae  sunt 
perscriptae.  Ceterum  decem  viri  sua  ipsorum  insolen¬ 
tia  in  exitium  acti  sunt.  Nam  unus  ex  eis  Appius 
Claudius  virginem  plebeiam  adamavit.  Quam  cum  25 
Appius  non  posset  pretio  ac  spe  pellicere,  unum  e 


IS 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


clientibus  subornavit,  qui  eam  in  servitutem  deposce¬ 
ret,  facile  victurum  se  sperans,  cum  ipse  esset  et  accu¬ 
sator  et  iudex.  Lucius  Virginius,  puellae  pater,  tunc 
aberat  militiae  causa.  Cliens  igitur  virgini  venienti  in 
5  Forum  (namque  ibi  in  tabernis  litterarum  ludi  erant) 
iniecit  manum,  adfirmans  suam  esse  servam;  eam 
sequi  se  iubet ;  ni  faciat,  minatur  se  vi  abstracturum. 
Pavida  puella  stupente,  ad  clamorem  nutricis  fit  con¬ 
cursus.  Itaque  cum  ille  puellam  vi  non  posset  ab- 
io  ducere,  eam  vocat  in  itis  ipso  Appio  iudice. 

Interea  missi  nuntii  ad  Virginium  properant.  Is, 
commeatu  sumpto,  a  castris  profectus  prima  luce  Ro¬ 
mam  advenit,  cum  iam  civitas  in  Foro  exspectatione 
erecta  stabat.  Virginius  statim  in  Forum  lacrimabun- 
15  dus  et  civium  opem  implorans  filiam  suam  deducit. 
Neque  eo  setius  Appius,  cum  in  tribunal  escendisset, 
Virginiam  clienti  suo  addixit.  Tum  pater,  ubi  nihil 
usquam  auxill  vidit,  “Quaeso,”  inquit,  “Appi,  Ignosce 
patrio  dolori ;  sine  me  filiam  ultimum  adloqul.”  Data 
20  venia  pater  cum  filiam  seduxisset,  ab  lanio  cultro  ad- 
repto  pectus  puellae  transfigit.  Tum  vero  sibi  viam 
facit  et  respersus  cruore  ad  exercitum  profugit  et 
milites  ad  vindicandum  facinus  accendit.  Concitatus 
exercitus  montem  Aventinum  Insedit ;  decem  tribunos 
25  militum  creavit ;  decem  viros  magistratu  se  abdicare 
coegit  eosque  omnes  aut  morte  aut  exsilio  multavit ; 
ipse  Appius  Claudius  in  carcerem  coniectus  mortem 
sibi  conscivit. 


TRIUMPHAL  CHARIOT 


MARCUS  FURIUS  CAMILLUS. 


19 


XII.  Marcus  Furius  Camillus. 

390  B.C. 

Cum  Marcus  Furius  Camillus  urbem  Falerios  ob¬ 
sideret,  ludi  magister  plurimos  et  nobilissimos  inde 
pueros,  velut  ambulandi  gratia  eductos,  in  castra  Ro¬ 
manorum  perduxit.  Quibus  Camillo  traditis  non  erat 
dubium  quin  Falisci  deposito  bello  sese  Romanis  5 
dedituri  essent.  Sed  Camillus  perfidiam  proditoris 
detestatus,  “Non  ad  similem  tui,”  inquit,  “venisti: 
sunt  et  belli  sicut  pacis  itira ;  arma  habemus  non  ad¬ 
versus  eam  aetatem  cui  etiam  captis  urbibus  parcitur, 
sed  adversus  armatos,  qui  nec  laesi  nec  lacessiti  a  10 
nobis  castra  Romana  ad  Veios  oppugnaverunt.”  De¬ 
nudari  deinde  magistrum  iussit,  eumque  manibus  post 
tergum  infigatis  in  urbem  reducendum  pueris  tradidit 
virgasque  eis  dedit,  quibus  proditorem  agerent  in 
urbem  verberantes.  Statim  Falisci,  beneficio  magis  15 
quam  armis  victi,  portas  Romanis  aperuerunt. 

Veientes  etiam  illo  tempore  rebellaverunt.  Quorum 
quanta  res  fuerit,  indicat  decennis  obsidio.  Tunc  pri¬ 
mum  hibernacula  militibus  facta  hiematumque  sub 
pellibus,  tum  primum  stipendium  ex  aerario  militibus  20 
datum  adactusque  miles  iureiurando,  nisi  capta  urbe, 
se  non  esse  discessurum.  Denique  non  scalis  neque 
inruptione  sed  cuniculo  et  subterraneis  dolis  peractum 
urbis  excidium. 

Postmodum  Camillo  est  crimini  datum,  quod  albis  25 
equis  triumphasset  et  praedam  inique  divisisset ;  die 
dicta  ab  L.  Appuleio  tribuno  plebis  damnatus  Ardeam 


20 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


concessit.  Urbe  egrecliens  a  diis  precatus  esse  dicitur, 
ut,  si  innoxio  sibi  ea  iniuria  fieret,  primo  quoque  tem¬ 
pore  desiderium  sui  civitati  ingratae  facerent. 

Neque  multo  post  Galli  Senones  Clusium,  Etruriae 
5  oppidum,  obsederunt.  Clusini  novo  bello  exterriti  ab 
Romanis  auxilium  petierunt.  Missi  sunt  Roma  tres 
legati,  qui  Gallos  monerent  ut  ab  oppugnatione  de¬ 
sisterent.  Ex  his  legatis  unus  contra  ius  gentium  in 
aciem  processit  et  ducem  Senonum  interfecit.  Qua 
io  re  commoti  Galli,  petitis  in  deditionem  legatis  neque 
impetratis,  Romam  petierunt  et  exercitum  Romanum 
apud  Alliam  fluvium  ceciderunt  ante  diem  quintum 
decimum  Kalendas  Sextiles  :  qui  dies  inter  nefastos 
relatus  Alliensis  dictus  est. 

15  Galli  victores  haud  multo  ante  solis  occasum  ad 
urbem  Romam  perveniunt.  Postquam  hostes  adesse 
nuntiatum  est,  reliqua  iuventus  Romana  cum  Manlio 
in  arcem  fugit ;  seniores  vero  domos  regressi  adven¬ 
tum  Gallorum  obstinato  ad  mortem  animo  exspectabant. 
20  Qui  eorum  curules  magistratus  gesserant,  ornati  hono¬ 
rum  Insignibus  in  vestibulis  aedium  eburneis  sellis 
Insederunt,  ut,  cum  venisset  hostis,  in  sua  dignitate 
morerentur.  Interim  Galli  domos  patentes  ingressi 
vident  praetextatos  senes,  viros  ornatu  et  voltus  maie- 
25  state  diis  simillimos.  Ad  quos  cum  Galli  velutl  ad 
simulacra  conversi  starent,  tinus  ex  his  senibus  dicitur 
Gallo  barbam  suam  permulcenti  scipionem  eburneum 
in  caput  incussisse.  Iratus  Gallus  eum  occidit ;  ab  eo 
initium  caedis  ortum  est.  GeterI  omnes  in  sedibus 
30  suis  trucidati  sunt. 


MARCUS  FURIUS  CAMILLUS. 


21 


Galli  deinde  impetum  facere  in  arcem  statuunt. 
Primo  militem,  qui  temptaret  viam,  praemiserunt.  Tum 
nocte  sublustri,  sublevantes  invicem  et  trahentes  alii 
alios,  in  summum  saxum  evaserunt  tanto  silentio  ut 
non  custodes  solum  fallerent,  sed  ne  canes  quidem,  5 
sollicitum  animal  ad  nocturnos  strepitus,  excitarent. 
Anseres  non  fefellere,  quibus  in  summa  inopia  Romani 
abstinuerant,  quia  aves  erant  Iunonis  sacrae  :  quae  res 
Romanis  saluti  fuit.  Namque  clangore  earum  alarum¬ 
que  crepitu  excitus  Manlius,  vir  bello  egregius,  ceteros  10 
ad  arma  vocat  et,  dum  ceteri  trepidant,  armis  adreptis 
Gallum  qui  iam  in  summo  constiterat  umbone  ictum 
deturbat.  Cuius  casus  cum  proximos  sterneret,  omnes 
Galli  ascendentes  facile  deiciuntur. 

Tunc  consensu  omnium  placuit  ab  exsilio  Camillum  15 
acciri.  Missi  igitur  ad  eum  legati  ipseque  dictator 
absens  dictus  est.  Interim  fames  utrumque  exercitum 
urguebat ;  sed  ne  Galli  putarent  Romanos  ea  necessi¬ 
tate  ad  deditionem  cogi,  multis  locis  de  Capitolio  panis 
iactatus  est  in  hostium  stationes.  Ad  postremum  Galli  20 
quoque,  obsidione  fatigati,  pretio  mille  pondo  auri  ad¬ 
ducuntur  ut  obsidionem  relinquerent.  Cum  autem 
iniqua  pondera  essent  adlata  et  Gallorum  dux  gladio 
per  insolentiam  addito  vae  victis  increparet,  Camillus 
dictator  intervenit,  conlectis  Romani  exercitus  reliquiis  ;  25 
auferri  aurum  de  medio  iubet  denuntiatque  Gallis  ut 
se  ad  proelium  expediant.  Instruit  deinde  aciem  et 
Gallos  devicit.  Ne  nuntius  quidem  cladis  relictus  est. 
Dictator  recuperata  ex  hostibus  patria  triumphans  ur¬ 
bem  ingressus  et  a  militibus  parens  patriae  conditorque  30 


22 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


alter  urbis  appellatus  est.  Sed  ut  oppidum  civibus, 
ita  cives  oppidd  reddidit.  Agitabant  enim  tribum 
plebem  ut  relictis  ruinis  in  urbem  paratam  Veios 
transmigrarent  ;  quod  quidem  consilium  gravissima 
5  Camilli  oratione  discussum  est.  Movit  populum  vocis 
quoque  omen  ex  centurione  auditae,  qui,  cum  in  Forum 
venisset,  manipularibus  suis  dixerat:  “Signifer,  statue 
signum,  hic  manebimus  optime.”  Qua  voce  audita  et 
senatus  accipere  se  omen  conclamavit  et  plebs  circum- 
io  fusa  approbavit. 

M.  Manlius,  qui  Capitolium  a  Gallis  defenderat,  cum 
obstrictos  aere  alieno  liberaret,  nexos  exsolveret,  crimi¬ 
ne  adfectati  regni  damnatus  de  saxo  Tarpeio  deiectus 
est. 

XIII.  Spurius  Postumius. 

321  B.C. 

15  Iam  Romani  bellum  contra  Samnites  susceperunt, 
a  Campanis  in  auxilium  vocati.  Omnium  non  modo 
Italiae  sed  toto  orbe  terrarum  pulcherrima  Campaniae 
plaga  est.  Nihil  mollius  caelo,  nihil  uberius  solo :  bis 
floribus  vernat.  Ideo  Liberi  Cererisque  certamen  dl- 
20  citur.  Nihil  hospitalius  mari.  Hic  illi  nobiles  portus, 
Caieta,  Misenum  et  tepentes  fontibus  Baiae  ;  hic  Lu¬ 
crinus  et  Avernus  lacus ;  hic  amicti  vitibus  montes 
Gaurus,  Falernus,  Massicus,  et  pulcherrimus  omnium 
Vesuvius,  Aetnaei  Ignis  imitator.  Urbes  ad  mare  For- 
25  miae,  Cumae,  Puteoli,  Neapolis,  Herculaneum,  Pompeii 
et  ipsa,  caput  urbium,  Capua  quondam  inter  tres  maxi¬ 
mas  cum  Roma  et  Carthagine  numerata.  Pro  hac 


SPURIUS  POSTUMIUS. 


23 


urbe,  pro  his  regionibus  populus  Romanus  Samnites 
invasit.  Per  quinquaginta  fere  annos  cum  Samnitibus 
pugnatum  saepeque  in  extrema  pericula  ventum  est. 

Spurius  Postumius  consul  cum  bellum  adversus 
Samnites  gereret,  a  Gaio  Pontio,  hostium  duce,  in 
insidias  inductus  est :  namque  is  simulatos  transfugas 
misit,  qui  Romanis  dicerent  Luceriam,  Apuliae  urbem, 
a  Samnitibus  obsideri.  Non  erat  dubium  quin  Ro¬ 
mani  Lucerinis,  bonis  ac  fidelibus  sociis,  opem  ferrent. 
Duae  ad  Luceriam  ferebant  viae,  altera  longior  et 
tutior,  altera  brevior  et  periculosior ;  festinatio  brevi¬ 
orem  elegit.  Itaque  cum  in  insidias  venissent,  qui 
locus  Furculae  Caudinae  vocabatur,  et  fraus  hostilis 
apparuisset,  retro  viam,  qua  venerant,  repetunt,  at  eam 
quoque  hostium  praesidio  clausam  inveniunt.  Sistunt 
igitur  gradum  et,  omni  spe  evadendi  adempta,  intuen- 
tes  alii  alios  diu  immobiles  silent ;  deinde  erumpunt 
in  querellas  adversus  duces,  quorum  temeritate  in  eum 
locum  erant  adducti.  Ita  noctem  tum  cibi  tum  quietis 
immemores  traduxerunt. 

Nec  Samnites  ipsi,  quid  sibi  faciendum  esset  in  re 
tam  laeta,  sciebant.  Pontius  accitum  patrem  Heren¬ 
nium  rogavit  quid  fieri  placeret.  Is  ubi  audivit  inter 
duos  saltus  clausum  esse  exercitum  Romanum,  dixit 
aut  omnes  esse  occidendos,  ut  vires  frangerentur,  aut 
omnes  dimittendos  esse  incolumes,  ut  beneficio  ob¬ 
ligarentur.  Neutra  sententia  accepta  est.  Interea 
Romani  necessitate  victi  legatos  mittunt,  qui  pacem 
petant ;  pax  concessa  est  ea  lege,  ut  omnes  sub  iugum 
traducerentur.  Itaque  paludamenta  consulibus  de- 


5 

io 

r5 

20 

25 

30 


24 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


tracta,  ipslque  primi  sub  iugum  missi,  deinde  singula^ 
legiones.  Circumstabant  armati  hostes  exprobrantes 
inludentesque.  Romanis  e  saltu  egressis  lux  ipsa  omni 
morte  tristior  fuit ;  ubi  Capuam  venerunt,  pudor  fugere 
5  conloquia  et  coetus  hominum  cogebat.  Sero  Romam 
ingressi  se  in  suas  quisque  aedes  abdiderunt. 

Deliberante  senatu  de  pace  Caudina  Postumius  sen¬ 
tentiam  dicere  iussus,  “Turpi  sponsione,”  inquit,  “qua 
me  obstrinxi,  non  tenetur  populus  Romanus,  quoniam 
ro  eius  iniussu  facta  est ;  nec  quidquam  ex  ea  praeter 
corpus  meum  debetur  Samnitibus.  Eis  dedite  me 
nudum  vinctumque  ;  in  me  unum  saeviant;  exsolvam 
religione  populum.”  Senatus,  hanc  animi  magnitudi¬ 
nem  admiratus,  Postumium  laudavit  eiusque  sententiam 
15  secutus  est.  Traditus  est  igitur  Postumius  fetialibus, 
qui  eum  ad  Samnites  ducerent.  Vestis  ei  detracta, 
manus  post  tergum  vinctae  sunt,  cumque  apparitor, 
verecundia  maiestatis,  Postumium  laxe  vinciret,  “Quin 
tu,”  inquit  ipse  Postumius,  “adducis  lorum,  ut  iusta 
20  fiat  deditio?”  Tum  ubi  in  coetum  Samnitium  venit, 
facta  deditione,  Postumius  fetialis  femur  genu,  quanta 
potuit  vi,  perculit  et  clara  voce  ait  se  Samnitem  civem 
esse,  illum  legatum  fetialem  a  se  contra  ius  gentium 
violatum ;  eo  iustius  bellum  adversus  Samnites  fore. 
25  Accepta  non  est  a  Samnitibus  illa  deditio  Postumius- 
que  in  castra  Romana  inviolatus  rediit. 


LAEVINUS  ET  PYRRHUS. 


25 


XIV.  Publius  Valerius  Laevinus  et  Pyrrhus,  rex  Epiri. 

281  B.C. 

Tarentinis,  quod  Romanorum  legatis  iniuriam  fecis¬ 
sent,  bellum  indictum  est.  Hi  Pyrrhum,  Epiri  regem, 
contra  Romanos  auxilium  poposcerunt,  qui  ex  genere 
Achillis  originem  trahebat.  Is  paulo  post  in  Italiam 
venit  tumque  primum  Romani  cum  transmarino  hoste  5 
dimicaverunt.  Missus  est  contra  eum  consul  Publius 
Valerius  Laevinus,  qui  cum  exploratores  Pyrrhi  cepis¬ 
set,  iussit  eos  per  castra  duci,  ostendi  omnem  exercitum 
tumque  dimitti,  ut  renuntiarent  Pyrrho  quaecumque  a 
Romanis  agerentur.  Commissa  mox  pugna  cum  iam  10 
Pyrrhi  exercitus  pedem  referret,  rex  elephantos  in  Ro¬ 
manorum  aciem  agi  iussit ;  tumque  mutata  est  proeli 
fortuna.  Romanos  vastorum  corporum  moles  terri- 
bilisque  superadstantium  armatorum  species  turbavit. 
Equi  etiam,  conspectu  et  odore  beluarum  exterriti,  15 
sessores  vel  excutiebant  vel  secum  in  fugam  abripie¬ 
bant.  Nox  proelio  finem  dedit. 

Pyrrhus  captivos  Romanos  summo  honore  habuit ; 
occisos  sepelivit.  Quos  cum  adverso  volnere  et  truci 
voltu  etiam  mortuos  iacentes  vidisset,  tulisse  ad  caelum  20 
manus  dicitur  cum  hac  voce  :  se  totius  orbis  dominum 
esse  potuisse,  si  tales  sibi  milites  contigissent.  Amicis 
gratulantibus,  “Quid  mihi  cum  tali  victoria,”  inquit, 
“ubi  exercitus  robur  amittam?  Si  iterum  eodem  modo 
vicero,  sine  iillo  milite  in  Epirum  revertar.”  Deinde  25 
ad  urbem  Romam  magnis  itineribus  contendit;  omnia 
ferro  ignique  vastavit  ;  ad  vicesimum  ab  urbe  lapidem 


26  URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 

castra  posuit.  Pyrrh5  obviam  venit  Laevinus  cum 
novo  exercitu.  Quo  viso  rex  ait  sibi  eandem  adversus 
Romanos  esse  fortunam  quam  Herculi  adversus  hy¬ 
dram,  cui  tot  capita  renascebantur  quot  praecisa  erant ; 

5  deinde  in  Campaniam  se  recepit.  Missos  a  senatu  de 
redimendis  captivis  legatos  honorifice  excepit ;  capti¬ 
vos  sine  pretio  reddidit  ut  Romani,  cognita  iam  virtute 
sua,  cognoscerent  etiam  llberalitatem. 

Erat  Pyrrhus  miti  ac  placabili  animo ;  solet  enim 
io  magni  animi  comes  esse  clementia.  Eius  humanitatem 
experti  sunt  Tarentini.  Qui  cum  sero  intellexissent 
se  pro  socio  dominum  accepisse,  sortem  suam  misera¬ 
bantur  idque  aliquanto  liberius  ubi  vino  incaluerant. 
Neque  deerant  qui  ad  Pyrrhum  deferrent ;  arcessitique 
15  nonnulli,  quod  inter  convivium  parum  honorifice  de 
rege  locuti  essent ;  sed  periculum  simplex  confessio 
culpae  discussit.  Nam  cum  rex  percontatus  esset 
num  ea  quae  pervenissent  ad  aures  suas  dixissent 
“Et  haec  diximus,”  inquiunt,  “rex,  et  nisi  vinum 
20  defecisset,  multo  plura  et  graviora  dicturi  fuimus.” 
Pyrrhus,  qui  malebat  vini  quam  hominum  eam  culpam 
videri,  subridens  eos  dimisit. 

Pyrrhus  igitur  cum  putaret  sibi  gloriosum  fore 
pacem  et  foedus  cum  Romanis  post  victoriam  facere, 
25  Romam  misit  legatum  Cineam,  qui  pacem  aequis  con¬ 
dicionibus  proponeret.  Erat  is  regi  familiaris  multum¬ 
que  apud  eum  gratia  valebat.  Dicere  solebat  Pyrrhus 
se  plures  urbes  Cineae  eloquentia  quam  vi  et  armis 
expugnasse.  Cineas  tamen  regis  cupiditatem  non 
30  adCilabatur ;  nam  cum  in  sermone  Pyrrhus  ei  consilia 


LAEVINUS  ET  PYRRHUS. 


27 


sua  aperiret  dixissetque  se  velle  Italiam  dicioni  suae 
subicere,  Cineas,  “Superatis  Romanis,”  inquit,  “quid 
agere  destinas,  6  rex?”  “Italiae  vicina  est  Sicilia,” 
inquit  Pyrrhus,  “nec  difficile  erit  eam  armis  occupare.” 
Tunc  Cineas  :  “Occupata  Sicilia  quid  postea  acturus  5 
es?”  Rex,  qui  nondum  Cineae  mentem  perspiciebat, 
“In  Africam,”  inquit,  “traicere  mihi  in  animo  est.” 
Cui  ille:  “Quid  deinde,  o  rex?”  “Tum  denique,  mi 
Cineas,”  inquit  Pyrrhus,  “nos  quieti  dabimus  dulcique 
otio  fruemur.”  Tum  Cineas:  “At  quid  impedit  quo-  10 
minus  isto  otio  iam  nunc  fruaris?” 

Romam  cum  venisset  Cineas,  domos  prlncipum  cum 
ingentibus  donis  circumibat.  Nusquam  vero  receptus 
est.  Non  a  viris  solum  sed  etiam  a  mulieribus  spreta 
eius  munera.  Introductus  deinde  in  curiam  cum  regis  15 
virtutem  propensumque  in  Romanos  animum  verbis 
extolleret  et  de  condicionum  aequitate  dissereret  et 
sententia  senatus  ad  pacem  et  foedus  faciendum  in¬ 
clinare  videretur,  tum  Appius  Claudius,  ob  senectutem 
et  caecitatem  abstinere  curia  olim  solitus,  confestim  20 
in  senatum  lectica  deferri  se  iussit  ibique  gravissima 
oratione  pacem  dissuasit,  itaque  responsum  Pyrrho  a 
senatu  est  eum,  donec  Italia  excessisset,  pacem  cum 
Romanis  habere  non  posse.  Praeterea  Romani  capti¬ 
vos  omnes  quos  Pyrrhus  reddiderat,  Infames  haberi  25 
iusserunt,  quod  armati  capi  potuissent,  neque  ante  eos 
ad  veterem  statum  reverti  quam  si  binum  hostium 
occisorum  spolia  rettulissent.  Ita  legatus  ad  regem 
revertit :  a  quo  cum  Pyrrhus  quaereret  qualem  Romam 
comperlsset,  Cineas  respondit  urbem  sibi  templum,  30 
senatum  vero  consessum  regum  esse  visum. 


28 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


XV.  Gaius  Fabricius. 

278  B.C. 

Ex  legatis  qui  ad  Pyrrhum  de  captivis  redimendis 
venerant,  fuit  C.  Fabricius.  Cuius  postquam  audivit 
Pyrrhus  magnum  esse  apud  Romanos  nomen,  ut  viri 
boni  et  bello  egregii,  sed  admodum  pauperis,  eum  prae 
5  ceteris  honorifice  ac  liberaliter  habuit  eique  munera 
atque  aurum  obtulit,  quae  omnia  repudiavit  Fabricius. 
Postero  die  cum  illum  Pyrrhus,  vellet  exterrere  con¬ 
spectu  subito  elephanti,  imperavit  suis  ut,  Fabricio 
secum  conloquente,  belua  post  aulaeum  admoveretur. 
10  Quod  ubi  factum  est,  signo  dato  remotoque  aulaeo, 
repente  belua  stridorem  horrendum  emisit  et  probo¬ 
scidem  super  Fabrici  caput  demisit.  Sed  ille  subri¬ 
dens  :  “Neque  heri  me  aurum  tuum  pellexit,  neque 
hodie  perterrefecit  belua.” 

15  Fabrici  admiratus  virtutem  Pyrrhus  illum  secreto 
invitavit  ut  patriam  desereret  secumque  vellet  vivere, 
quarta  etiam  regni  sui  parte  oblata ;  cui  Fabricius  ita 
respondit:  “Si  me  virum  bonum  iudicas,  cur  me  vis 
corrumpere?  sin  vero  malum,  cur  me  ambis?”  Anno 
20  interiecto,  omni  spe  pacis  inter  Pyrrhum  et  Romanos 
conciliandae  ablata,  Fabricius  consul  factus  contra 
eum  missus  est.  Cumque  vicina  castra  ipse  et  rex 
haberent,  medicus  regis  nocte  ad  Fabricium  venit 
eique  pollicitus  est,  si  praemium  sibi  proposuisset,  se 
25  Pyrrhum  veneno  necaturum.  Hunc  Fabricius  vinctum 
reduci  iussit  ad  dominum  et  Pyrrh5  dici  quae  contra 
caput  eius  medicus  spopondisset.  Tunc  rex  admiratus 


GAIUS  FABRICIUS. 


29 


eum  dixisse  fertur:  “Ille  est  Fabricius,  qui  difficilius 
ab  honestate  quam  sol  a  suo  cursu  potest  averti.” 

Fabricius  cum  apud  Pyrrhum  regem  legatus  esset, 
Cineam  audivit  narrantem  esse  quendam  Athenis  qui 
se  sapientem  profiteretur,  eumque  dicere  omnia  quae  5 
faceremus  ad  voluptatem  esse  referenda.  Tunc  Fa¬ 
bricium  exclamasse  ferunt:  “Utinam  id  hostibus  nos¬ 
tris  persuadeatur,  quo  facilius  vinci  possint  cum  se 
voluptatibus  dederint !  ”  Nihil  magis  ab  eius  vita 
alienum  erat  quam  voluptas  et  luxus.  Tota  eius  su-  10 
pellex  argentea  salino  uno  constabat  et  patella  ad 
usum  sacrorum,  quae  corneo  pediculo  sustinebatur. 
Cenabat  ad  focum  radices  et  herbas,  cum  legati  Sam¬ 
nitium  ad  eum  venerunt  magnamque  ei  pecuniam  obtu¬ 
lerunt  ;  quibus  sic  respondit :  “Quam  diu  cupiditatibus  15 
imperare  potero,  nihil  mihi  deerit ;  vos  autem  pecuniam 
ad  eos  qui  hac  indigent  reportate.” 

Gaius  Fabricius  cum  Rufino,  viro  nobili,  simultatem 
gerebat  ob  morum  dissimilitudinem,  cum  ipse  pecuniae 
contemptor  esset,  hic  avarus  et  furax  existimaretur.  20 
Quia  tamen  Rufinus  industrius  ac  bonus  imperator 
erat,  magnumque  et  grave  bellum  imminere  videbatur, 
Fabricius  auctor  fuit  ut  Rufinus  consul  crearetur, 
cumque  is  deinde  Fabricio  gratias  ageret,  quod  se 
homo  inimicus  consulem  fecisset,  hic  respondit  non  25 
esse  mirandum  si  compilari  quam  venire  maluisset. 
Eundem  postea  Fabricius  censor  factus  senatu  movit, 
quod  argenti  facti  decem  pondo  haberet.  Fabricius 
omnem  vitam  in  gloriosa  paupertate  exegit  adeoque 
inops  decessit  ut,  unde  dos  filiarum  expediretur,  non  30 


30 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


relinqueret.  Senatus  patris  sibi  partes  desumpsit  et, 
datis  ex  aerario  dotibus,  filias  conlocavit. 

Pyrrhus  cum  adversus  Romanos  parum  profecturum 
se  intellegeret,  Siciliam  dicionis  suae  facere  statuit. 

5  Inde  rediens  cum  Locros  classe  praeterveheretur,  the¬ 
sauros  fani  Proserpinae  intactos  ad  eam  diem  spoliavit ; 
atque  ita,  pecunia  in  naves  imposita,  ipse  terra  est 
profectus.  Quid  ergo  evenit?  Classis  postero  die 
foedissima  tempestate  lacerata  omnesque  naves  quae 
io  sacram  pecuniam  habebant  in  lltora  Locrorum  eiectae 
sunt.  Qua  tanta  clade  edoctus  tandem  deos  esse, 
superbissimus  rex  pecuniam  omnem  conquisitam  in 
fanum  Proserpinae  referri  iussit.  Nec  tamen  illi 
umquam  prosperi  quidquam  evenit,  pulsusque  Italia 
15  Ignobili  morte  occubuit,  cum  temere  noctu  ingressus 
esset  Argos. 


XVI.  Gaius  Duilius. 

260  B.C. 

Gaius  Duilius  Poenos  navali  proelio  primus  devicit. 
Qui  cum  videret  naves  Romanas  a  Punicis  velocitate 
superari,  manus  ferreas  sive  corvos,  machinam  ad  com- 
20  prehendendas  hostium  naves  tenendasque  utilem,  ex¬ 
cogitavit.  Quae  manus  ubi  hostilem  apprehenderant 
navem,  superiecto  ponte  transgrediebatur  Romanus  et 
in  ipsorum  ratibus  comminus  dimicabant,  unde  Ro¬ 
manis,  qui  robore  praestabant,  facilis  victoria  fuit. 
25  Celeriter  sunt  expugnatae  naves  Punicae  triginta,  in 
quibus  etiam  praetoria  septiremis  capta  est,  mersae 
tredecim. 


GAIUS  LUTATIUS  CATULUS. 


31 


Duilius  victor,  Romam  reversus,  primus  navalem 
triumphum  egit.  Nulla  victoria  Romanis  gratior  fuit, 
quod  invicti  terra  iam  etiam  mari  plurimum  possent. 
Itaque  Duilio  concessum  est  ut  per  omnem  vitam  prae¬ 
lucente  funali  et  praecinente  tibicine  a  cena  rediret.  5 
Hannibal,  dux  classis  Punicae,  e  navi  quae  iam 
capiebatur,  in  scapham  saltu  se  demittens  Romanorum 
manus  effugit.  Veritus  autem  ne  in  patria  classis 
amissae  poenas  daret,  civium  odium  astutia  avertit; 
nam  ex  illa  infelici  pugna,  priusquam  cladis  nuntius  10 
domum  perveniret,  quendam  ex  amicis  Carthaginem 
misit.  Qui  postquam  curiam  intravit,  “Consulit,” 
inquit,  “vos  Hannibal,  cum  dux  Romanorum  magnis 
copiis  maritimis  instructis  advenerit,  num  cum  eo 
confligere  debeat.”  Acclamavit  universus  senatus  15 
non  esse  dubium  quin  confligi  oporteret.  Tum  ille 
“Conflixit,”  inquit,  “et  superatus  est.”  Ita  non  po¬ 
tuerunt  factum  damnare  quod  ipsi  fleri  debuisse  indi¬ 
caverant.  Sic  Hannibal  victus  crucis  supplicium 
effugit ;  nam  eo  poenae  genere  dux,  re  male  gesta,  20 
apud  Poenos  adflciebatur. 

XVII.  Gaius  Lutatius  Catulus. 

241  B.C. 

Gaius  Lutatius  Catulus  consul  finem  primo  Punico 
bello  imposuit.  Cum  classe  trecentarum  navium  in 
Siciliam  transvectus,  dum  Drepanum  oppugnat  et  inter 
primos  strenue  dimicat,  grave  volnus  in  femore  accepit.  25 
Nondum  convaluerat,  cum  maxima  Poenorum  classis 


32 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


adesse  nuntiatur.  Naves  erant  quadringentae  com¬ 
meatu  onustae,  quem  ad  exercitum  portabant,  copiis 
praeterea  militum  permagnis  armorumque  et  pecuniae 
amplissimo  numero.  Summae  rerum  Hanno  praeerat, 
5  nobilis  Poenus.  Hic  magno  studio  id  agebat,  ut  naves 
onere  levaret  et  strenuis  viris  ab  Hamilcare  acceptis 
compleret  atque  sic  deinde  cum  Romana  classe  con¬ 
fligeret.  At  Lutatius,  ut  consilia  Poenorum  praeveniret 
et  potius  cum  classe  gravi  suisque  oneribus  impedita 
io  confligeret,  statim  ad  Aegates  Insulas  cursum  intendit 
hostiumque  classem  aggreditur.  Nec  longa  fuit  vic¬ 
toriae  mora,  nam  brevissimo  tempore  omnes  Carthagi¬ 
niensium  naves  aut  captae  aut  depressae  sunt.  Ingens 
fuit  praeda.  Poeni  victi  pacem  postularunt ;  quae  eis 
15  hac  condicione  concessa  est,  ut  omnibus  Insulis  quae 
sunt  inter  Italiam  et  Africam  decederent  et  certum 
populo  Romano  vectigal  per  vlgintl  annos  penderent. 


XVIII.  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus. 

21S-203  B.C. 

Hannibal,  Hamilcaris  filius,  novem  annos  natus,  a 
patre  aris  admotus  odium  in  Romanos  perenne  iuravit. 
20  Quae  res  maxime  videtur  concitasse  secundum  Puni¬ 
cum  bellum.  Nam  mortuo  Hamilcare  Hannibal,  cau¬ 
sam  belli  quaerens,  Saguntum,  civitatem  Hispaniae 
Romanis  foederatam,  evertit.  Quapropter  Roma  missi 
sunt  Carthaginem  legati,  qui  Hannibalem,  mali  aucto- 
25  rem,  exposcerent.  Tergiversantibus  Poenis  Quintus 
Fabius,  legationis  princeps,  sinu  ex  toga  facto,  “Hic,” 


QUINTUS  FABIUS  MAXIMUS. 


33 


inquit,  “vobis  bellum  et  pacem  portamus;  utrum  pla¬ 
ceat,  sumite.”  Poenis  “  Bellum  ”  succlamantibus,  Fa¬ 
bius  excussa  toga  bellum  se  dare  dicit.  Poeni  accipere 
se  responderunt  et,  quibus  acciperent  animis,  eisdem 
se  gesturos.  5 

Hannibal  superatis  Pyrenaei  et  Alpium  iugis  in 
Italiam  venit.  Publium  Scipionem  apud  Ticinum  am¬ 
nem,  Sempronium  apud  Trebiam,  Flaminium  apud 
Trasumenum  profligavit. 

Adversus  hostem  totiens  victorem  missus  Quintus  10 
Fabius  dictator  Hannibalis  impetum  mora  fregit ; 
namque  priorum  ducum  cladibus  edoctus,  belli  ratio¬ 
nem  mutare  et  adversus  Hannibalem,  successibus 
proeliorum  insolentem,  recedere  ab  ancipiti  discrimine 
et  tueri  tantum  modo  Italiam  constituit,  Cunctatorisque  15 
nomen  et  laudem  summi  ducis  meruit.  Per  loca  alta 
agmen  ducebat  modico  ab  hoste  intervallo,  ut  neque 
omitteret  eum  neque  cum  eo  congrederetur  ;  castris, 
nisi  quantum  necessitas  cogeret,  miles  tenebatur.  Dux 
neque  occasioni  rei  bene  gerendae  deerat,  si  qua  ab  20 
hoste  daretur,  neque  ullam  ipse  hosti  dabat.  Itaque 
cum  ex  levibus  proeliis  superior  discederet,  militem 
minus  iam  coepit  aut  virtutis  suae  aut  fortunae 
paenitere. 

His  artibus  cum  Hannibalem  Fabius  in  agro  Falerno  25 
locorum  angustiis  clausisset,  ille  sine  ullo  exercitus 
detrimento  se  expedivit.  Namque  arida  sarmenta  in 
boum  cornibus  deligata  principio  noctis  incendi  bo¬ 
vesque  ad  montes,  quos  Romani  insederant,  agi  iussit. 
Qui  cum  accensis  cornibus  per  montes,  per  silvas  huc  30 


34 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


illuc  discurrerent,  Romani  miraculo  attoniti  constite¬ 
runt ;  ipse  Fabius  Insidias  esse  ratus  militem  extra 
vallum  egredi  vetuit.  Interea  Hannibal  ex  angustiis 
evasit. 

5  Dein  Hannibal,  ut  Fabio  apud  suos  conflaret  in¬ 
vidiam,  agrum  eius,  omnibus  circa  vastatis,  intactum 
reliquit.  At  Fabius  misso  Romam  Quinto  filio  invio¬ 
latum  ab  hoste  agrum  vendidit  eiusque  pretio  captivos 
Romanos  redemit. 

io  Haud  grata  tamen  Romanis  erat  Fabi  cunctatio  : 
eumque  pro  cauto  timidum,  pro  cunctatore  segnem 
vocitabant.  Augebat  invidiam  Minucius,  magister 
equitum,  dictatorem  criminando  ;  illum  in  ducendo 
bello  sedulo  tempus  terere,  quo  diutius  in  magistratu 
1 5  esset  solusque  et  Romae  et  in  exercitu  imperium  habe¬ 
ret.  His  sermonibus  accensa  plebs  dictatori  magi¬ 
strum  equitum  imperio  aequavit.  Hanc  iniuriam  aequo 
animo  tulit  Fabius  exercitumque  suum  cum  Minucio 
divisit.  Cum  autem  Minucius  temere  proelium  com- 
2o  misisset,  ei  periclitanti  auxilio  venit  Fabius.  Ciiius 
subito  adventu  repressus  Hannibal  receptui  cecinit, 
palam  confessus  ab  se  Minucium,  se  a  Fabio  victum 
esse.  Redeuntem  ex  acie  dixisse  eum  ferunt  tandem 
eam  nubem  quae  sedere  in  iugls  montium  solita  esset, 
25  cum  procella  imbrem  dedisse.  Minucius  autem  peri¬ 
culo  liberatus  castra  cum  Fabio  iunxit  et  patrem  eum 
appellavit  idemque  facere  milites  iussit. 

Postea  Hannibal  Tarento  per  proditionem  potitus 
est.  Hanc  urbem  ut  Poenis  traderent,  tredecim  fere 
30  nobiles  iuvenes  Tarentini  coniura verant.  Hi  nocte  per 


QUINTUS  FABIUS  MAXIMUS. 


35 


speciem  venandi  urbe  egressi  ad  Hannibalem,  qui  haud 
procul  castra  habebat,  venerunt.  Cui  cum,  quid  para¬ 
rent,  exposuissent,  conlaudavit  eos  Hannibal  monuitque 
ut  redeuntes  pecora  Carthaginiensium  quae  pastum 
propulsa  essent  ad  urbem  agerent,  et  veluti  praedam 
ex  hoste  factam  aut  praefecto  aut  custodibus  portarum 
donarent.  Id  iterum  ac  saepius  ab  eis  factum  eoque 
consuetudinis  adducta  res  est  ut,  quocumque  noctis 
tempore  sibilo  dedissent  signum,  porta  urbis  aperiretur. 
Tunc  Hannibal  eos  nocte  media  cum  decem  milibus 
hominum  delectorum  secutus  est.  Ubi  portae  appro¬ 
pinquarunt,  nota  iuvenum  vox  et  familiare  signum 
vigilem  excitavit.  Duo  primi  inferebant  aprum  vasti 
corporis.  Vigil  incautus,  dum  beluae  magnitudinem 
miratur,  venabulo  occisus  est.  Ingressi  proditores  ce¬ 
teros  vigiles  sopitos  obtruncant.  Tum  Hannibal  cum 
suo  agmine  ingreditur;  Romani  passim  trucidantur. 
Livius  Salinator,  Romanorum  praefectus,  cum  eis  qui 
caedi  superfuerunt,  in  arcem  confugit. 

Profectus  igitur  Fabius  ad  recipiendum  Tarentum 
urbem  obsidione  cinxit.  Leve  dictu  momentum  ad 
rem  ingentem  perficiendam  eum  aditivit.  Praefectus 
praesidi  Tarentini  deperibat  amore  mulierculae,  cuius 
frater  in  exercitu  Fabi  erat.  Miles  iussus  a  Fabio  pro 
perfuga  Tarentum  transiit  ac  per  sororem  praefectum 
ad  tradendam  urbem  perpulit.  Fabius  vigilia  prima 
accessit  ad  eam  partem  muri  quam  praefectus  custo¬ 
diebat.  Adiuvantibus  recipientibusque  eius  militibus 
Romani  in  urbem  transcenderunt.  Inde,  proxima 
porta  refracta,  Fabius  cum  exercitu  intravit.  Hannibal 


5 

io 

i5 

20 

25 

30 


36 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


nuntiata  Tarenti  oppugnatione  cum  ad  opem  ferendam 
festinans  captam  urbem  esse  audivisset,  “Et  Romani,” 
inquit,  “suum  Hannibalem  habent;  eadem  qua  cepera¬ 
mus  arte  Tarentum  amisimus.” 

5  Cum  postea  Livius  Salinator  coram  Fabio  gloriare¬ 
tur,  quod  arcem  Tarentinam  retinuisset,  dlxissetque 
eum  sua  opera  Tarentum  recepisse,  “Certe,”  inquit 
Fabius  ridens,  “nam  nisi  tu  amisisses,  ego  numquam 
recepissem.” 

io  Quintus  Fabius  iam  senex  filio  suo  consuli  legatus 
fuit ;  cumque  in  eius  castra  veniret,  filius  obviam  patri 
progressus  est,  duodecim  lictoribus  pro  more  antece¬ 
dentibus.  Equo  vehebatur  senex  neque  appropin¬ 
quante  consule  descendit.  Iam  ex  lictoribus  undecim 
15  verecundia  paternae  maiestatis  taciti  praeterierant. 
Quod  cum  consul  animadvertisset,  proximum  lictorem 
iussit  inclamare  Fabio  patri  ut  ex  equo  descenderet. 
Pater  tum  desiliens,  “Non  ego,  fili,”  inquit,  “tuum 
imperium  contempsi,  sed  experiri  volui  num  scires 
20  consulem  te  esse.”  Ad  summam  senectutem  vixit 
Fabius  Maximus,  dignus  tanto  cognomine.  Cautior 
quam  promptior  habitus  est,  sed  Insita  eius  ingenio 
prudentia  ei  bello  quod  tum  gerebatur  proprie  apta 
erat.  Nemini  dubium  est  quin  rem  Romanam  cunc- 
25  tando  restituerit.  Ut  Scipio  pugnando,  ita  hic  non 
dimicando  maxime  civitati  Romanae  succurrisse  visus 
est.  Alter  enim  celeritate  sua  Carthaginem  oppressit, 
alter  cunctatione  id  egit,  ne  Roma  opprimi  posset. 


PAULUS  ET  VARRO. 


37 


XIX.  Aemilius  Paulus  et  Terentius  Varro. 

2l6  B.C. 

Hannibal  in  Apuliam  pervenerat.  Adversus  eum 
Roma  profecti  sunt  duo  consules,  Aemilius  Paulus  et 
Terentius  Varro.  Paulo  Fabi  cunctatio  magis  place¬ 
bat;  Varro  autem,  ferox  et  temerarius,  acriora  seque¬ 
batur  consilia.  Ambo  consules  ad  vicum  qui  Cannae 
appellabatur  castra  communiverunt.  Ibi  deinde  Varro, 
invito  conlega,  aciem  instruxit  et  signum  pugnae  dedit. 
Hannibal  autem  ita  constituerat  aciem  ut  Romanis  et 
solis  radii  et  ventus  ab  oriente  pulverem  adflans  ad¬ 
versi  essent.  Victus  caesusque  est  Romanus  exercitus ; 
nusquam  graviore  volnere  addicta  est  res  publica. 
Aemilius  Paulus  telis  obrutus  cecidit ;  quem  cum  me¬ 
dia  in  pugna  sedentem  in  saxo  oppletum  cruore  con¬ 
spexisset  quidam  tribunus  militum,  “Cape,”  inquit, 
“hunc  equum  et  fuge,  Aemili.  Etiam  sine  tua  morte 
lacrimarum  satis  luctusque  est.”  Ad  ea  consul:  “Tu 
quidem  macte  virtute  esto  !  Sed  cave  exiguum  tempus 
e  manibus  hostium  evadendi  perdas !  Abi,  nuntia 
patribus  ut  urbem  muniant  ac,  priusquam  hostis  victor 
adveniat,  praesidiis  firment.  Me  in  hac  strage  meo¬ 
rum  militum  patere  exspirare.”  Alter  consul  cum 
paucis  equitibus  Venusiam  perfugit.  Consulares  aut 
praetorii  occiderunt  viginti,  senatores  capti  aut  occisi 
triginta,  nobiles  viri  trecenti,  militum  quadraginta  milia, 
equitum  tria  milia  et  quingenti.  Hannibal  in  testimo¬ 
nium  victoriae  suae  tres  modios  aureorum  anulorum 
Carthaginem  misit,  quos  de  manibus  equitum  Roma¬ 
norum  et  senatorum  detraxerat. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


38 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Hannibali  victori  cum  ceteri  gratularentur  suade- 
rentque  ut  quietem  iam  ipse  sumeret  et  fessis  militi¬ 
bus  daret,  unus  ex  eius  praefectis,  Maharbal,  minime 
cessandum  ratus,  Hannibalem  hortabatur  ut  statim 
5  Romam  pergeret.  “Die  quinto,”  inquit,  “victor  in 
Capitolio  epulaberis.”  Cumque  Hannibal  illud  non 
probasset,  Maharbal,  “Non  omnia  nimirum,”  inquit, 
“eidem  dii  dedere.  Vincere  scis,  Hannibal;  victoria 
uti  nescis.”  Mora  huius  diei  satis  creditur  saluti  fuisse 
io  urbi  et  imperio.  Hannibal  cum  victoria  posset  uti, 
frui  maluit,  relictaque  Roma  in  Campaniam  devertit, 
cuius  deliciis  mox  exercitus  ardor  elanguit ;  adeo  ut 
vere  dictum  sit  Capuam  Hannibali  Cannas  fuisse. 

Numquam  tantum  pavoris  Romae  fuit  quantum  ubi 
15  acceptae  cladis  nuntius  advenit.  Neque  tamen  ulla 
pacis  mentio  facta  est ;  quin  etiam  animo  civitas  adeo 
magno  fuit  ut  Varroni  ex  tanta  clade  redeunti  obviam 
irent  et  gratias  agerent,  quod  de  re  publica  non  de- 
sperasset ;  qui,  si  Poenorum  dux  fuisset,  temeritatis 
20  poenas  omni  supplicio  dedisset.  Non  autem  vitae 
cupidit&te,  sed  rei  publicae  amore  se  superfuisse,  reli¬ 
quo  aetatis  suae  tempore  approbavit.  Nam  et  barbam 
capillumque  submisit,  et  postea  numquam  recubans 
cibum  cepit.  Honoribus  quoque,  cum  ei  deferrentur 
25  a  populo,  renuntiavit  dicens  felicioribus  magistratibus 
rei  publicae  opus  esse.  Dum  igitur  Hannibal  segniter 
et  otiose  agebat,  Romani  interim  respirare  coeperunt. 
Arma  non  erant ;  detracta  sunt  templis  vetera  hostium 
spolia.  Deerat  iuventus ;  servi  manumissi  et  armati 
30  sunt.  Egebat  aerarium ;  opes  suas  libens  senatus  in 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS  ET  GAIUS  GRACCHUS.  39 


medium  protulit,  nec  praeter  quod  in  bullis  singullsque 
anulis  erat,  quidquam  sibi  auri  reliquerunt.  Patrum 
exemplum  secuti  sunt  equites  imitataeque  equites  om¬ 
nes  tribus.  Denique  vix  suffecere  tabulae,  vix  scri¬ 
barum  manus,  cum  omnes  privatae  opes  in  publicum 
deferrentur. 

Cum  Hannibal  redimendi  sui  copiam  captivis  Ro¬ 
manis  fecisset,  decem  ex  ipsis  Romam  ea  de  re  missi 
sunt ;  nec  pignus  aliud  fidei  ab  eis  postulatum  est 
quam  ut  iurarent  se,  si  non  impetrassent,  in  castra 
esse  redituros.  Eos  senatus  non  redimendos  censuit 
responditque,  eos  cives  non  esse  necessarios,  qui,  cum 
armati  essent,  capi  potuissent.  Unus  ex  eis  legatis  e 
castris  Poenorum  egressus,  velutl  aliquid  oblitus,  paulo 
post  in  castra  erat  regressus,  deinde  comites  ante 
noctem  adsecutus  erat.  Is  ergo,  re  non  impetrata, 
domum  abiit.  Reditu  enim  in  castra  se  liberatum 
esse  iureiurando  interpretabatur.  Quod  ubi  innotuit, 
iussit  senatus  illum  comprehendi  et  vinctum  duci  ad 
Hannibalem.  Ea  res  Hannibalis  audaciam  maxime 
fregit,  quod  senatus  populusque  Romanus  rebus  ad- 
fllctls  tam  excelso  esset  animo. 

XX.  Tiberius  Gracchus  et  Gaius  Gracchus. 

I 70-1 21  B.C. 

Tiberius  et  Gaius  Gracchi  Scipionis  Africani  ex  filia 
nepotes  erant.  Horum  adulescentia  bonis  artibus  et 
magna  omnium  spe  exacta  est :  ad  egregiam  enim  in¬ 
dolem  optima  accedebat  educatio.  Erant  enim  dlligen- 


5 

10 

U 

20 

25 


40 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


tia  Corneliae  matris  a  pueris  docti  et  Graecis  litteris 
eruditi.  Maximum  matronis  ornamentum  esse  liberos 
bene  institutos  merito  putabat  mater  illa  sapientissima. 
Cum  Campana  matrona,  apud  illam  hospita,  ornamenta 
5  sua,  illo  saeculo  pulcherrima,  ostentaret  ei  muliebriter, 
Cornelia  traxit  eam  sermone  quousque  e  schola  redi¬ 
rent  liberi.  Quos  reversos  hospitae  ostendens,  “Haec,” 
inquit,  “mea  ornamenta  sunt.”  Nihil  quidem  his  adu¬ 
lescentibus  neque  a  natura  neque  a  doctrina  defuit; 
io  sed  ambo  rem  publicam,  quam  tueri  poterant,  per¬ 
turbare  maluerunt. 

Tiberius  Gracchus,  tribunus  plebis  creatus,  a  senatu 
descivit :  populi  favorem  profusis  largitionibus  sibi 
conciliavit ;  agros  plebi  dividebat ;  provincias  novis 
15  coloniis  replebat.  Cum  autem  tribuniciam  potestatem 
sibi  prorogari  vellet  et  palam  dictitasset  interempto 
senatu  omnia  per  plebem  agi  debere,  viam  sibi  ad 
regnum  parare  videbatur.  Qua  re  cum  convocati 
patres  deliberarent  quidnam  faciendum  esset,  statim 
20  Tiberius  Capitolium  petit,  manum  ad  caput  referens, 
quo  signo  salutem  suam  populo  commendabat.  Hoc 
nobilitas  ita  accepit  quasi  diadema  posceret,  segni- 
terque  cessante  consule,  Scipio  Nasica,  cum  esset  con¬ 
sobrinus  Tiberi  Gracchi,  patriam  cognationi  praeferens 
25  sublata  dextra  proclamavit :  “Qui  rem  publicam  salvam 
esse  volunt,  me  sequantur  !  ”  Dein  optimates,  senatus 
atque  equestris  ordinis  pars  maior  in  Gracchum  inruunt, 
qui  fugiens  decurrensque  clivo  Capitolino  fragmento 
subselli  ictus,  vitam  quam  gloriosissime  degere  potue- 
30  rat,  immatura  morte  finivit.  Mortui  Tiberi  corpus  in 
flumen  proiectum  est. 


TIBERIUS  GRACCIIUS  ET  GAIUS  GRACCHUS.  41 


Gaium  Gracchum  Idem  furor  qui  fratrem  Tiberium 
occupavit.  Tribunatum  enim  adeptus,  seu  vindican¬ 
dae  fraternae  necis,  seu  comparandae  regiae  potentiae 
causa,  pessima  coepit  inire  consilia :  maximas  largitio¬ 
nes  fecit ;  aerarium  effudit ;  legem  de  frumento  plebi 
dividendo  tulit ;  civitatem  omnibus  Italicis  dabat.  His 
Gracchi  consiliis  quanta  poterant  contentione  obsiste¬ 
bant  omnes  boni,  in  quibus  maxime  Piso,  vir  consula¬ 
ris.  Is  cum  multa  contra  legem  frumentariam  dixisset, 
lege  tamen  lata  ad  frumentum  cum  ceteris  accipien¬ 
dum  venit.  Gracchus  ubi  animadvertit  in  contione 
Pisonem  stantem,  eum  sic  compellavit  audiente  populo 
Romano:  “Qui  tibi  constas,  Piso,  cum  ea  lege  fru¬ 
mentum  petas  quam  dissuasisti?”  Cui  Piso:  “Nolim 
quidem, Gracche,”  inquit,  “mea bona  tibi  viritim dividere 
liceat ;  sed  si  facies,  partem  petam.”  Quo  responso 
aperte  declaravit  vir  gravis  et  sapiens,  lege  quam  tule¬ 
rat  Gracchus,  patrimonium  publicum  dissipari. 

Decretum  a  senatu  est,  ut  videret  consul  Opimius 
ne  quid  detrimenti  res  publica  caperet  :  quod  nisi  in 
maximo  discrimine  decerni  non  solebat.  Gaius  Grac¬ 
chus,  armata  familia,  Aventinum  occupavit.  Consul, 
vocato  ad  arma  populo,  Gaium  aggressus  est,  qui  pul¬ 
sus  profugit  et,  cum  iam  comprehenderetur,  iugulum 
servo  praebuit,  qui  dominum  et  mox  semet  ipsum  super 
domini  corpus  interemit.  Ut  Tiberi  Gracchi  antea 
corpus,  ita  Gal,  mira  crudelitate  victorum,  in  Tiberim 
deiectum  est ;  caput  autem  a  Septimuleio,  amico  Grac¬ 
chi,  ad  Opimium  relatum  auro  repensum  fertur.  Sunt 
qui  tradant  Infuso  plumbo  eum  partem  capitis,  quo 
gravius  efficeretur,  explesse. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

3° 


42 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Occiso  Tiberio  Graccho,  cum  senatus  consulibus 
mandasset  ut  in  eos  qui  cum  Graccho  consenserant 
animadverteretur,  Blosius  quidam,  Tiberi  amicus,  pro 
se  deprecatum  venit,  hanc,  ut  sibi  ignosceretur,  causam 
5  adferens,  quod  tanti  Gracchum  fecisset  ut,  quidquid  ille 
vellet,  sibi  faciendum  putaret.  Tum  consul,  “Quid?” 
inquit,  “si  te  Gracchus  templo  Iovis  in  Capitolio  faces 
subdere  iussisset,  obsecuturusne  voluntati  illius  fuisti 
propter  istam  quam  iactas  familiaritatem?”  “Num- 
io  quam,”  inquit  Blosius,  “voluisset  id  quidem,  sed  si 
voluisset,  paruissem.”  Nefaria  est  ea  vox  :  nulla  enim 
est  excusatio  peccati,  si  amici  causa  peccaveris. 

Exstat  Gai  Gracchi  e  Sardinia  Romam  reversi  oratio, 
in  qua  cum  alia  tum  haec  de  se  narrat.  “Versatus 
15  sum  in  provincia  quo  modo  ex  usu  vestro  existimabam 
esse,  non  quo  modo  ambitioni  meae  conducere  arbitra¬ 
bar.  Nemo  possit  vere  dicere,  assem  aut  eo  plus  in 
muneribus  me  accepisse  aut  mea  causa  quemquam 
sumptum  fecisse.  Zonas  quas  Roma  proficiscens  ple- 
20  nas  argenti  extuli,  eas  ex  provincia  inanes  rettuli.  Alii 
amphoras  quas  vini  plenas  extulerunt,  eas  argento 
repletas  domum  reportarunt.” 


XXI.  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus. 

106-48  B.C. 

Gnaeus  Pompeius,  stirpis  senatoriae,  bello  civili  se 
et  patrem  consilio  servavit.  Cum  enim  Pompei  pater 
25  exercitui  suo  ob  avaritiam  esset  invisus,  facta  in  eum 
coniuratione  Terentius  quidam,  Gnaei  Pompei  fili 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS. 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS.  43 

contubernalis,  hunc  occidendum  suscepit  dum  alii  ta¬ 
bernaculum  patris  incenderent.  Quae  res  cum  iuveni 
Pompeio  cenanti  nuntiata  esset,  nihil  periculo  motus, 
solito  hilarius  bibit  et  cum  Terentio  eadem  qua  antea 
comitate  usus  est.  Deinde  cubiculum  ingressus  clam  5 
subduxit  se  tentorio  et  firmam  patri  circumdedit  custo¬ 
diam.  Terentius  tum  destricto  ense  ad  lectum  Pompei 
accessit  multisque  ictibus  stragula  percussit.  Orta 
mox  seditione  Pompeius  se  in  media  coniecit  agmina, 
militesque  tumultuantes  precibus  et  lacrimis  placavit  10 
ac  duci  reconciliavit. 

Eodem  bello  Pompeius  partes  Sullae  secutus  ita  se 
gessit  ut  ab  eo  maxime  diligeretur.  Annos  tres  et 
viginti  natus,  ut  Sullae  auxilio  veniret,  paterni  exer¬ 
citus  reliquias  conlegit,  statimque  dux  peritus  exstitit.  15 
Magnus  illius  apud  militem  amor,  magna  apud  omnes 
admiratio  fuit ;  nullus  ei  labor  taedio,  nulla  defatigatio 
molestiae  erat.  Cibi  vinique  temperans,  somni  parcus ; 
inter  milites  corpus  exercens  cum  alacribus  saltu,  cum 
velocibus  cursu,  cum  validis  luctando  certabat.  Tum  20 
ad  Sullam  iter  intendit  et  in  eo  itinere  tres  hostium 
exercitus  aut  fudit  aut  sibi  adiunxit.  Quem  ubi  Sulla 
ad  se  accedere  audivit  egregiamque  sub  signis  iuven- 
tutem  aspexit,  desiliit  ex  equo  Pompeiumque  salutavit 
imperatorem  et  postea  ei  venienti  solebat  sella  adsur-  25 
gere  et  caput  aperire  et  equo  descendere,  quem  hono¬ 
rem  nemini  nisi  Pompeio  tribuebat. 

Postea  Pompeius  in  Siciliam  profectus  est,  ut  eam  a 
Carbone,  Sullae  inimico,  occupatam  reciperet.  Carbo 
comprehensus  et  ad  Pompeium  ductus  est :  quem  Pom-  30 


44 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


peius,  etsi  Carbo  muliebriter  mortem  extimescens  de¬ 
misse  et  flebiliter  mortem  deprecabatur,  ad  supplicium 
duci  iussit.  Longe  moderatior  fuit  Pompeius  erga 
Sthenium,  Siciliae  cuiusdam  civitatis  principem.  Cum 
S  enim  in  eam  civitatem  animadvertere  decrevisset,  quae 
sibi  adversata  fuisset,  inique  eum  facturum  Sthenius 
exclamavit,  si  ob  unius  culpam  omnes  puniret.  In¬ 
terroganti  Pompeio  quisnam  ille  unus  esset,  “Ego,” 
inquit  Sthenius,  “qui  cives  meos  ad  id  induxi.”  Tam 
io  libera  voce  delectatus  Pompeius  omnibus  et  Sthenio 
ipsi  pepercit. 

Transgressus  inde  in  Africam  Iarbam,  Numidiae 
regem,  qui  Mari  partibus  favebat,  bello  persecutus 
intra  dies  quadraginta  oppressit  et  Africam  subegit 
15  adulescens  quattuor  et  viginti  annorum.  Deinde  cum 
litterae  ei  a  Sulla  redditae  essent,  quibus  exercitu  di¬ 
misso  cum  una  legione  successorem  exspectare  iube- 
batur,  Pompeius,  quamquam  aegre  id  ferebat,  tamen 
paruit  et  Romam  revertit.  Revertenti  incredibilis 
20  hominum  multitudo  obviam  ivit ;  Sulla  quoque  laetus 
eum  excepit  et  Magni  cognomine  consalutavit.  Nihilo 
minus  Pompeio  triumphum  petenti  restitit ;  neque  vero 
ea  re  a  proposito  deterritus  est  Pompeius  aususque 
dicere  plures  adorare  solem  orientem  quam  occiden- 
25  tem  ;  quo  dicto  innuebat  Sullae  potentiam  minui,  suam 
crescere.  Ea  voce  audita  Sulla,  confidentia  adulescen¬ 
tis  perculsus  :  “Triumphet!  triumphet!  ”  exclamavit. 

Metello  iam  seni  et  bellum  in  Hispania  segnius  ge¬ 
renti  conlega  datus  Pompeius  adversus  Sertorium  vario 
30  eventu  dimicavit.  Maximum  ibi  in  proelio  quodam 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS. 


45 


periculum  subiit ;  cum  enim  vir  vasta  corporis  magni¬ 
tudine  impetum  in  eum  fecisset,  Pompeius  manum  am¬ 
putavit  ;  sed  multis  in  eum  concurrentibus  volnus-  in 
femore  accepit  et  a  suis  fugientibus  desertus  in  hostium 
potestate  erat.  At  praeter  spem  evasit ;  barbari  enim  5 
equum  eius  auro  phalerisque  eximiis  instructum  cepe¬ 
rant.  Dum  igitur  praedam  inter  se  altercantes  parti¬ 
untur,  Pompeius  eorum  manus  effugit.  Altero  proelio 
cum  Metellus  Pompeio  laboranti  auxilio  venisset,  Ser¬ 
torius  recedere  coactus  dixisse  fertur.  “Nisi  anus  illa  10 
supervenisset,  ego  hunc  puerum  verberibus  castigatum 
Romam  dimisissem.”  Metellum  anum  appellabat,  quia 
is,  iam  senex,  ad  mollem  et  effeminatam  vitam  deflexe¬ 
rat.  Sertorio  interfecto  Pompeius  Hispaniam  recepit. 

Cum  piratae  illa  tempestate  maria  omnia  infestarent  15 
et  quasdam  etiam  Italiae  urbes  diripuissent,  ad  eos 
opprimendos  cum  imperio  extraordinario  missus  est 
Pompeius.  Nimiae  viri  potentiae  obsistebant  quidam 
ex  optimatibus  et  imprimis  Quintus  Catulus.  Qui  cum 
in  contione  dixisset  esse  quidem  praeclarum  virum  20 
Cn.  Pompeium,  sed  non  esse  uni  omnia  tribuenda, 
adiecissetque,  “  Si  quid  huic  acciderit,  quem  in  eius 
locum  substituetis?”  summo  consensu  succlamavit 
universa  contio  :  “Te,  Quinte  Catule.”  Tam  honori¬ 
fico  civium  testimonio  victus  Catulus  e  contione  dis-  25 
cessit.  Pompeius,  dispositis  per  omnes  maris  recessus 
navibus,  brevi  terrarum  orbem  illa  peste  liberavit; 
praedones  multis  locis  victos  fudit ;  eosdem  in  de¬ 
ditionem  acceptos  in  urbibus  et  agris  procul  a  mari 
conlocavit.  Nihil  hac  victoria  celerius ;  nam  intra  30 
quadragesimum  diem  piratas  toto  mari  expulit. 


46 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Confecto  bello  piratico  Gnaeus  Pompeius  contra 
Mithridatem  profectus  in  Asiam  magna  celeritate  con¬ 
tendit.  Proelium  cum  rege  conserere  cupiebat,  neque 
opportuna  dabatur  pugnandi  facultas,  quia  Mithridates 
5  interdiu  castris  se  continebat,  noctu  vero  haud  tutum 
erat  congredi  cum  hoste  in  locis  Ignotis.  Nocte  tamen 
aliquando  cum  Pompeius  Mithridatem  aggressus  esset, 
luna  magno  fuit  Romanis  adiumento.  Quam  cum  Ro¬ 
mani  a  tergo  haberent,  umbrae  corporum  longius  pro- 
io  iectae  ad  primos  usque  hostium  ordines  pertinebant ; 
unde  decepti  regii  milites  in  umbras,  tamquam  in  pro¬ 
pinquum  hostem,  tela  mittebant.  Victus  Mithridates 
in  Pontum  profugit.  Pharnaces  filius  bellum  ei  in¬ 
tulit,  qui,  occisis  a  patre  fratribus,  vitae  suae  ipse 
15  timebat.  Mithridates  a  filio  obsessus  venenum  sump¬ 
sit  ;  quod  cum  tardius  subiret,  quia  adversus  venena 
multis  antea  medicamentis  corpus  firmaverat,  a  milite 
Gallo,  a  quo  ut  adiuvaret  se  petierat,  interfectus  est. 

Tigrani  deinde,  Armeniae  regi,  qui  Mithridatis  partes 
20  secutus  erat,  Pompeius  bellum  intulit  eumque  ad  de¬ 
ditionem  compulit.  Qui  cum  procubuisset  ad  genua 
Pompei,  eum  erexit,  et  benignis  verbis  recreatum  dia¬ 
dema,  quod  abiecerat,  capiti  reponere  iussit,  aeque 
pulchrum  esse  iudicans  et  vincere  reges  et  facere. 
25  Inde  in  Iudaeam  profectus  Romanorum  primus  Iu- 
daeos  domuit,  Hierosolyma,  caput  gentis,  cepit,  tem¬ 
plumque  iure  victoriae  ingressus  est.  Rebus  Asiae 
compositis  in  Italiam  versus  ad  urbem  venit,  non,  ut 
plerlque  timuerant,  armatus,  sed  dimisso  exercitu,  et 
30  tertium  triumphum  biduo  duxit.  Insignis  fuit  multis 


GNAEUS  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS. 


47 


novis  inusitatisque  ornamentis  hic  triumphus  ;  sed 
nihil  inlustrius  visum  quam  quod  tribus  triumphis  tres 
orbis  partes  devictae  causam  praebuerant ;  Pompeius 
enim,  quod  antea  contigerat  nemini,  primum  ex  Africa, 
iterum  ex  Europa,  tertio  ex  Asia  triumphavit,  felix 
opinione  hominum  futurus,  si,  quem  gloriae,  eundem 
vitae  finem  habuisset  neque  adversam  fortunam  esset 
expertus  iam  senex. 

Posteriore  enim  tempore  orta  inter  Pompeium  et 
Caesarem  gravi  dissensione,  quod  hic  superiorem,  ille 
parem  ferre  non  posset,  bellum  civile  exarsit.  Caesar 
Infesto  exercitu  in  Italiam  venit.  Pompeius,  relicta 
urbe  ac  deinde  Italia  ipsa,  Thessaliam  petit  et  cum  eo 
consules  senatusque  omnis  ;  quem  Insecutus  Caesar 
apud  Pharsalum  acie  fudit.  Victus  Pompeius  ad 
Ptolemaeum,  Aegypti  regem,  cui  tutor  a  senatu  datus 
erat,  profugit,  qui  Pompeium  interfici  iussit.  Latus 
Pompei  sub  oculis  uxoris  et  liberorum  mucrone  con¬ 
fossum  est,  caput  praecisum,  truncus  in  Nilum  con- 
iectus.  Deinde  caput  cum  anulo  ad  Caesarem  dela¬ 
tum  est,  qui  eo  viso  lacrimas  non  continens  illud 
multis  pretiosissimlsque  odoribus  cremandum  curavit. 

Is  fuit  Pompei  post  tres  consulatus  et  totidem  tri¬ 
umphos  vitae  exitus.  Erant  in  Pompeio  multae  et 
magnae  virtutes  ac  praecipue  admiranda  frugalitas. 
Cum  ei  aegrotanti  praecepisset  medicus  ut  turdum 
ederet,  negarent  autem  servi  eam  avem  usquam  aestivo 
tempore  posse  reperlrl  nisi  apud  Lucullum,  qui  turdos 
domi  saginaret,  vetuit  Pompeius  turdum  inde  peti, 
medicoque  dixit:  “Ergo,  nisi  Lucullus  perditus  de- 


5 

io 

r5 

20 

25 

30 


48 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


liciis  esset,  non  viveret  Pompeius  ?  ”  Aliam  avem, 
quae  parabilis  esset,  sibi  iussit  apponi. 

Viris  doctis  magnum  honorem  habebat  Pompeius. 
Ex  Syria  decedens,  confecto  bello  Mithridatico,  cum 
5  Rhodum  venisset,  Posidonium  cupiit  audire  ;  sed  ctim 
audivisset  eum  graviter  esse  aegrum,  quod  vehementer 
eius  artus  laborarent,  voluit  tamen  nobilissimum  phi¬ 
losophum  visere.  Mos  erat  ut,  consule  aedes  aliquas 
ingressuro,  lictor  fores  percuteret,  admonens  consulem 
io  adesse ;  at  Pompeius  fores  Posidoni  percuti  honoris 
causa  vetuit,  Quem  ut  vidit  et  salutavit,  moleste  se 
dixit  ferre,  quod  eum  non  posset  audire.  At  ille,  “Tu 
vero,”  inquit,  “potes,  nec  committam  ut  dolor  corporis 
efficiat  ut  frustra  tantus  vir  ad  me  venerit.”  Itaque 
15  cubans  graviter  et  copiose  de  hoc  ipso  disputavit: 
nihil  esse  bonum  nisi  quod  honestum  esset,  nihil 
malum  dici  posse  quod  turpe  non  esset.  Cum  vero 
dolores  acriter  eum  pungerent,  saepe,  “Nihil  agis,” 
inquit,  “dolor!  quamvis  sis  molestus,  numquam  te 
20  esse  malum  confitebor.” 

1 


XXII.  Gaius  Iulius  Caesar. 

IOO-44  B.C. 

C.  Iulius  Caesar,  nobilissima  Iuliorum  genitus  fa¬ 
milia,  annum  agens  sextum  et  decimum  patrem  amisit 
Corneliam,  Cinnae  filiam,  diixit  uxorem ;  cuius  pate* 
cum  esset  Sullae  inimicissimus,  is  Caesarem  voluit 
25  compellere  ut  eam  repudiaret ;  neque  id  potuit  effi 
cere.  Qua  re  Caesar  bonis  spoliatus  cum  etiam  ad 


GAIUS  IULIUS  CAESAR. 


49 


necem  quaereretur,  mutata  veste,  nocte  urbe  elapsus 
est  et,  quamquam  tunc  quartanae  morbo  laborabat, 
prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commutare  cogeba¬ 
tur  ;  et  comprehensus  a  Sullae  liberto,  ne  ad  Sullam 
perduceretur,  vix  data  pecunia  evasit.  Postremo  per 
propinquos  et  adfines  suos  veniam  impetravit.  Satis 
constat  Sullam,  cum  deprecantibus  amicissimis  et  or¬ 
natissimis  viris  aliquamdiu  denegasset  atque  illi  perti¬ 
naciter  contenderent,  expugnatum  tandem  proclamasse 
vincerent,  dummodo  scirent  eum  quem  incolumem 
tantopere  cuperent,  aliquando  optimatium  partibus, 
quas  secum  simul  defendissent,  exitio  futurum  ;  nam 
Caesari  multos  Marios  inesse. 

Stipendia  prima  in  Asia  fecit.  In  expugnatione 
Mitylenarum  corona  civica  donatus  est.  Mortuo  Sulla 
Rhodum  secedere  statuit,  ut  per  otium  Apollonio  Mo¬ 
loni,  tunc  clarissimb  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret. 
Huc  dum  traicit,  a  praedonibus  captus  est  mansitque 
apud  eos  prope  quadraginta  dies.  Per  omne  autem 
illud  spatium  ita  se  gessit  ut  piratis  pariter  terrori 
venerationique  esset.  Comites  interim  servosque  ad 
expediendas  pecunias  quibus  redimeretur,  dimisit. 
Viginti  talenta  piratae  postulaverant :  ille  quinquaginta 
daturum  se  spopondit.  Quibus  numeratis  cum  exposi¬ 
tus  esset  in  litore,  confestim  Miletum,  quae  urbs  proxime 
aberat,  properavit  ibique  contracta  classe  invectus  in 
eum  locum  in  quo  ipsi  praedones  erant,  partem  classis 
fugavit,  partem  mersit,  aliquot  naves  cepit  piratasque 
in  potestatem  redactos  eo  supplicio  quod  illis  saepe 
minatus  inter  iocum  erat,  adfecit  crucique  suffixit. 


5 

io 

*5 

20 

25 

30 


50 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Quaestori  ulterior  Hispania  obvenit.  Quo  profectus 
cum  Alpes  transiret  et  ad  conspectum  pauperis  cuius¬ 
dam  vici  comites  per  iocum  inter  se  disputarent  num 
illic  etiam  esset  ambitioni  locus,  serio  dixit  Caesar 
5  malle  se  ibi  primum  esse  quam  Romae  secundum. 
Dominationis  avidus  a  prima  aetate  regnum  concu¬ 
piscebat  semperque  in  ore  habebat  hos  Euripidis, 
Graeci  poetae,  versus  : 

Nam  si  violandum  est  ius,  regnandi  gratia 
I0  Violandum  est,  aliis  rebus  pietatem  colas.  . 

Cumque  Gades,  quod  est  Hispaniae  oppidum,  venis¬ 
set,  animadversa  apud  Herculis  templum  magni 
Alexandri  imagine  ingemuit  et  quasi  pertaesus  igna¬ 
viam  suam,  quod  nihildum  a  se  memorabile  actum  esset 
15  in  ea  aetate  qua  iam  Alexander  orbem  terrarum  sube¬ 
gisset,  missionem  continuo  efflagitavit  ad  captandas 
quam  primum  maiorum  rerum  occasiones  in  urbe. 

Aedilis  praeter  Comitium  ac  Forum  etiam  Capitoli¬ 
um  ornavit  porticibus.  Venationes  autem  ludosque 
20  et  cum  conlega  M.  Bibulo  et  separatim  edidit ;  quo 
factum  est  ut  communium  quoque  impensarum  solus 
gratiam  caperet.  His  autem  rebus  patrimonium  effudit 
tantumque  conflavit  aes  alienum  ut  ipse  diceret  sibi 
opus  esse  miliens  sestertium  ut  haberet  nihil. 

25  Consul  deinde  creatus  cum  M.  Bibulo  societatem 
cum  Gnaeo  Pompeio  et  Marco  Crasso  iunxit  Caesar, 
ne  quid  ageretur  in  re  publica  quod  displicuisset  ulli 
ex  tribus.  Deinde  legem  tulit  ut  ager  Campanus 
plebi  divideretur.  Cui  legi  cum  senatus  repugnaret, 


GAIUS  IULIUS  CAESAR. 


51 


rem  ad  populum  detulit.  Bibulus  conlega  in  Forum 
venit,  ut  legi  obsisteret,  sed  tanta  in  eum  commota 
est  seditio  ut  in  caput  eius  cophinus  stercore  plenus 
effunderetur  fascesque  ei  frangerentur  atque  adeo  ipse 
armis  Foro  expelleretur.  Qua  re  cum  Bibulus  per  5 
reliquum  anni  tempus  domo  abditus  curia  abstineret, 
unus  ex  eo  tempore  Caesar  omnia  in  re  publica  ad 
arbitrium  administrabat,  ut  nonnulli  urbanorum,  si 
quid  testandi  gratia  signarent,  per  iocum  non,  ut  mos 
erat,  consulibus  Caesare  et  Bibulo  actum  scriberent,  10 
sed  Iulio  et  Caesare,  unum  consulem  nomine  et  co¬ 
gnomine  pro  duobus  appellantes. 

Functus  consulatu  Caesar  Galliam  provinciam  ac¬ 
cepit.  Gessit  autem  novem  annis  quibus  in  imperio 
fuit  haec  fere  :  Galliam  in  provinciae  formam  redegit;  15 
Germanos,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  primus  Romano¬ 
rum  ponte  fabricato  aggressus  maximis  adfecit  cladibus. 
Aggressus  est  Britannos,  ignotos  antea,  superatisque 
pecunias  et  obsides  imperavit.  Hic  cum  multa  Ro¬ 
manorum  militum  insignia  narrantur,  tum  illud  egre-  20 
gium  ipsius  Caesaris,  quod  nutante  in  fugam  exercitu, 
rapto  fugientis  e  manu  scuto,  in  primam  volitans  aciem 
proelium  restituit.  Idem  alio  proelio  legionis  aquili¬ 
ferum,  ineundae  fugae  causa  iam  conversum,  faucibus 
comprehensum  in  contrariam  partem  detraxit  dextram-  25 
que  ad  hostem  tendens,  “Quorsum  tu,”  inquit,  “abis? 
Illic  sunt  cum  quibus  dimicamus.”  Qua  adhortatione 
omnium  legionum  trepidationem  correxit,  vincique  pa¬ 
ratas  vincere  docuit. 

Interfecto  interea  apud  Parthos  Crasso  et  defuncta  30 


52 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


I tilia,  Caesaris  filia,  quae,  nupta  Pompeio,  generi  so¬ 
cerique  concordiam  tenebat,  statim  aemulatio  erupit. 
Iam  pridem  Pompeio  suspectae  Caesaris  opes  et  Cae¬ 
sari  Pompeiana  dignitas  gravis,  nec  hic  ferebat  parem, 
5  nec  ille  superiorem.  Itaque  cum  Caesar  in  Gallia 
detineretur,  et,  ne  imperfecto  bello  discederet,  postu- 
lasset  ut  sibi  liceret,  quamvis  absenti,  alterum  con¬ 
sulatum  petere,  a  senatu  suadentibus  Pompeio  eiusque 
amicis  negatum  ei  est.  Hanc  iniuriam  acceptam  vin- 
io  dicaturus  in  Italiam  rediit  et,  bellandum  ratus,  cum 
exercitu  Rubiconem  flumen,  qui  provinciae  eius  finis 
erat,  transiit.  Hoc  ad  flumen  paulum  constitisse  fer¬ 
tur  ac  reputans  quantum  moliretur,  conversus  ad  proxi¬ 
mos,  “  Etiam  nunc,”  inquit,  “  regredi  possumus  ;  quod 
15  si  ponticulum  transierimus,  omnia  armis  agenda  erunt.” 
Postremo  autem,  “  lacta  alea  esto  !  ”  exclamans  exer¬ 
citum  traici  iussit  plurimisque  urbibus  occupatis  Brun¬ 
disium  contendit,  quo  Pompeius  consulesque  confuge¬ 
rant. 

20  Qui  cum  inde  in  Epirum  tnrecissent,  Caesar  eos 
secutus  a  Brundisio  Dyrrhachium  inter  oppositas 
classes  gravissima  hieme  transmisit ;  copiisque,  quas 
subsequi  iusserat,  diutius  cessantibus  cum  ad  eas 
arcessendas  frustra  misisset,  mirae  audaciae  facinus 
25  edidit.  Morae  enim  impatiens  castris  noctu  egreditur, 
clam  naviculam  conscendit,  obvoluto  capite  ne  agno¬ 
sceretur  et,  quamquam  mare  saeva  tempestate  intume¬ 
scebat,  in  altum  tamen  protinus  dirigi  navigium  iubet 
et  gubernatore  trepidante,  “Quid  times?”  inquit, 
30  “  Caesarem  vehis  !  ”  neque  prius  gubernatorem  cedere 


GAIUS  IULIUS  CAESAR. 


53 


adversae  tempestati  passus  est  quam  paene  obrutus 
esset  fluctibus. 

Deinde  Caesar  in  Epirum  profectus  Pompeium  Phar¬ 
salico  proelio  fudit,  et  fugientem  persecutus,  ut  occisum 
cognovit,  Ptolemaeo  regi,  Pompei  interfectori,  a  quo 
sibi  quoque  Insidias  tendi  videret,  bellum  intulit  ;  quo 
victo  in  Pontum  transiit  Pharnacemque,  Mithridatis 
filium,  rebellantem  et  multiplici  successu  praeferocem 
intra  quintum  ab  adventu  diem,  quattuor,  quibus  in 
conspectum  venit,  horis  una  profligavit  acie  more  ful¬ 
minis  quod  uno  eodemque  momento  venit,  percussit, 
abscessit.  Nec  vana  de  se  praedicatio  est  Caesaris, 
ante  victum  hostem  esse  quam  visum.  Pontico  postea 
triumpho  trium  verborum  praetulit  titulum  :  “Veni, 
vidi,  vici.”  Deinde  Scipionem  et  Iubam,  Numidiae 
regem,  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium  in  Africa  re¬ 
foventes,  devicit. 

Victorem  Africani  belli  Gaium  Caesarem  gravius 
excepit  Hispaniense,  quod  Cn.  Pompeius,  Magni  filius, 
adulescens  fortissimus,  ingens  ac  terribile  conflaverat, 
undique  ad  eum  auxiliis  paterni  nominis  magnitudi¬ 
nem  sequentium  ex  toto  orbe  confluentibus.  Sua 
Caesarem  in  Hispaniam  comitata  fortuna  est  ;  sed 
nullum  umquam  atrocius  periculosiusque  ab  eo  initum 
proelium,  adeo  ut,  plus  quam  dubio  Marte,  descende¬ 
ret  equo  consistensque  ante  recedentem  suorum  aciem, 
increpans  Fortunam,  quod  se  in  eum  servasset  exitum, 
denuntiaret  militibus  vestigio  se  non  recessurum  ; 
proinde  viderent  quem  et  quo  loco  imperatorem  deser¬ 
turi  essent.  Verecundia  magis  quam  virtute  acies  re- 


5 

io 

lS 

20 

25 

30 


54 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


stituta  est.  Cn.  Pompeius  victus  et  interemptus  est. 
Caesar,  omnium  victor,  regressus  in  urbem,  omnibus 
qui  contra  se  arma  tulerant  ignovit,  et  quinquiens 
triumphavit. 

5  Bellis  civilibus  confectis  conversus  iam  ad  ordinan¬ 
dum  rei  publicae  statum,  fastos  correxit  annumque  ad 
cursum  solis  accommodavit,  ut  trecentorum  sexaginta 
quinque  dierum  esset  et  intercalario  mense  sublato 
unus  dies  quarto  quoque  anno  intercalaretur.  Ius 
io  laboriosissime  ac  severissime  dixit.  Repetundarum 
convictos  etiam  ordine  senatorio  movit.  Peregrinarum 
mercium  portoria  instituit ;  legem  praecipue  sumptu¬ 
ariam  exercuit.  De  ornanda  instruendaque  urbe,  item 
de  tuendo  ampliandoque  imperio  plura  ac  maiora  in 
15  dies  destinabat;  imprimis  ius  civile  ad  certum  modum 
redigere  atque  ex  immensa  legum  copia  optima  quae¬ 
que  et  necessaria  in  paucissimos  conferre  libros;  bibli¬ 
othecas  Graecas  et  Latinas  quas  maximas  posset 
publicare ;  siccare  Pomptinas  paludes ;  viam  munire 
20  a  Mari  Supero  per  Appennini  dorsum  ad  Tiberim 
usque ;  Dacos  qui  se  in  Pontum  effuderant,  coercere ; 
mox  Parthis  bellum  inferre  per  Armeniam. 

Haec  et  alia  agentem  et  meditantem  mors  praevenit. 
Dictator  enim  in  perpetuum  creatus  agere  insolentius 
25  coepit;  senatum  ad  se  venientem  sedens  excepit  et 
quendam,  ut  adsurgeret,  monentem  irato  voltu  respexit. 
Cum  Antonius,  Caesaris  in  omnibus  bellis  comes  et 
tunc  consulatus  conlega,  capiti  eius  in  sella  aurea 
sedentis  pro  rostris  diadema,  insigne  regium,  imposu- 
30  isset,  id  ita  ab  eo  est  repulsum  ut  non  offensus  vide- 


GAIUS  IULIUS  CAESAR. 


55 


retur.  Qua  re  coniuratum  in  eum  est  a  sexaginta 
amplius  viris,  Cassio  et  Bruto  ducibus,  decretumque 
eum  Idibus  Martiis  in  senatu  confodere. 

Plurima  indicia  futuri  periculi  obtulerant  dii  immor¬ 
tales.  Uxor  Calpurnia  territa  nocturno  visu,  ut  Idibus  5 
Martiis  domi  subsisteret  orabat,  et  Spurinna  haruspex 
praedixerat  ut  proximos  dies  triginta  quasi  fatales 
caveret,  quorum  ultimus  erat  Idus  Martiae.  Hoc 
igitur  die  Caesar  Spurinnae,  “  Ecquid  scis,”  inquit, 

“  Idus  Martias  iam  venisse  ?  ”  et  is,  “  Ecquid  scis  10 
illas  nondum  praeterisse  ?  ”  Atque  cum  Caesar  eo 
die  in  senatum  venisset,  adsidentem  coniuratl  specie 
offici  circumsteterunt  Ilicoque  unus,  quasi  aliquid 
rogaturus,  propius  accessit  renuentlque  ab  utroque 
umero  togam  apprehendit.  Deinde  clamantem,  “Ista  15 
quidem  vis  est,”  Casca,  unus  e  coniuratls,  adversum 
volnerat  paulum  Infra  iugulum.  Caesar  Cascae  brac- 
chium  adreptum  graphio  traiecit  conatusque  prosilire 
alio  volnere  tardatus  est.  Dein  ut  animadvertit  un¬ 
dique  se  strictis  pugionibus  peti,  toga  caput  obvolvit  20 
et  ita  tribus  et  vlgintl  plagis  confossus  est.  Cum 
Marcum  Brutum,  quem  fili  loco  habebat,  in  se  inru- 
entem  vidisset,  dixisse  fertur  :  “  Tu  quoque,  m\  fili !  ” 

Illud  inter  omnes  fere  constitit,  talem  ei  mortem 
paene  ex  sententia  obtigisse.  Nam  et  quondam  cum  25 
apud  Xenophontem  legisset  Cyrum  ultima  valetudine 
mandasse  quaedam  de  funere  suo,  aspernatus  tam 
lentum  mortis  genus,  subitam  sibi  celeremque  opta¬ 
verat,  et  pridie  quam  occideretur,  in  sermone  nato 
super  cenam  quisnam  esset  finis  vitae  commodissimus,  30 


56 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


repentinum  inopinatumque  praetulerat.  Percussorum 
autem  neque  triennio  quisquam  amplius  supervixit 
neque  sua  morte  defunctus  est.  Damnati  omnes  alius 
alio  casu  perierunt,  pars  naufragio,  pars  proelio  ;  non- 
5  nulli  semet  eodem  illo  pugione  quo  Caesarem  viola¬ 
verant,  interemerunt. 

Quo  rarior  in  regibus  et  principibus  viris  moderatio, 
hoc  laudanda  magis  est.  C.  Iulius  Caesar  victoria 
civili  clementissime  usus  est  ;  cum  enim  scrinia  de- 
io  prehendisset  epistularum  ad  Pompeium  missarum  ab 
eis  qui  videbantur  aut  in  diversis  aut  in  neutris  fuisse 
partibus,  legere  noluit,  sed  combussit,  ne  forte  in 
multos  gravius  consulendi  locum  darent.  Cicero  hanc 
laudem  eximiam  Caesari  tribuit,  quod  nihil  oblivisci 
15  soleret  nisi  iniurias.  Simultates  omnes  occasione 
oblata  libens  deposuit.  Ultro  ac  prior  scripsit  C. 
Calvo  post  famosa  eius  adversum  se  epigrammata. 
Valerium  Catullum,  cuius  versiculis  famam  suam  lace¬ 
ratam  non  ignorabat,  adhibuit  cenae.  C.  Memmi 
20  suffragator  in  petitione  consulatus  fuit,  etsi  asperrimas 
fuisse  eius  in  se  orationes  sciebat. 

Fuisse  traditur  excelsa  statura,  ore  paulo  pleniore, 
nigris  vegetisque  oculis,  capite  calvo  ;  quam  calviti 
deformitatem,  quod  saepe  obtrectatorum  iocis  obnoxia 
25  erat,  aegre  ferebat.  Ideo  ex  omnibus  decretis  sibi  a 
senatu  populoque  honoribus  non  alium  aut  recepit  aut 
usurpavit  libentius  quam  ius  laureae  perpetuo  ges¬ 
tandae.  Vini  parcissimum  eum  fuisse  ne  inimici 
quidem  negaverunt.  Verbum  Catonis  est,  unum  ex 
30  omnibus  Caesarem  ad  evertendam  rem  publicam  so- 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO. 


57 


brium  accessisse.  Armorum  et  equitandi  perltissimus, 
laboris  ultra  fidem  patiens ;  in  agmine  nonnumquam 
equo,  saepius  pedibus  anteibat,  capite  detecto,  seu 
sol,  seu  imber  erat.  Longissimas  vias  incredibili  cele¬ 
ritate  conficiebat,  ut  persaepe  nuntios  de  se  praeveni¬ 
ret  ;  neque  eum  morabantur  flumina,  quae  vel  nando 
vel  innixus  Inflatis  utribus  traiciebat. 

< 

XXIII.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 

106-43  B'c> 

Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestri  genere,  Arpini,  quod 
est  Volscorum  oppidum,  natus  est.  Ex  eius  avis  unus 
verrucam  in  extremo  naso  sitam  habuit,  ciceris  grano 
similem ;  inde  cognomen  Ciceronis  genti  inditum. 
Suadentibus  quibusdam  ut  id  nomen  mutaret :  “  Dabo 
operam,”  inquit,  “  ut  istud  cognomen  nobilissimorum 
nominum  splendorem  vincat.”  Cum  a  patre  Romam 
missus,  ubi  celeberrimorum  magistrorum  scholis  in- 
teresset,  eas  artes  disceret  quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad 
humanitatem  solet  Informari,  tanto  successu  tantaque 
cum  praeceptorum  tum  ceterorum  discipulorum  admi¬ 
ratione  id  fecit  ut,  cum  fama  de  Ciceronis  ingenio  et 
doctrina  ad  alios  manasset,  non  pauci,  qui  eius  videndi 
et  audiendi  gratia  scholas  adirent,  reperti  esse  dicantur. 

Cum  nulla  re  magis  ad  summos  in  re  publica  hono¬ 
res  viam  muniri  posse  intellegeret  quam  arte  dicendi 
et  eloquentia,  toto  animo  in  eius  studium  incubuit ; 
in  quo  quidem  ita  versatus  est  ut  non  solum  eos,  qui 


5 

10 

20 

25 


58 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


in  Foro  et  iudiciis  causas  perorarent,  studiose  secta¬ 
retur,  sed  privatim  quoque  diligentissime  se  exerceret. 
Primum  eloquentiam  et  libertatem  adversus  Sullanos 
ostendit.  Nam  cum  Roscium  quendam,  parricidi  ac- 
5  cusatum,  ob  Chrysogoni,  Sullae  liberti,  qui  in  eius 
adversariis  erat,  potentiam  nemo  defendere  auderet, 
tanta  eloquentiae  vi  eum  defendit  Cicero  ut  iam  tum 
in  arte  dicendi  nullus  ei  par  esse  videretur.  Ex  quo 
invidiam  veritus  Athenas  studiorum  gratia  petiit,  ubi 
io  Antiochum  philosophum  studiose  audivit.  Inde  elo¬ 
quentiae  causa  Rhodum  se  contulit,  ubi  Molonem, 
Graecum  rhetorem  tum  disertissimum,  magistrum 
habuit.  Qui  cum  Ciceronem  dicentem  audivisset, 
flevisse  dicitur,  quod  per  hunc  Graecia  eloquentiae 
15  laude  privaretur. 

Romam  reversus  quaestor  Siciliam  habuit.  Nullius 
vero  quaestura  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit ;  cum  magna 
tum  esset  annonae  difficultas,  initio  molestus  erat 
Siculis,  quos  cogeret  frumenta  in  urbem  mittere ; 
20  postea  vero,  diligentiam  et  iustitiam  et  comitatem  eius 
experti,  maiores  quaestori  suo  honores  quam  till!  um- 
quam  praetori  detulerunt.  E  Sicilia  reversus  Romam 
in  causis  dicendis  ita  floruit  ut  inter  omnes  causarum 
patronos  et  esset  et  haberetur  princeps. 

25  Consul  deinde  factus  L.  Sergi  Catilinae  coniura- 
tionem  singulari  virtute,  constantia,  cura  compressit. 
Catilinae  proavum,  M.  Sergium,  incredibili  fortitudine 
fuisse  Plinius  refert.  Stipendia  is  fecit  secundo  bello 
Piinico.  Secundo  stipendio  dextram  manum  perdidit ; 
30  stipendiis  duobus  ter  et  viciens  volneratus  est ;  ob  id 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO. 


59 


neutra  manu,  neutro  pede  satis  utilis,  plurimisque 
postea  stipendiis  debilis,  miles  erat.  Bis  ab  Hannibale 
captus,  bis  vinculorum  eius  profugus,  viginti  mensibus 
nullo  non  die  in  catenis  aut  compedibus  custoditus. 
Sinistra  manu  sola  quater  pugnavit,  duobus  equis  in-  5 
sidente  eo  suffossis.  Dextram  sibi  ferream  fecit  eaque 
religata  proeliatus  Cremonam  obsidione  exemit,  Pla¬ 
centiam  tutatus  est,  duodena  castra  hostium  in  Gallia 
cepit.  “Ceteri  profecto,”  Plinius  addit,  “victores 
hominum  fuere,  Sergius  vicit  etiam  fortunam.”  io 

Singularem  huius  viri  gloriam  foede  dehonestavit 
pronepotis  scelus.  Hic  enim  rei  familiaris,  quam  pro¬ 
fuderat,  inopia  multorumque  scelerum  conscientia  in 
furorem  actus  et  dominandi  cupiditate  incensus,  indi- 
gnatusque  quod  in  petitione  consulatus  repulsam  passus  15 
esset,  coniuratione  facta,  senatum  confodere,  consules 
trucidare,  urbem  incendere,  diripere  aerarium  consti¬ 
tuerat.  Actum  erat  de  pulcherrimo  imperio,  nisi  illa 
coniuratio  in  Ciceronem  et  Antonium  consules  inci¬ 
disset,  quorum  alter  industria  rem  patefecit,  alter  manu  20 
oppressit.  Cum  Cicero  habito  senatu  in  praesentem 
reum  perorasset,  Catilina,  incendium  suum  ruina  se 
restincturum  esse  minitans,  Roma  profugit  et  ad  ex¬ 
ercitum  quem  paraverat,  proficiscitur,  signa  inlaturus 
urbi.  Sed  socii  eius,  qui  in  urbe  remanserant,  com-  25 
prehensi  in  carcere  necati  sunt.  A.  Fulvius,  vir  sena¬ 
torii  ordinis,  filium,  iuvenem  et  ingenio  et  forma  inter 
aequales  nitentem,  pravo  consilio  Catilinae  amicitiam 
secutum  inque  castra  eius  ruentem,  ex  medio  itinere 
retractum  supplicio  mortis  adfecit,  praefatus  non  se  30 


60 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Catilinae  illum  adversus  patriam,  sed  patriae  adversus 
Catilinam  genuisse. 

Neque  eo  magis  ab  incepto  Catilina  destitit,  sed 
infestis  signis  Romam  petens  Antoni  exercitu  oppri- 
5  mitur.  Quam  atrociter  dimicatum  sit,  exitus  docuit ; 
nemo  hostium  bello  superfuit ;  quem  quisque  in  pu¬ 
gnando  ceperat  locum,  eum  amissa  anima  tegebat. 
Catilina  longe  a  suis  inter  hostium  cadavera  repertus 
est :  pulcherrima  morte,  si  pro  patria  sic  concidisset ! 
io  Senatus  populusque  Romanus  Ciceronem  patrem  pa¬ 
triae  appellavit.  Cicero  ipse  in  oratione  pro  Sulla 
palam  praedicat  consilium  patriae  servandae  fuisse 
iniectum  sibi  a  diis,  cum  Catilina  coniurasset  adversus 
eam.  “O  dii  immortales,”  inquit,  “vos  profecto  in- 
15  cendistis  tum  animum  meum  cupiditate  conservandae 
patriae.  Vos  avocastis  me  a  cogitationibus  omnibus 
ceteris  et  convertistis  ad  salutem  unam  patriae.  Vos 
denique  praetulistis  menti  meae  clarissimum  lumen 
in  tenebris  tantis  erroris  et  inscientiae.  Tribuam 
20  enim  vobis  quae  sunt  vestra.  Nec  vero  possum  tan¬ 
tum  dare  ingenio  meo  ut  dispexerim  sponte  mea,  in 
tempestate  illa  turbulentissima  rei  publicae,  quid  esset 
optimum  factu.” 

Paucis  post  annis  Ciceroni  diem  dixit  Clodius  tri- 
25  bimus  plebis,  quod  cives  Romanos  indicta  causa  neca¬ 
visset.  Senatus  maestus,  tamquam  in  publico  luctu, 
veste  mutata  pro  eo  deprecabatur.  Cicero,  cum  posset 
armis  salutem  suam  defendere,  maluit  urbe  cedere 
quam  sua  causa  caedem  fieri.  Proficiscentem  omnes 
30  boni  flentes  prosecuti  sunt.  Dein  Clodius  edictum 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO. 


61 


proposuit  ut  Marco  Tullio  Igni  et  aqua  interdiceretur; 
illius  domum  et  villas  incendit.  Sed  vis  illa  non  diu¬ 
turna  fuit ;  mox  enim  totus  fere  populus  Romanus 
ingenti  desiderio  Ciceronis  reditum  flagitare  coepit  et 
maximo  omnium  ordinum  studio  Cicero  in  patriam 
revocatus  est.  Nihil  per  totam  vitam  Ciceroni  itinere 
quo  in  patriam  rediit,  accidit  iucundius.  Obviam  ei 
redeunti  ab  universis  itum  est ;  domus  eius  publica 
pecunia  restituta  est. 

Gravissimae  illa  tempestate  inter  Caesarem  et  Pom¬ 
peium  ortae  sunt  inimicitiae,  ut  res  nisi  bello  dirimi 
non  posse  videretur.  Cicero  quidem  summo  studio 
enitebatur  ut  eos  inter  se  reconciliaret  et  a  belli  civilis 
calamitatibus  deterreret,  sed  cum  neutrum  ad  pacem 
ineundam  permovere  posset,  Pompeium  secutus  est. 
Sed  victo  Pompeio,  a  Caesare  victore  veniam  ultro 
accepit.  Quo  interfecto  Octavianum,  Caesaris  here¬ 
dem,  fovit,  Antonium  impugnavit  effecitque  ut  a  senatu 
hostis  iudicaretur. 

Sed  Antonius,  inita  cum  Octaviano  societate,  Cicero¬ 
nem  iam  diu  sibi  inimicum  proscripsit.  Qua  re  audita 
Cicero  transversis  itineribus  in  villam,  quae  a  mari 
proxime  aberat,  fugit  indeque  navem  conscendit  in 
Macedoniam  transiturus.  Unde  aliquotiens  in  altum 
provectum  cum  modo  venti  adversi  rettulissent,  modo 
ipse  iactationem  maris  pati  non  posset,  taedium  tan¬ 
dem  eum  et  fugae  et  vitae  cepit  regressusque  ad  villam, 
“  Moriar,”  inquit,  “  in  patria  saepe  servata.”  Satis 
cdnstat,  adventantibus  percussoribus  servos  fortiter 
fldeliterque  paratos  fuisse  ad  dimicandum,  ipsum  de- 


5 

io 

*5 

20 

25 

30 


62 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


poni  lecticam  et  quietos  pati  quod  sors  iniqua  cogeret, 
iussisse.  Prominenti  ex  lectica  et  immotam  cervicem 
praebenti  caput  praecisum  est.  Manus  quoque  ab¬ 
scisae  ;  caput  relatum  est  ad  Antonium  eiusque  iussu 
5  cum  dextra  manu  in  rostris  positum. 

Quam  diu  res  publica  Romana  per  eos  gerebatui 
quibus  se  ipsa  commiserat,  in  eam  curas  cogitationes¬ 
que  fere  omnes  suas  conferebat  Cicero  et  plus  operae 
ponebat  in  agendo  quam  in  scribendo.  Cum  autem 
io  dominatu  unius  C.  Iuli  Caesaris  omnia  tenerentur, 
non  se  angoribus  dedidit  nec  indignis  homine  docto 
voluptatibus.  Fugiens  conspectum  Fori  urbisque  rura 
peragrabat  abdebatque  se,  quantum  licebat,  et  solus 
erat.  Nihil  agere  autem  cum  animus  non  posset,  ex- 
15  istimavit  honestissime  molestias  posse  deponi,  si  se 
ad  philosophiam  rettulisset,  cui  adulescens  multum 
temporis  tribuerat,  et  omne  studium  curamque  con¬ 
vertit  ad  scribendum ;  atque  ut  civibus  etiam  otiosus 
aliquid  prodesse  posset,  elaboravit  ut  doctiores  fierent 
20  et  sapientiores,  pluraque  brevi  tempore  eversa  re 
publica  scripsit  quam  multis  annis  ea  stante  scrip¬ 
serat.  Sic  facundiae  et  Latinarum  litterarum  parens 
evasit  paruitque  virorum  sapientium  praecepto,  qui 
docent  non  solum  ex  malis  eligere  minima  oportere, 
25  sed  etiam  excerpere  ex  his  ipsis,  si  quid  insit  boni. 

Multa  exstant  facete  ab  eo  dicta.  Cum  Lentulum, 
generum  suum,  exiguae  staturae  hominem,  vidisset 
longo  gladio  accinctum,  “Quis,”  inquit,  “generum 
meum  ad  gladium  adligavit  ?  ” — Matrona  quaedam 
30  iuniorem  se  quam  erat  simulans  dictitabat  se  triginta 


. 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


63 


tantum  annos  habere;  cui  Cicero,  “Verum  est,”  in¬ 
quit,  “nam  hoc  viginti  annos  audio.” — Caesar,  altero 
consule  mortuo  die  Decembris  ultima,  Caninium  con¬ 
sulem  hora  septima  in  reliquam  diei  partem  renuntia¬ 
verat,  quem  cum  plerique  irent  salutatum  de  more,  5 
“Festinemus,”  inquit  Cicero,  “priusquam  abeat  magi¬ 
stratu.”  De  eodem  Caninio  scripsit  Cicero :  “  Fuit 
mirifica  vigilantia  Caninius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatu 
somnum  non  viderit.” 


XXIV.  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus. 

63  B.C.-14  A.D. 

Octavianus,  Iuliae,  Gal  Caesaris  sororis,  nepos,  10 
quartum  annum  agens  patrem  amisit.  Ab  avunculo 
adoptatus  profectum  eum  in  Hispanias  adversus  Gnaei 
Pompei  liberos  secutus  est.  Deinde  ab  eo  Apolloniam 
missus  studiis  vacavit.  Utque  primum  occisum  Cae¬ 
sarem  heredemque  se  comperit,  in  urbem  regressus  15 
hereditatem  adiit,  nomen  Caesaris  sumpsit  conlectoque 
veteranorum  exercitu  opem  Decimo  Bruto  tulit,  qui 
ab  Antonio  Mutinae  obsidebatur.  Cum  autem  urbis 
aditu  prohiberetur,  ut  Brutum  de  omnibus  rebus  cer¬ 
tiorem  faceret,  primo  litteras  misit  plumbeis  laminis  20 
Inscriptas,  quas  ad  bracchium  religatas  urinatores 
Scultennam  amnem  tranantes  ad  Brutum  deferebant. 
Quin  et  avibus  internuntiis  utebatur.  Columbis  enim, 
quas  inclusas  ante  fame  adfecerat,  epistulas  ad  collum 
religabat  easque  a  proximo  moenibus  loco  emittebat.  25 


5 

io 

i5 

20 

25 

3° 


64 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Illae,  lucis  cibique  avidae,  altissima  aedificiorum 
petentes  excipiebantur  a  Decimo  Bruto ;  qui  eo  modo 
de  omnibus  rebus  certior  fiebat,  utique  postquam  dis¬ 
posito  quibusdam  locis  cibo  columbas  illuc  devolare 
instituerat. 

Bellum  Mutinense  Octavianus  duobus  proeliis  con¬ 
fecit  ;  quorum  in  altero  non  ducis  modo,  sed  militis 
etiam  functus  est  officio  atque  in  media  dimicatione, 
aquilifero  legionis  suae  graviter  saucio,  aquilam  umeris 
subisse  diuque  fertur  portasse.  Postea  reconciliata 
cum  Antonio  gratia  iunctisque  cum  eo  copiis,  ut  Gai 
Caesaris  necem  ulcisceretur,  ad  urbem  hostiliter  acces¬ 
sit  misitque  qui  nomine  exercitus  sibi  consulatum 
deposcerent.  Cunctante  senatu  centurio,  princeps 
legationis,  reiecto  sagulo,  ostendens  gladi  capulum 
non  dubitavit  in  curia  dicere :  “  Hic  faciet,  si  vos  non 
feceritis.” 

Ita  cum  Octavianus  vicesimo  aetatis  anno  consula¬ 
tum  invasisset,  pacem  fecit  cum  Antonio  et  Lepido 
ita  ut  triumviri  rei  publicae  constituendae  per  quin¬ 
quennium  essent  ipse  et  Lepidus  et  Antonius,  et  ut 
suos  quisque  inimicos  proscriberent.  Quae  proscriptio 
Sullana  longe  crudelior  fuit.  Exstant  autem  ex  ea 
multa  vel  extremae  impietatis  vel  mirae  fidei  ac  con¬ 
stantiae  exempla.  T.  Toranius,  triumvirorum  partes 
secutus,  proscripti  patris  sui,  praetorii  et  ornati  viri, 
latebras,  aetatem,  notasque  corporis  quibus  agnosci 
posset,  centurionibus  edidit,  qui  eum  persecuti  sunt. 
Alius  quidam  cum  proscriptum  se  cognovisset,  ad 
clientem  suum  confugit ;  sed  filius  eius,  per  ipsa 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


65 


vestigia  patris  militibus  ductis,  occidendum  eum  in 
conspectu  suo  obiecit. 

Cum  C.  Plotius  Plancus  a  triumviris  proscriptus  in 
regione  Salernitana  lateret,  servi  eius  comprehensi 
multumque  ac  diu  torti  negabant  se  scire  ubi  dominus 
esset.  Non  sustinuit  deinde  Plancus  tam  fideles  tam- 
que  boni  exempli  servos  filterius  cruciari ;  sed  pro¬ 
cessit  in  medium  iugulumque  gladiis  militum  obiecit. 

Senatoris  cuiusdam  servus  cum  ad  dominum  pro¬ 
scriptum  occidendum  milites  advenisse  cognosset,  com¬ 
mutata  cum  eo  veste,  permutato  etiam  anulo,  illum 
postico  clam  emisit,  se  autem  in  cubiculum  ad  lectulum 
recepit  et  se  pro  domino  occidi  passus  est.  “Quanti  viri 
est,”  addit  Seneca,  “  cum  praemia  proditionis  ingentia 
ostendantur,  praemium  fidei  mortem  concupiscere !  ” 

Octavianus  deinde  M.  Brutum,  interfectorem  Cae¬ 
saris,  bello  persecutus  id  bellum,  quamquam  invalidus 
atque  aeger,  duplici  proelio  transegit ;  quorum  priore 
castris  exutus  vix  fuga  evasit.  Victor  acerbissime  se 
gessit ;  in  nobilissimum  quemque  captivum  non  sine 
verborum  contumelia  saeviit.  Uni  suppliciter  sepul¬ 
turam  precanti  respondisse  dicitur  iam  istam  in  volu- 
crum  fore  potestate.  Alios,  patrem  et  filium,  pro  vita 
rogantes,  sortiri  fertur  iussisse,  ut  alterutri  concedere¬ 
tur,  ac  cum  patre,  quia  se  obtulerat,  occiso  filius  quo¬ 
que  voluntaria  occubuisset  nece,  spectasse  utrumque 
morientem.  Orare  veniam  vel  excusare  se  conantibus 
una  voce  occurrebat,  moriendum  esse.  Scribunt  qui¬ 
dam  trecentos  ex  dediticiis  electos  ad  aram  divo  Iulio 
exstructam  Idibus  Martiis  hostiarum  more  mactatos. 


5 

io 

*5 

20 

25 

30 


66 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


Abalienatus  postea  est  ab  Antonio,  quod  is  repu¬ 
diata  Octavia  sorore  Cleopatram,  Aegypti  reginam, 
duxisset  uxorem  ;  quae  quidem  mulier  cum  Antonio 
luxu  et  deliciis  certabat.  Una  se  cena  centiens  sester- 
5  tium  absumpturam  aliquando  dixerat.  Cupiebat  dis¬ 
cere  Antonius,  sed  fieri  posse  non  arbitrabatur.  Postero 
igitur  die  magnificam  alias  cenam,  sed  cottidianam 
Antonio  apposuit  inridenti  quod  promisso  stare  non 
potuisset.  At  illa  inferri  mensam  secundam  iussit. 
io  Ex  praecepto  ministri  unum  tantum  vas  ante  eam 
posuere  aceti,  cuius  asperitas  visque  margaritas  resol¬ 
vit.  Exspectante  igitur  Antonio  quidnam  esset  actura, 
margaritam,  quam  auribus  gerebat,  detraxit  et  aceto 
liquefactum  absorbuit.  Victum  Antonium  omnes,  qui 
15  aderant,  pronuntiaverunt. 

Octavianus  cum  Antonio  apud  Actium,  qui  locus 
est  in  Epiro,  navali  proelio  dimicavit.  Victum  et 
fugientem  persecutus  Aegyptum  petiit,  et  Alexandream, 
quo  Antonius  cum  Cleopatra  confugerat,  obsedit. 
20  Antonius  in  ultima  rerum  desperatione,  cum  habitu 
regis  in  solio  regali  sedisset,  mortem  sibi  ipse  con¬ 
scivit.  Cleopatra,  quam  Octavianus,  Alexandrea  in 
potestatem  redacta,  magnopere  cupiebat  vivam  com¬ 
prehendi  triumphoque  servari,  aspidem  sibi  adferendam 
25  curavit  eiusque  morsu  periit.  Cleopatrae  mortuae 
communem  cum  Antonio  sepulturam  tribuit. 

Tandem  Octavianus,  hostibus  victis,  solus  imperio 
potitus,  clementem  se  exhibuit.  Omnia  postea  in  eo 
plena  mansuetudinis  et  humanitatis.  Multis  ignovit 
30  vel  eis  qui  saepe  graviter  eum  offenderant.  Reversus 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


67 


in  Italiam  triumphans  Romam  ingressus  est.  Tum 
bellis  toto  orbe  compositis  Iani  gemini  portas  sua 
manu  clausit,  quae  bis  tantum  antea  clausae  fuerant, 
primum  sub  Numa  rege,  iterum  post  primum  Punicum 
bellum.  Tunc  omnes  praeteritorum  malorum  oblivio  5 
cepit  populusque  Romanus  praesentis  oti  laetitia  per- 
fruebatur.  Octaviano  maximi  honores  a  senatu  delati 
sunt.  Ipse  Augustus  cognominatus  et  in  honorem 
eius  mensis  Sextilis  eodem  nomine  appellatus  est, 
quod  illo  mense  bellis  civilibus  finis  esset  impositus.  10 
Patris  patriae  cognomen  universi  maximo  consensu 
detulerunt  ei.  Deferentibus  lacrimans  respondit  Au¬ 
gustus  his  verbis  :  “  Compos  factus  votorum  meorum, 
patres  conscripti,  quid  habeo  aliud  quod  deos  immor¬ 
tales  precer,  quam  ut  hunc  consensum  vestrum  ad  15 
ultimum  vitae  finem  mihi  perferre  liceat!  ” 

Dictaturam  magna  vi  offerente  populo  deprecatus 
est.  Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit  eamque 
sibi  tribui  edicto  vetuit.  Immo  de  restituenda  re 
publica  non  semel  cogitavit,  sed  reputans  et  se  pri-  20 
vatum  non  sine  periculo  fore,  et  rem  publicam  plurium 
arbitrio  commissum  iri,  summam  retinuit  potestatem, 
id  vero  studuit,  ne  quem  novi  status  paeniteret.  Bene 
de  eis  etiam  quos  adversarios  expertus  erat,  et  sentie¬ 
bat  et  loquebatur.  Legentem  aliquando  unum  e  nepo-  25 
tibus  invenit ;  cumque  puer  terrftus  volumen  Ciceronis, 
quod  manu  tenebat,  veste  tegeret,  Augustus  librum 
cepit  eoque  statim  reddito:  “Hic  vir,”  inquit,  “fili 
mi,  doctus  fuit  et  patriae  amans.” 

Pedibus  saepe  per  urbem  incedebat  summaque  comi-  30 


68 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


tate  adeuntes  excipiebat.  Convenit  aliquando  eum 
veteranus  miles,  qui  vocatus  in  ius  periclitabatur, 
rogavitque  ut  sibi  adesset ;  statim  Augustus  unum  e 
comitatu  suo  elegit  advocatum,  qui  litigatorem  com- 
5  mendaret.  Tum  veteranus  exclamavit,  “  At  non  ego, 
te  periclitante  bello  Actiaco,  vicarium  quaesivi,  sed 
ipse  pro  te  pugnavi,”  simulque  detexit  cicatrices. 
Erubuit  Augustus  atque  ipse  venit  in  advocationem. 

Cum  post  Actiacam  victoriam  Octavianus  Romam 
io  reverteretur,  occurrit  ei  inter  gratulantes  opifex  quidam 
corvum  tenens,  quem  instituerat  haec  dicere  :  “  Ave, 
Caesar,  victor,  imperator!”  Miratus  Caesar  officiosam 
avem  viginti  milibus  nummorum  emit.  Socius  opificis, 
ad  quem  nihil  ex  illa  liberalitate  pervenerat,  adfirmavit 
15  Caesari  habere  illum  et  alium  corvum,  quem  ut  adferre 
cogeretur  rogavit.  Adlatus  verba  quae  didicerat,  ex¬ 
pressit :  “Ave,  Antoni,  victor,  imperator!”  Nihil 
exasperatus  Caesar  satis  duxit  iubere  illum  dividere 
donativum  cum  contubernali.  Salutatus  similiter  a 
20  psittaco  emi  eum  iussit. 

Exemplum  sutorem  pauperem  sollicitavit  ut  cor¬ 
vum  institueret  ad  parem  salutationem.  Qui  impendio 
exhaustus  saepe  ad  avem  non  respondentem  dicere 
solebat :  “  Opera  et  impensa  periit !  ”  Aliquando 

25  tamen  corvus  coepit  dicere  dictam  salutationem.  Hac 
audita,  dum  transit,  Augustus  respondit :  “  Satis  domi 
talium  salutatorum  habeo.”  Superfuit  corvo  memoria, 
ut  et  illa,  quibus  dominum  querentem  solebat  audire, 
subtexeret,  “Opera  et  impensa  periit.”  Ad  quod  Caesar 
30  risit  emlque  avem  iussit  quanti  niillam  ante  emerat. 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


69 


Solebat  Graeculus  quidam  descendenti  e  palatio 
Caesari  honorificum  aliquod  epigramma  porrigere.  Id 
cum  frustra  saepe  fecisset  et  tamen  rursus  eum  idem 
facturum  duxisset  Augustus,  breve  sua  manu  in  charta 
exaravit  Graecum  epigramma  et  Graeculo  advenienti  5 
obviam  misit.  Ille  inter  legendum  laudare  mlrarlque 
tam  voce  quam  voltu  gestuque.  Deinde  cum  acces¬ 
sisset  ad  sellam  qua  Caesar  vehebatur,  demissa  in 
pauperem  crumenam  manu  paucos  denarios  protulit, 
quos  principi  daret  dlxitque  se  plus  daturum  fuisse,  10 
si  plus  habuisset.  Secuto  omnium  risu  dispensatorem 
Caesar  vocavit  et  satis  grandem  pecuniae  summam 
numerari  Graeculo  iussit. 

Augustus  fere  nulli  se  invitanti  negabat.  Exceptus 
igitur  a  quodam  cena  satis  parca  et  paene  cottldiana,  15 
hoc  tantum  Insusurravit,  “Non  putabam  me  tibi  esse 
tam  familiarem.”  Cum  aliquando  apud  Pollionem 
quendam  cenaret  fregissetque  unus  e  servis  vas  cry¬ 
stallinum,  rapi  eum  ad  mortem  Pollio  iussit  et  obici 
muraenis  quas  ingens  piscina  continebat.  Evasit  e  20 
manibus  puer  et  ad  pedes  Caesaris  confugit  nihil  aliud 
petiturus  quam  ut  aliter  periret  nec  esca  piscium 
fieret.  Motus  est  novo  crudelitatis  genere  Caesar  et 
illum  quidem  mitti,  crystallina  autem  omnia  coram  se 
frangi  iussit  complerlque  piscinam.  25 

Augustus  in  quadam  villa  aegrotans  noctes  inquietas 
agebat,  rumpente  somnum  eius  crebro  noctuae  cantu. 
Qua  molestia  cum  liberari  se  vehementer  cupere  sig- 
nificasset,  miles  quidam,  aucupl  peritus,  noctuam 
prehendendam  curavit,  vlvamque  Augusto  attulit  spe  30 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


"/0 


URBIS  ROMAE  VIRI  INLUSTRES. 


ingentis  praemi.  Cui  cum  Augustus  mille  nummos 
dari  iussisset,  ille  minus  dignum  praemium  existimans 
dicere  ausus  est,  “  Malo  ut  vivat,”  et  avem  dimisit. 
Imperatori  nec  ad  irascendum  causa  deerat  nec  ad 
ulciscendum  potestas ;  hanc  tamen  iniuriam  aequo 
animo  tulit  Augustus  hominemque  impunitum  abire 
passus  est. 

Augustus  amicitias  neque  facile  admisit  et  constan¬ 
tissime  retinuit.  Imprimis  familiarem  habuit  Mae¬ 
cenatem,  equitem  Romanum ;  qui  ea  qua  apud  prin¬ 
cipem  valebat  gratia  ita  semper  usus  est  ut  prodesset 
omnibus  quibus  posset,  noceret  nemini.  Ius  aliquando 
dicebat  Augustus  et  multos  capite  damnaturus  vide¬ 
batur.  Aderat  tum  Maecenas,  qui  per  circumstantium 
turbam  perrumpere  et  ad  tribunal  propius  accedere 
conabatur.  Quod  cum  frustra  temptasset,  haec  verba 
in  tabella  scripsit,  “  Surge  tandem,  carnifex !  ”  eamque 
tabellam  ad  Augustum  proiecit.  Qua  lecta  is  statim 
surrexit  neque  quisquam  est  morte  multatus. 

Habitavit  Augustus  in  aedibus  modicis,  neque  laxi¬ 
tate  neque  cultu  conspicuis,  ac  per  annos  amplius 
quadraginta  in  eodem  cubiculo  hieme  et  aestate  man¬ 
sit.  Supellex  quoque  eius  vix  privatae  elegantiae 
erat.  Raro  veste  alia  usus  est  quam  confecta  ab 
uxore,  sorore,  filia  neptibusque.  Item  tamen  Romam, 
quam  pro  maiestate  imperi  non  satis  ornatam  invene¬ 
rat,  adeo  excoluit  ut  iure  gloriaretur  marmoream  se 
relinquere  quam  latericiam  accepisset. 

Forma  fuit  Augustus  eximia  et  per  omnes  aetatis 
gradus  venustissima.  Erat  tamen  omnis  lenocini 


CAESAR  OCTAVIANUS  AUGUSTUS. 


71 


neglegens  et  in  capite  comendo  tam  incuriosus  ut  eo 
ipso  tempore  quo  illud  tonsoribus  committeret,  aut 
legeret  aliquid  aut  etiam  scriberet. 

Paucis  annis  ante  quam  moreretur,  gravissimam  in 
Germania  accepit  cladem,  tribus  legionibus  cum  duce  5 
Varo  legatisque  et  auxiliis  omnibus  caesis.  Hac  nun¬ 
tiata  excubias  per  urbem  indixit,  ne  quis  tumultus 
exsisteret,  et  magnos  ludos  Iovi  optimo  maximo  vovit, 
si  res  publica  in  melibrem  statum  vertisset.  Adeo 
denique  consternatum  ferunt  ut,  per  continuos  menses  io 
barba  capilloque  submisso,  caput  interdum  foribus  in- 
lideret,  vociferans  :  “  Quinctili  Vare,  legiones  redde  !  ” 
diemque  cladis  quotannis  maestum  habuerit  ac  lugu¬ 
brem. 

Tandem  adflicta  valetudine  in  Campaniam  concessit,  15 
ubi,  remisso  ad  otium  animo,  nullo  hilaritatis  genere 
abstinuit.  Supremo  vitae  die  petito  speculo  capillum 
sibi  comi  iussit  et  amicos  circumstantes  percontatus 
ecquid  eis  videretur  mimum  vitae  commode  transegisse, 
adiecit  solitam  clausulam:  “Edite  strepitum  vosque  20 
omnes  cum  gaudio  applaudite.”  Obiit  Nolae  sextum 
et  septuagesimum  annum  agens. 


ESSENTIAL  BOOKS  FOR  REFERENCE 


Classic  Myths.  —  Gayley. 

History  of  Classical  Greek  Literature,  2  vols. —  Mahaffy. 
Elementary  Latin  Dictionary.  —  Lewis. 

Latin  Grammar.  —  Madvig. 

Students’  Classical  Dictionary.  —  Smith. 

History  of  Roman  Literature.  —  Cruttwell. 

Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities.  —  Rich. 
Atlas  Antiquus.  —  Kiepert. 

Atlas  of  Classical  Antiquities. —  Schreiber. 

History  of  Rome. —  Liddell. 

History  of  Greece. —  Smith. 

History  of  Ancient  Art.  —  von  Reber. 

A  Companion  to  School  Classics.  —  Germ. 


IMPERIUM  ROMANUM 

AUGUSTO  MORTUO 
XIV  A.  D. 


BOOKS  FOR  COLLATERAL  READING. 


History  of  Rome,  3  vols .  —  Niebuhr 
♦History  of  Rome.  —  Liddell. 

History  of  Rome,  5  vols.  —  Duruy. 

History  of  Rome,  4  vols.  —  Mommsen. 

♦Early  Rome. —  Ihne. 

♦Lives  of  Illustrious  Men.  —  Plutarch  (Clough’s  Translation) 

♦Stories  from  Livy.  —  A.  J.  Church. 

*  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero.  —  A.  J.  Church. 

*Two  Thousand  Years  Ago.  —  A.J.  Church. 

♦The  Story  of  the  Nations,  Carthage. —  A.J.  Church. 

♦Pictures  from  Roman  Life  and  Story.  —  A.J.  Church. 

*The  Story  of  the  Nations,  Rome. —  Gilman. 

♦Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  —  Bulwer. 

♦Ben-Hur. —  Wallace. 

Zenobia.  —  Ware. 

♦Lays  of  Ancient  Rome.  —  Macaulay. 

♦Virginius.  —  James  Sheridan  Knowles. 

♦Rome  and  Carthage.  —  Smith. 

♦Life  of  Hannibal.  —  Arnold. 

♦History  of  Julius  Caesar.  —  Abbott 
The  Roman  Triumvirates.  —  Menvale 
Life  of  Caesar.  —  Froude. 

Caesar,  Great  Captains’  Series.  —  Dodge. 

♦Julius  Caesar.  —  Shakespeare. 

♦Life  of  Cicero.  —  Forsyth. 

The  Students’  Cicero.  —  Fausset. 

Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius.  —  E.  S.  Beesly. 

♦The  Roman  Traitor.  —  H.  W.  Herbert. 

The  Gracchi,  Marius,  and  Sulla.  —  A.  H.  Beesly. 

♦Books  thus  marked  are  such  as  are  particularly  adapted  to  interest  and 
profit  youthful  readers. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  THE  NOTES. 


§  Allen  and  Greenough. 

abl.  =  ablative, 
abs.  =  absolute, 
adj.  =  adjective. 

acc.  =  accusative. 

app.  =  apposition,  or  appositive. 

B.  =  Bennett. 

cf.  =  confer  —  compare 

cl.  =  clause. 

conj.  =  conjunction. 

cons.  =  construction. 

dat.  =  dative. 

decl.  =  declension. 

dir.  disc.  =  direct  discourse. 

f.  n.  =  footnote. 

fig.  =  figure. 

fr.  =  from. 

G.  =  Gildersleeve. 
gen.  =  genitive. 

ger.  =  gerund,  or  gerundive. 

H.  —  Harkness. 

H-B.  =  Hale  and  Buck. 


id.  =  idiom. 

ind.  =  indicative. 

ind.  disc.  =  indirect  discourse. 

1.  =  line,  or  lines. 

Lat.  =  Latin, 
lit.  =  literally, 
n.  =-  note, 
nom.  =  nominative, 
p.  =  page, 
part.  =  participle, 
perf.  =  perfect, 
poss.  =  possessive, 
pred.  =  predicate, 
prep.  =  preposition, 
pro.  =  pronoun. 

R.  =  remark, 
rel.  =  relative. 

sc.  =  scilicet  —  supply,  namely, 
subj.  =  subject,  or  subjunctive, 
tr.  =  translate,  or  translation, 
v.  =  vide  =  see. 
voc.  =  vocabulary. 


Notes  to  words  separated  by  a  dash  ( armatis — profe rdvit)  refer  to  them 
and  all  intervening  words. 

Notes  to  words  separated  by  dots  (daret .  .  .  regeret )  refer  only  to  the 
words  named. 

Grammatical  references  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  old  editions. 


NOTES. 


T.  Romani  imperi  exordium. 

The  beginnings  of  Rome,  like  those  of  other  powers  of  old,  are  shrouded 
in  much  doubt  and  uncertainty.  That  some  truth  lies  hid  in  the  mass  of 
fables  that  Fabius,  Piso,  Tubero,  Livy,  and  other  Latin  historians  have  left 
us  cannot  be  questioned ;  but  where  fiction  ends  and  fact  begins  is  the 
question  that  has  been  troubling  scholars  ever  since  the  middle  of  the  18th 
century,  when  the  credibility  of  early  Roman  history  first  began  to  be  sus¬ 
pected.  The  Romans  themselves  believed  the  stories  as  they  came  down  to 
them,  and  they  were  accepted  as  trustworthy  for  many  centuries.  The  first 
volume  of  Niebuhr’s  great  work,  which  appeared  in  1S11,  first  brought  before 
the  world  the  results  of  a  scientific  investigation  of  the  subject.  It  was 
made  clear  that  many  of  the  traditions  were  manufactured  to  explain  facts 
and  institutions  already  existing  at  the  beginning  of  the  historical  period; 
that  much  could  be  traced  to  Greek  sources;  that  the  Alban  kings  and  the 
seven  kings  of  Rome  were  mythical ;  that,  in  short,  nothing  prior  to  the 
destruction  of  the  city  by  the  Gauls  in  390  b.c.  could  be  received  unchallenged. 

The  student  is  referred  for  a  full  discussion  of  this  subject  to  the  following 
books : 

Niebuhr’s  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  I. 

Liddell’s  History  of  Rome,  Bk.  L,  Chap.  V. 

Duruy’s  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  I.,  Chaps.  I  and  II. 

Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  Chaps.  II.  and  IV. 

Mommsen’s  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  I. 

j Paye  1.  1.  Proca  :  the  twelfth  of  the  mythical  kings  of  Alba. 

For  gender  see  §  42,  Exc.  (35,  Exc.) ;  B.  21.  1  ;  G.  30;  H.  78.  5 
(48.  5.  1)  ;  H-B.  67.  —  Albanorum:  the  people  of  Alba,  a  city  in 
Latium,  S.  E.  of  Rome.  It  stretched  along  a  narrow  ridge  of  land 
and  from  this  fact  is  often  called  Alba  Longa. 

75 


76 


NOTES. 


2.  Numitori:  put  first  for  emphasis,  to  contrast  with  Amulius  in 
the  next  clause.  —  natu :  §  418  (253);  B.  226;  G.  397;  H.  480 
(424);  H-B.  441. 

3.  pulso  fratre  :  after  he  had  expelled  his  brother .  §  420.  1.  n. 

(255.  d.  N.)  ;  B.  227.  2.  a) ;  G.  409,  410  ;  H.  489.  1  (431.  t,  2)  ;  H~B. 
421.  1.  Avoid  a  literal  translation  of  the  abl.  abs. 

4.  subole:  §  401  (243.  a);  B.  214.  1.  b) ;  G.  390.  2;  H.  464 
(414.  I);  H-B.  408.  3.  —  filiam:  decl.  §  43.  e  (36.  e) ;  B.  21.  2.  e) ; 
G.  29.  a  ;  H.  80.  2  (49.  4) ;  H-B.  66.  4. — Vestae:  the  goddess  of 
the  home  and  the  fireside.  She  was  worshiped  in  every  house  ;  and, 
in  addition,  had  public  worship  in  a  temple.  There  the  Vestal 
virgins  kept  the  fire  forever  burning  upon  her  altar. 

5.  sacerdotem:  §  393  (239.  1.  a)  \  B.  177;  G.  340;  H.  410.  1 
(373-  0;  H_B-  392-  «• 

6.  Ea  re  cSgnita  :  ci.frdtre ,  1.  3.  —  ipsam  =  the  mother  ;  lit.  herself. 

7.  alve5  :  §  370  (228)  ;  B.  187.  Ill ;  G.  347  ;  H.  429  (386)  ;  H-B. 
376.  —  Tiberim  :  the  acc.  The  Tiber  is  the  largest  river  in  Latium. 
At  Rome  it  is  some  four  hundred  feet  wide  and  from  twelve  to 
eighteen  feet  deep.  After  heavy  rains  it  overflows  its  banks  even 
as  in  ancient  days. 

9.  relabente  flumine :  cf.  Ed  re  cognitd,  1.  6.  —  eos :  by  being 
put  before  the  subject  aqua ,  the  object  is  made  emphatic  and  is 
strongly  contrasted  with  it,  —  them  the  water  left  on  the  shore. — 
Vastae  :  note  the  emphatic  position. 

10.  locls:  §  106.  b  (78.  2.  b) ;  B.  60.  2;  G.  67.  2;  H.  147.  1 
( 1 4 1 )  ;  H-B.  108.  2.  —  ut  =  as.  Ut  with  an  indicative  is  translated 
by  as,  how,  or  when  ;  with  a  subjunctive  by  in  order  that,  in  order 
to,  for  the  purpose  of,  in  order  that  not  (after  verbs  of  fearing),  so 
that ,  or  though. 

12.  5ri  :  cons.  cf.  alved ,  1.  7.  —  se  gessit:  se  gerere  =  to  conduct 

oneself,  act  as. 

13.  Cum  is  either  a  preposition  or  a  conjunction.  If  it  be  a 
preposition  that  fact  will  be  determined  by  the  ablative  following  it ; 
if  it  be  a  conjunction  it  may  mean  when,  since,  or  although.  In  the 
sense  of  when  it  will  take  the  indicative  when  used  with  a  present  or 
a  future  tense,  or  with  a  past  tense  when  defining  or  fixing  the  time 


NOTES. 


77 


of  the  main  action;  otherwise  the  subjunctive  is  used.  Practically 
the  instances  of  cum  with  a  past  indicative  are  not  very  common. 
In  the  sense  of  since  or  of  although ,  cum  is  followed  by  the  sub¬ 
junctive.  —  saepius  :  again  and  again. 

14.  reverteretur:  see  note  on  cum  above,  also  §  545,  546  (323, 
325);  B.  288.  1  ;  G.  580,  585;  H.  600,  601  (521.  II.  2);  H-B.  524, 
550.  a.  —  pastor  regius  =  the  king's  shepherd.  §  343.  a  (214.  a.  2) ; 
G.  362 ;  H.  (3^5.  N.  2). 

16.  educandos  agrees  with  eds.  §  500.  4  (294.  d) ;  B.  337.  7.  b). 
2) ;  G.  430;  H.  622  (544.  2.  n.  2) ;  H-B.  605.  2.  —  primo  beginning 
a  series  is  followed  by  deinde  meaning  next ,  or  in  the  second  place. 

18.  rapina:  §  400  (243);  B.  214;  G.  390;  H.  461  (413,  414); 
H-B.  408. 

19.  Quare:  §  404  (245);  B.  219;  G.  408;  H.  475  (416);  H-B. 
444.  c.  —  eis  :  cf.  ori,  1.  12.  —  insidiati  essent :  cf.  reverteretur,  1.  14. 

I* age  2 .  1.  esset:  an  indirect  question  is  a  question  used  as 

subject,  as  object,  or  as  appositive.  How  is  it  used  here?  —  mater: 
sc.  fuisset. 

2.  armatis  —  properavit :  armed  the  shepherds  and  hastened,  etc. 
It  is  often  best  to  translate  a  verb  and  participle  by  two  verbs  con¬ 
nected  by  and.  Latin  prefers  the  subordinate  construction,  Eng¬ 
lish  the  coordinate.  —  Albam:  §  427.  2  (258.  £) ;  B.  182.  i;  G.  337; 
If.  418  (380.  II)  ;  H-B.  450. 

5.  solitus  esset:  §  524  (312);  B.  307;  G.  602;  H.  584  (513.  II); 
II-B.  504.  3.  —  a  rege  :  note  that  the  ablative  of  the  agent,  as  distin¬ 
guished  from  the  ablative  of  the  means,  requires  the  preposition  d 
or  ab. 

8.  haud  procul  erat  quin :  he  lacked  little  of  .  .  . ;  on  cons,  of 
dgnosceret,  see  §  558  (319.  d)  ;  B.  295.  3  ;  G.  555  ;  H.  595.  2  (504.  4)  ; 
H-B.  502.  3.  b). 

9.  lineamentis  :  for  cons.  cf.  fidtii,  p.  1,  1.  2. 

10.  Ea  res:  words  in  a  subordinate  clause  that  are  specially 
emphatic  are  often  put  before  the  conjunction. 

11.  dum  in  temporal  clauses  means  either  while  or  until.  If  the 
former,  it  is  followed  by  the  indicative ;  if  the  latter,  usually  by  the 


78 


NOTES. 


subjunctive.  —  tenet:  §  466  (276.  e);  B.  293.  I;  G.  229;  H.  533.  4 
(467.  4) ;  H-B.  491.  1. 

12.  supervenit:  §  469  (276.  d)  \  B.  259.3;  G.  229;  H.  532.  3 
(467.  III.  1);  II-B.  491.  1. 

16.  uter  :  distinguish  between  uter,  uterque,  and  quis,  quisque. 

17.  daret  .  .  .  regeret:  v.  esset,  above.  —  auspicia:  this  word 
(v.  voc.  for  etymology)  and  augurium  are  terms  used  to  refer  to  the 
will  of  the  gods  as  interpreted  by  the  flight  of  birds.  A  college  of 
priests  known  as  augurs,  founded  by  Romulus,  had  this  for  its 
special  business.  Nothing  of  importance  was  undertaken  at  Rome 
without  first  consulting  the  auspices. 

19.  augurio  :  abl.  of  cause,  or  means. 

21.  vallum:  this  was  a  mere  earth-work. 

23.  Sic  deinde  :  sc.  pereat. 

24.  solus  :  note  emphasis  of  position.  —  impend  :  §  410.  n.  (249) ; 
B.  218.  1  ;  G.  407  ;  II.  477  (421.  I)  ;  H-B.  429. 


II.  Romulus,  Romanorum  rex  primus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Romulus,  also  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  I. 

Page  3.  1.  Romulus:  though  Romulus  is  a  mythical  charac¬ 

ter,  the  political  institutions  attributed  to  him  are  authentic  in  that 
they  had  their  origin  in  the  earliest  times. 

2.  asylum:  for  cons.  v.  sacerdotem,  p.  1,  1.  5.  This  asylum 
was  a  grove  of  oak-trees  lying  between  the  two  summits  of  the 
Capitoline  hill. 

4.  uxores  :  note  the  emphatic  position.  —  ipse  refers  to  Romulus. 
—  haberent :  see  n.  on  cum,  p.  1,  1.  13. 

5.  qul  .  .  .  peterent:  §  531.  2.  n.  ;  533.  a  (317.  2.  n.;  318. 
(2).  a) ;  B.  282.  2  ;  G.  630;  II.  590  (497) ;  II-B.  502.  2. 

8.  quoque  always  follows  the  emphatic  word. 

9.  foret :  a  rare  form  for  esset.  For  the  construction  v.  §  446 
(3II  *);  B.280;  G.  257, 258;  II.  552  (485);  II-B.  516. 

11.  convenere:  not  an  infinitive. 


NOTES. 


79 


12.  videndae  novae  urbis:  we  might  have  had  videndi  novam 
urbem.  Remember  that  the  gerund  with  a  direct  object  is  regularly- 
used  only  in  the  genitive  case  and  in  the  ablative  case  without  a 
preposition.  —  Sabini :  one  of  the  early  native  peoples  of  Italy. 
Their  principal  city  was  Cures. 

13.  venit:  §543  (324);  B.  287 ;  G.  561  ;  H.  602(518);  H-B.  557. 
—  conversae  :  pred.  adj.  —  eo  :  not  a  pronoun. 

14.  sign5  dato  :  v.  n.  on  pulso  fratre ,  p.  1,  1.  3. 

16.  ob  virgines  raptas  :  on  account  of  the  seizure  of  the  maidens. 
This  use  of  the  perf.  part,  is  a  very  common  idiom,  §  497  (292.  a) ; 
B-  337-  5  i  G-  325-  3  i  H-  636.  4  (549.  n.  2) ;  H-B.  608.  2. 

18.  Romae:  cf.  alveo,  p.  1,  1.  7.  —  appropinquarent:  cons.? 

19.  petitum:  §  509(302);  B.  340;  G.435;  H- 633  (546);  H-B.  618. 

20.  Huius  pater :  her  father.  Remember  that  the  Latin 
demonstrative  pronouns  are  often  best  translated  in  English  by  the 
possessives  and  the  personals.  —  arci :  cf.  Romae  above. 

22.  perduxisset :  if  she  would  lead ,  not  had  led.  This  word  and 
gererent,  in  the  next  sentence,  illustrate  a  very  common  use  of  the 
subjunctive  known  as  implied  or  informal  ind.  disc.  Tatius’  wrords 
to  Tarpeia  are  :  Tibi  optionem  muneris  dabo,  si  exercitum  meum 
in  Capitolium  perduxeris.  She  replies,  Date  id  quod  in  sinistris 
manibus  geritis.  Now  this  conversation  is  reported  without  a 
formal  introduction  of  indirect  discourse ;  but  the  mood  and  tense 
of  the  verbs  in  the  subordinate  clauses  are  the  same  as  if  we  had 
placed  Dixit,  “  He  said,”  before  the  first  sentence  ;  and  Respon¬ 
dit,  “She  replied,”  before  the  second.  §592.  2  (341.  e) ;  B.  323  ; 
G.  508.  3  ;  628  ;  H.  649.  I  (528.1) ;  H-B.  535.  1.  a  ;  536.  a. 

24.  Quibus :  a  relative  is  often  used  in  Latin  where  good  English 
requires  a  demonstrative  or  a  personal  pronoun  ;  tr.  after  these  had 
been  treacherously  promised. 

26.  proditio:  the  Capitoline  hill  has  two  summits,  upon  one  of 
which  stood  the  Capitol,  upon  the  other  the  citadel.  The  steep 
wall  of  rock  on  the  west  side  was  known  as  the  saxum  Tarpeium. 
From  it  traitors  were  hurled  to  death. 

27.  poena  :  “  Their  heavy  shields  upon  the  maid  they  threw, 

And  with  their  splendid  gifts  entombed  at  once  and  slew.” 

/ 


80 


NOTES. 


Page  4.  2.  Romanum  Forum :  this  was  a  large  open  square 
(cf.  forts  —  out-of-doors )  between  the  Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills. 
It  was  surrounded  by  temples,  porticoes,  and  shops  ;  and  was  used 
for  holding  courts,  and  public  meetings  of  all  kinds. 

6.  clamitabant :  bring  out  the  force  of  this  tense. 

7.  longe  aliud  .  .  .  aliud  :  tr.  one  thing  .  .  .  quite  another. 

9.  Iovi :  decl.  §  79.  b  (60.  b)  ;  B.  41  ;  H.  107.  3  (66.  3) ;  H-B.  92. 
—  aedem:  this  was  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator  (the  flight-stayer). 
It  stood  on  the  slope  of  the  Palatine  next  to  the  arch  of  Titus.  Its 
site  has  been  recently  laid  bare,  but  of  the  temple  itself  not  a 
vestige  remains. 

11.  passis:  perf.  part,  from  pando ,  in  abl.  abs.  with  crinibus. 
Wearing  the  hair  disheveled  was  one  of  the  commonest  ways  of 
expressing  sorrow. 

13.  conciliarunt  =  conciliaverunt. 

14.  foedere  .  .  .  icto  =  after  making  (lit.  striking)  a  treaty.  The 
making  of  a  treaty  was  accompanied  by  a  sacrifice.  The  verb  to 
strike  in  the  above  phrase  is  a  reminder  of  the  ancient  custom, 
referring  to  the  striking  of  the  victim. 

16.  multo:  §414(250);  B.  223;  G.  403;  11.479(423);  H-B.  424. 

18.  ageret:  cf.  peterent,  p.  3,  1.  6.  —  senatores:  the  senate  was 
an  advisory  body  under  the  kings,  but  at  an  early  period  of  the 
republic  it  became  the  ruling  power  of  the  state.  Its  numbers,  too, 
were  largely  increased,  and  it  was  known  collectively  as  Patres  ( et ) 
Conscripti,  in  which  Patres  stands  for  the  original  number,  and 
Conscripti  for  those  that  were  added. 

19.  equitum  :  the  order  of  Knights,  who  were  originally  the  cav¬ 
alry  of  the  state,  was  based  upon  a  property  qualification  of  400,000 
sesterces  (about  $20,000).  In  later  times  the  cavalry  consisted 
almost  entirely  of  foreigners. 

20.  curias  :  the  people  were  made  up  of  three  tribes,  the  Ramnes, 
Tities,  and  Luceres;  and  each  tribe  was  divided  into  ten  ciiriae. 

22.  campd  :  the  Campus  Martius,  a  large  plain  lying  outside  the 
city  walls  in  the  bend  of  the  Tiber,  north-west  of  the  Capitoline.  It 
was  used  for  large  assemblies,  and  for  all  kinds  of  warlike  and  gym¬ 
nastic  exercises.  It  is  now  thickly  covered  with  buildings. 


NOTES. 


SI 


24.  ablatus  est :  v.  aufero. 

25.  creditus  est :  personal  use,  §  582  (330.  b ) ;  B.  332  ;  G.  52S.  2  ; 
H.  61 1  (534.  1.  n.  1);  H-B.  590.  —  fidem  fecit :  strengthened  belief. 
For  the  following  dative  v.  §  367.  N.  2  (227.  N.  2) ;  B.  187.  II  ;  G.  346. 
N.  5;  H.  426  (385);  H-B.  362. 

28.  visum:  sc.  esse.  —  forma:  §  415.  a  (251);  B.  224;  G.  400; 
H.  473.  2  (419.  II);  H-B.  443. 

Page  0,  1.  exsisterent:  §569.  2  (332.  2);  B.  297.  2;  G.  553. 
4;  H.  571.  1  (5or.  I.  1);  H-B.  521.  3.  Why  is  the  circumlocution 
futurum  — exsisterent  used  ?  §  569.  a  (2 SS.f)  ;  B.  270.  3  ;  G.  248  : 
H.  619.  2,  3  (537.  3.  N.  1)  ;  H-B.  472.  r. 

2.  Quirinus:  this  is  a  Sabine  word,  and  the  name  of  the  Sabine 
god  of  war.  Romulus  was  known  by  this  name  after  his  death  and 
deification. 


III.  Numa  Pompilius,  Romanorum  rex  secundus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Numa  Pompilius. 

3.  Successit  Romulo  Numa:  note  the  order.  The  fact  of  the 
succession  is  more  important  than  the  person  who  succeeds.  To 
Numa  was  ascribed  much  of  the  religion  of  the  early  Romans. — 
iustitia  :  ci.  forma,  p.  4,  1.  28. 

4.  Curibus  :  cf.  n.  on  Sabini ,  p.  3,  1.  1 2. 

5.  Qui  cum :  When  he.  An  emphatic  word  or  phrase  in  a 
subordinate  clause  is  often  put  before  the  conjunction.  Do  not 
translate  in  that  order.  —  Romam  :  cf.  Albam ,  p.  2,  1.  2.  —  venisset : 
cf.  n.  on  reverteretur ,  p.  1,  1.  14. 

7.  Vestae :  cf.  n.  p.  1,  1.  4.  The  worship  of  Vesta  goes  back  to 
the  very  earliest  times. 

8.  alendum:  §  500.  4  (294.  d) ;  B.  337.  7.  b).  2)  ;  G.  430;  H.  622 
(544.  n.  2) ;  II-B.  605.  2.  —  virginibus  :  indirect  object.  —  Flaminem  : 
these  were  priests  devoted  to  a  particular  deity.  There  were  15  of 
them,  and  each  was  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  deity  he  served. 


82 


NOTES. 


9.  insigni  veste  :  the  flamen  was  dressed  in  a  woollen  robe  folded 
double,  and  wore  upon  his  head  a  cap  called  apex ,  which  had  a 
pointed  piece  of  olive  wood,  set  in  a  flock  of  wool,  on  its  crown.  — 

curuli  sella  :  seats  of  this  kind 
were  originally  used  exclu¬ 
sively  by  the  kings  at  Rome, 
but  were  subsequently 
granted  as  a  privilege  to  the 
flamens  and  the  curule  magis¬ 
trates  (consuls,  censors,  prae¬ 
tors,  curule  aediles,  dictators, 
and  the  magister  equitum).  The  chair  could  be  folded  like  a  modern 
camp-stool.  See  fig.  1,  which  shows  how  the  legs  were  hinged  for 
folding,  and  also  the  sella  complete. 

10.  Dicitur  :  he  is  said. 

13.  fulmina  :  the  falling  of  a  thunderbolt  was  always  regarded  by 
the  Romans  as  an  omen  calling  for  a  propitiatory  sacrifice.  — essent 
procuranda  :  v.  n.  on  esset,  p.  2,  1.  1. 

16.  aedes  :  §  107  (79.  a) ;  B.  61  ;  G.  69.  c ;  H.  140  (132) ;  H-B.  105. 

1 7.  futurum  esset :  v.  essent  procuranda  above. 

18.  ancile  :  this  was  made  of  bronze.  Upon  its  safety  the  welfare 
of  the  state  was  supposed  to  depend.  —  Id  ne  :  v.  n.  on  QuT  cum , 

P-  5’  !•  5- 

20.  Salios  :  cf.  salire ,  to  leap.  This 
college  of  priests  consisted  of  twelve 
eminent  men,  who  yearly,  in  the  month 
of  March,  went  through  the  city  singing 
and  dancing.  In  their  right  hands  they 
carried  spears  with  which  they  struck 
the  ancilia,  which  were  suspended  on  a 
pole  and  carried  on  the  shoulders  of 
the  priests’  ministers.  See  fig.  2. 

21.  qul  .  .  .  custodirent:  to  guard.  But  what  literally  ? 

24.  duodecim  menses  :  the  year  of  Romulus  had  but  10  months 
and  304  days.  For  this,  Nunn  substituted  a  year  of  12  months  and 
355  days.  The  agreement  between  this  and  the  solar  year  was  made 


NOTES. 


83 


by  inserting  an  intercalary  month  every  two  years.  This  arrangement 
continued  until  the  reform  of  the  calendar  by  Julius  Caesar  in  46  B.c. 

25.  nefastos :  these  were  days  of  ill-omen  upon  which  legal 
business  could  not  be  done,  nor  public  assemblies  held. — Iano  : 
originally  worshiped  as  the  sun-god ;  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
important  of  the  Italian  deities.  Later  he  is  generally  viewed  as 
god  of  gates,  doors,  and  of  all  beginnings.  He  is  represented  with 
two  faces,  looking  in  opposite  directions,  to  symbolize  that  the 
beginning  or  the  present  has  to  do  both  with  the  past  and  the 
future.  The  covered  passage-way  known  as  the  temple  of  Janus, 
built  near  the  Forum  by  Numa,  was  not  closed  after  his  time  until 
the  end  of  the  first  Punic  war,  241  B.c. 

Paged.  5.  sibi:  §373  (231);  B.  190;  G.  349;  H.  430  (387); 
H-B.  374. 

6.  monitu:  §404  (245);  B.  219;  G.  408;  H.  475  (416);  H-B. 
444.  c. —  ageret :  cons.  §  580  (336.  2)  ;  B.  314.  1 ;  G.  508.  2 ;  H.  643 
(524) ;  H-B.  534.2. 

7.  quem  medium  :  the  middle  of  which.  —  perenni  rigabat  aqua  : 
note  the  peculiar  order. 

8.  inferebat :  the  imperfect  indicative  is  used  in  descriptions,  and 
to  denote  continued,  customary,  or  repeated  action  ;  cf.  rigabat  and 
e rat  above. 

9.  ita  :  what  cons,  will  follow  in  the  subordinate  clause  ?  §  537.  n.  2 
(319.  r.)  ;  B.  384.  1  ;  G.  552 ;  H.  570.  3  (500.  II.  N.  1) ;  H-B.  521.  2.  a. 
—  ea  =  tali. 

11.  quidem  never  stands  first  in  a  sentence.  It  makes  the  pre¬ 
ceding  word  emphatic.  Tr.  to  be  sure. 

12.  civitati:  all  the  prepositional  compounds  of  sum ,  excepting 
absum ,  take  the  dative. 

IV.  Tullus  Hostilius,  Romanorum  rex  tertius. 

17.  Mortuo  Numa:  an  expression  of  time.  —  Tullus  Hostilius 
reminds  us  most  of  Romulus.  See  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  p.  77.  See 
also  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  II. 


84 


NOTES. 


20.  Ducibus  —  finiri:  rem — finiri  is  the  subject  of  placuit; 
ducibus  is  the  dative  after  a  verb  of  pleasing ;  tr.  the  commanders 
Hostilius  and  Fufetius  determined  that ,  etc. 

21.  Erant :  when  a  form  of  esse  stands  first,  it  usually  means  that 
the  verb  is  not  used  as  a  copula,  but  to  express  being  or  existence. 

24.  ictum  est:  cf.  n.  on  foedere  icto ,  p.  4,  1.  14.  —  ea  lege:  cf.  n. 
on  qua  re,  p.  i,l.  19.  —  ut  —  esset :  in  apposition  with  lege. 

Page  7 •  -•  terni :  distinguish  from  ires  and  tertius. 

4.  increpuere:  §  543  (324);  B.  287;  G.  561 ;  H.  602  (518);  H-B. 
557.  This  word  probably  refers  to  the  dashing  of  the  spears  against 
the  shields.  This  was  followed  by  the  drawing  of  the  swords  for 
the  hand-to-hand  combat. 

7.  ceciderunt :  distinguish  from  ceciderunt. 

11.  erat :  quia  states  a  fact  as  a  cause,  and  for  that  reason  regu¬ 
larly  takes  the  indicative. 

12.  singulos  :  distinguish  from  iinus  and  primus. 

13.  ratus:  tr.  thinking.  —  aliquantum  spati :  a  considerable  dis¬ 
tance. 

14.  pugnatum  est:  do  not  translate  literally. 

15.  videt:  v.  n.  on  Cum,  p.  1,  1.  13.  —  e  Curiatiis:  the  partitive 
gen.,  which  might  have  been  used,  does  not  distinguish  sharply  from 
the  rest  as  this  does. 

17.  inclamat:  v.  n.  on  tenet,  p.  2,  1.  11. 

18.  Alterum  :  in  an  enumeration,  this  word  is  used  oftener  than 
secundus. 

20.  singuli :  one  on  each  side. 

21.  Alter  .  .  .  alter:  distinguish  between  this  and  alius  .  .  . 
alius,  v.  voc.  —  ferox  :  not  fierce. 

26.  domum  :  cf.  Albam,  p.  2,  1.  2.  —  Princeps  :  at  the  head. 

27.  obvia  :  v.  voc. 

29.  paludamento  :  a  military  cloak  worn  by  generals  and  superior 
officers  over  their  armor.  It  was  wide,  of  fine  texture,  and  white, 
scarlet,  or  purple.  It  was  fastened  by  a  brooch  upon  the  shoulder. 

30.  crines  solvere:  v.  n.  on  passis,  p.  4,  1.  11.  —  ferdcis :  cl.  ferox 
above.  Is  the  meaning  the  same  ? 


NOTES. 


85 


Page  8.  4.  oblita:  §  350  (219);  B.  206;  G.  376;  H.  454(406.  II); 
H-B.  350.  —  Sic  —  Romana:  tr.  tinis  perish  every  Roman  woman 
who ,  etc.  On  eat,  v.  §  441  (267);  B.  279;  G.  260;  H.  558  (484.  I); 
H-B.  510,  51 1. 

7.  in  ius :  to  court.  —  iudices :  this  was  the  council  of  two 
(. Duumviri  perduellionis )  appointed  to  try  persons  accused  of  the 
murder  of  a  Roman. 

8.  lictor  :  a  public  officer  attached  to  the  service  of  certain  Roman 
magistrates,  whom  he  preceded  whenever  they  went  abroad.  The 
king  had  twelve  of  these,  who  carried  out  his  judicial 

decrees.  See  fig.  3. 

9.  provocavit :  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people 
from  the  decision  of  a  magistrate  was  an  ancient  right 
belonging  to  Roman  citizens.  This  right  continued, 
with  few  interruptions,  until  the  time  of  the  empire. 

12.  ne  —  faceret:  in  dir.  disc.  =  nolite  me,  quern 
pauld  ante  cum  egregia  stirpe  conspexistis ,  orbum  liberis 
facere.  Note  carefully  the  changes  in  construction. 

13.  liberis:  §402.0  (243.  </);  B.  214;  G.  390;  H. 

465  (414.  Ill);  H-B.  41 1. 

14.  Non  tulit :  could  not  resist. 

18.  quod  :  aiid  this.  Latin  often  uses  a  relative 
where  English  requires  a  conjunction  and  a  demon-  Fig.  3. 
strative,  or  a  conjunction  and  a  personal  pronoun. 

19.  tigillum  sororium  :  with  reference  to  this  Livy,  the  historian, 
says,  Id  hodie  quoque  publice  semper  refectum  manet ,  and  the  vener¬ 
able  relic  was  pointed  out  in  his  day,  in  the  first  century  a.d. 

22.  finisset:  §540  (321);  B.  286;  G.  541;  H.  588  (516);  H-B. 

535-  2-a- 

23.  Veientes :  Veii  was  12  miles  north  of  Rome.  —  Fidenates: 
Fidenae  was  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber  about  a  mile  N.E.  of  Rome. 

26.  Qua  re  Tullus  intellecta  :  tr.  when  Tullus  perceived  this ;  v.  n. 
on  quod  above,  1.  18. 

27.  suo  :  emphatic  position. 

28.  Quo  audito  :  cf.  Qua  re,  etc.  above,  1.  26. 

29.  Posterd  die  Mettius :  v.  n.  on  Ea  res,  p.  2,  1.  10. 


86 


NOTES. 


30.  iussu  :  cf .  monitu,  p.  6, 1.  6.  —  quadrigis :  dat.  with  religatus.  — 
in  diversa  =  in  diversas  partes. 

Page  f),  4.  quo :  this  conj.  is  used  with  a  comparative  to 
express  purpose. 

9.  militiae  quam  domi :  locative  forms. 

11.  fracti:  with  sunt. 

12.  ut :  v.  n.  on  ut,  p.  1,  1.  10. 

13.  Memorant,  etc.:  Livy  says  that  this  was  done  by  Jupiter, 
angry  because  Tullus  improperly  tried  to  imitate  Numa  in  perform¬ 
ing  sacred  rites. 

V.  Ancus  Marcius,  Romanorum  rex  quartus. 

“  The  similarity  apparent  between  Romulus  and  Tullus  Hostilius  has  its 
counterpart  in  the  stories  of  Numa  and  Ancus.  The  latter  is  evidently  the 
shadow  of  the  former.”  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  p.  77. 

19.  sustulerant :  v.  tollo. 

21.  indiceret:  in  reference  to  an  anticipated  or  intended  action 
anteqiiam  and  priusquam  are  always  followed  by  the  subjunctive.  — 
legatum  :  this  was  the  fetialis ,  one  of  a  college  of  priests  instituted 
by  Numa,  who  acted  as  heralds  to  hostile  states  in  carrying  declara¬ 
tions  of  wTar  and  in  concluding  treaties  of  peace.  They  hurled  a 
bloody  spear  across  the  hostile  frontier  when  declaring  war. 

22.  qui  res  repeteret :  to  demand  satisfaction. 

24.  capite  velatd  :  the  Roman  always  veiled  his  head  in  making 
prayer  or  sacrifice. 

“  Ere  yet  you  light  your  altars,  spread 
A  purple  covering  o’er  your  head, 

Lest  sudden  bursting  on  your  sight 
Some  hostile  presence  mar  the  rite. 

Thus  worship  you,  and  thus  your  train, 

And  sons  unborn  the  rite  retain.” 

Vergil,  Aen.  iii.  405-9.  Conington’s  Translation. 

Page  10.  2.  emittit :  this  spear  was  tipped  with  iron  or  charred 
at  the  end  and  smeared  with  blood,  emblematic  of  fire  and  slaughter. 


NOTES. 


87 


4.  belli  indicendi :  would  bellum  indicendi  be  good  Latin  ?  —  ius 
fetiale  :  of  interest  as  a  beginning  of  international  law. 

5.  Legato  has  repetenti  in  agreement  with  it  and  depends  on 
responsum  est.  —  superbe  responsum  est :  a  haughty  reply  was  given. 

6.  h5c  :  this  refers  to  what  precedes.  Usually  it  refers  to  what 
follows. 

8.  cives  :  some  historians  believe  that  these  were  the  original 
Roman  plebeians  or  common  people. 

9.  autem :  remember  that  this  word  has  no  strong  adversative 
force,  and  often  merely  continues  the  narrative. 

10.  fierent :  v.  n.  on  Cum ,  p.  1, 1.  13.  —  carcerem  :  this  is  situated 
on  the  slope  of  the  Capitoline  and  overlooks  the  Forum.  The 
dungeon  below  was  used  for  exe¬ 
cutions  and  was  called  the  Tul¬ 
lianum.  It  is  still  in  a  good  state 
of  preservation.  See  fig.  4. 

11.  audaciae:  the  objective 
genitive  is  often  best  translated 
by  for.  §348(217);  B.  200;  G. 

363.2;  11.440.2(396.111);  LLB. 

354- 

12.  urbi :  §  364  (225.  d);  B. 

187.  I.  a  ;  G.  348.  R.  I  ;  II.  426.  6 
(384.  II.  2.  N.);  H-B.  376.  b.— 
ponte  sublicio  :  the  oldest  and 
most  famous  bridge  at  Rome. 

Many  noteworthy  events  are  connected  with  it,  and  it  was  so  sacred 
that  no  repairs  could  be  made  to  it  without  previous  sacrifice.  It 
was  several  times  rebuilt,  and  was  still  in  existence  in  our  era. 

13.  Tiberi :  this  word  has  acc.  in  -im  and  abl.  in  -i.  — urbi:  §  4 1 3- 
a.  N.  (248.  a.  R.) ;  B.  187.  Ill ;  G.  347  ;  H.  429  (386).;  H-B.  376. 

14.  Ostiam  :  16  miles  from  Rome.  At  one  time  it  was  an  impor¬ 
tant  and  flourishing  seaport.  After  the  time  of  Trajan  (98-117  a.d.) 
it  was  gradually  abandoned  for  a  better  harbor  on  the  right  arm  of  the 
Tiber.  The  ruins  of  Ostia  are  between  two  and  three  miles  from  the 
coast,  owing  to  the  accumulation  of  sand  brought  down  by  the  river. 


JTni  itT  if  if^Tr^UTT 

M-  coccm  vs  P<tnir.„  cos-  ex-  s  •  c  • 

it  in  “IlLjl ill _ r  11 — r~: 

i 

m  h r  limr^im r=nr 

Jli 

jul 

-JC 

m  ffi  1 £ 

JWIinilljiMilIni  •i'i»:i»>i  "  b  ■  ^11  Nil iii  1  irmoji . 

-ni  ■ 

. . 1  iimiri 'i Hinnii:- 1  1  •'Illll  LII1 

-1  ~T 

JL 

=3q 

\  \ 

'V 

— W^M|Hmi:'|iI|I'"-I'IHiITE::  i  i  1  1  RV-- 

JffiiitlE'1'1  i'1— :C  1 " 

-V'\ 

1) 

7  f  < 
C'„.n 

i\r^_ 

Fig.  4. 


88 


NOTES. 


VI.  Lucius  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Romanorum  rex  quintus. 

The  latter  part  of  the  history  of  the  kings  is  as  fabulous  as  the  first.  The 
stories  of  the  Tarquins  and  of  Servius  Tullius  are  full  of  arbitrary  fiction. 
They  seem,  however,  to  point  to  an  Etruscan  dominion  over  Latium.  See 
Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  III. 

19.  haec  :  cf.  n.  on  hoc ,  1.  6. 

20.  advenienti :  sc.  ei.  —  carpentum  :  v.  fig.  7. 

21.  cui :  cf.  alveo,  p.  1,  1.  7. 

23.  perita:  what  adjectives  take  the  gen.?  §  349.  a-c  (218) ; 
B.  204;  G.  374;  H.  450  ff.  (399);  H-B.  354. 

24.  virum  :  her  husband.  —  excelsa  et  alta  :  the  neuter  of  adjec¬ 
tives  is  often  used  substantively. 

Page  11.  3.  relictus:  i.e.  by  will.  —  ita :  omit  in  translation. 

4.  adeptus  esset:  the  object  is  understood  from  regnum.  For 
cons.  v.  §  524  (312) ;  B.  307  ;  G.  602 ;  H.  584  (513.  II) ;  H-B.  504.  3. 

5.  Circum  Maximum :  between  the  Palatine  and  Aventine  hills. 
Scarcely  a  vestige  now  remains.  Its  length  was  1800  ft.,  its  breadth 
350  ft.,  and  its  seating  capacity  150,000.  For  vivid  description  of 
the  ancient  circus  read  Bulwer’s  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  Bk.  V, 
Chaps.  II,  IV  ;  Wallace’s  Ben-Hur,  Chaps.  XII-XIV. 

6.  triumphavit :  a  grand  military  procession  in  which  a  victorious 
general  rode  through  the  city  in  a  four-horse  chariot,  followed  by  his 
troops  and  the  spoils  of  war.  Read  Macaulay’s  Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome,  Prophecy  of  Capys,  xxvn-xxx ;  also  Ware’s  Zenobia, 
pp.  276-280. 

8.  ut  ferunt  :  as  they  say.  A  common  phrase. 

10.  id  fieri,  etc.  :  in  dir.  disc,  id fieri  non  potest ,  nisi  aves  addixerint. 
Account  for  changes  in  mode  and  tense. 

11.  in  experimentum  :  to  make  a  trial. 

12.  posset :  cf.  n.  on  esset ,  p.  2, 1.  1.  So  also  possem  below,  1.  15. 
—  concepisset :  cf.  n.  on  perduxisset ,  p.  3,  1.  22. 

16.  secuisse  :  sc.  earn.  This  stone  was  kept  as  a  relic.  A  veiled 
statue  of  Attus  stood  in  the  Comitium. 


NOTES. 


89 


17.  percussisset :  cf.  n.  on  erat ,  p.  7, 1.  11.  —  praetexta  :  the  toga 
praetexta ,  a  white  garment  derived  from  the  Etruscans,  ornamented 
with  a  wide  purple  border,  and  worn  with  the  bulla  by  free-born 
children  of  both  sexes,  and  by  the  chief  magistrates.  It  was  laid 
aside  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 

18.  bulla  :  an  ornament  usually  of  gold,  of 
globular  shape,  containing  an  amulet.  It  was 
worn  about  the  neck  by  Roman  children  of 
noble  family  and  laid  aside  with  the  praetexta. 

It  was  then  consecrated  to  the  household  gods 
and  hung  up  over  the  hearth.  See  fig.  5.  — 
donavit :  as  in  English  we  can  say  either  “  to 
present  some  one  with  something”  or  “to  pre¬ 
sent  something  to  some  one,”  so  Latin  says 
aliquem  aliquo  donare  or  aliquid  alicui  donare , 
cf.  n.  on  urbi,  p.  10,  1.  12. 

22.  Ex  pastbribus  :  the  usual  construction 
with  numerals  instead  of  the  partitive  genitive. 

24.  Quorum  clamor  :  v.  n.  on  Qui  cum ,  p.  5,  1.  5. 

29.  elatam  .  .  .  deiecit :  v.  n.  on  armdtis  .  .  .  properavit ,  p.  2, 1.  2. 

VII.  Servius  Tullius,  Romanorum  rex  sextus. 

See  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  IV. 

The  reign  of  Servius  Tullius  is  as  full  of  marvels  as  that  of  his  predecessors. 
II  is  birth  is  as  miraculous  as  that  of  Romulus.  He  is  the  author  of  social  order 
like  Numa,  but  he  also  introduces  a  military  organization,  wherein  he  reminds 
us  of  Romulus.  His  constitution,  adapted  to  the  changing  conditions  of  the 
times,  lasted  to  the  end  of  the  republic.  See  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  pp.  78-80. 

j Page  12.  2.  Qui  cum :  v.  n.  on  same,  p.  5,  1.  5. 

4.  visu  eventuque  :  lit.  in  respect  to  the  seeing  and  the  outcoming, 
tr.  in  its  appearance  and  its  consequences.  §  510  (303);  B.  340.  2; 
G.  435 ;  H.  633  (546) ;  H-B.  619. 

7.  haud  secus  ac  :  just  like  (lit.  not  otherzvise  than).  To  deny 
something  instead  of  affirming  its  opposite  is  called  litotes. 


90 


NOTES. 


8.  Is  postquam  :  cf.  Qui  cum ,  1.  2. —  adolevit :  cf.  venit ,  p.  3, 1.  13. 

9.  quodam :  quidam  is  the  nearest  approach  in  Latin  to  the 
English  indefinite  article. 

10.  segnius  :  with  too  little  spirit. 

11.  signum:  i.e.  the  eagle,  the  principal  standard  of  the  legion. 
See  fig.  6.  To  lose  it  was  considered  a  great  disgrace. 

16.  aedium:  cf.  aedes,  p.  5,  1.  16. 
18.  dicto  audientes:  this,  being 
an  expression  meaning  to  obey,  is  fol¬ 
lowed  by  the  dative. 

22.  murum:  the  wall  of  Servius 

can  still  be  traced.  —  censum:  this 

* 

refers  to  the  registration  of  all 
Roman  citizens  in  six  classes  for 
civil  and  military  purposes.  These 
classes  were  based  upon  a  property 
qualification  and  contained  alto¬ 
gether  193  centuries.  Each  century 
had  one  vote,  the  classes  voting 
in  order  beginning  with  the  first,  or 
wealthiest.  The  number  of  centuries 
was  so  divided  among  the  classes  as 
to  give  the  political  control  to  the  rich.  See  article  Comitia ,  Smith’s 
Diet,  of  Antiquities,  and  Gow’s  Companion  to  School  Classics, 
pp.  200-202. 

24.  aliquod  urbi  decus :  notice  the  order  and  cf.  summam  ei 

dignitatem ,  1.  6. 

25.  Ephesiae  :  Ephesus  is  in  Asia  Minor  on  the  coast  of  Ionia. 
Its  Diana  temple  was  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world,  v. 
Acts  xix.  24,  etc. 


Fig.  6. 


Page  Hi,  2.  bos  :  decl.  v.  §  79  (61)  ;  B.  41  ;  G.  52.  7 ;  H.  107 
(66) ;  H-B.  92.  —  magnitudinis  :  §  345.  n.  (2 1 5.  n.)  ;  B.  203  ;  G.  365  ; 
II.  440.  3  (396.  V)  ;  II-B.  355.  Cf.  augustiore  forma,  p.  4,  1.  28,  and 
see  note. 

3.  nata :  sc.  esse.  —  datum  :  sc.  esse. 


NOTES. 


91 


5.  immolasset :  in  dir.  disc,  is  populus  summam  imperi  habebit 
cuius  civis  bovem  illam  Dianae  immolaverit.  Explain  modes. 

7.  eum  :  does  this  word  refer  to  the  Latin  or  to  the  priest  ? 

8.  Latinus  dum:  cf.  Qui  cum,  p.  5,  1.  5.  —  descendit:  cf.  n.  on 
tenet ,  p.  2,  1.  11. 

11.  Servius  Tullius:  subject  of  what  verb?  —  alteram  ferdcem, 
mitem  alteram :  and  ferocem  miti,  mitem  ferdci.  Note  the  order. 

1 5.  seu  .  .  .  seu :  whether 
.  .  .  or  allows  a  choice  be¬ 
tween  alternatives. 

18.  contendit:  cf.  descen¬ 
dit,  1.  8. 

20.  carpento:  a  two- 
wheeled  carriage  with  an 
awning  over  it,  and  curtains 
in  front  of  it,  usually  drawn 
by  mules,  and  used  from  re¬ 
mote  antiquity  by  women  of  distinction.  See  fig.  7. 

21.  prima  .  .  .  salutavit:  was  the  first  to  salute. 

24.  super  ipsum  corpus  :  right  over  the  body. 


VIII.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Romanorum  rex  septimus 

et  ultimus. 

See  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  V ;  Macaulay’s  Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome,  The  Battle  of  Lake  Regillus. 

Page  1-1.  3.  Gabios:  an  ancient  city  in  Latium.  The  story 
of  the  reduction  of  Gabii  may  have  been  borrowed  from  Greek 
sources.  Herodotus  tells  the  same  story  of  Zopyrus,  a  noble  Per¬ 
sian  by  whose  artifice  Darius  took  Babylon.  —  in  potestatem :  to  a 
state  of  subjection. 

10.  sciscitatum:  cf.  petitum,  p.  3,  1.  19. — quidnam:  -nam  adds 
emphasis,  e.g.  quid  —  what ,  quidnam  —  what  in  the  world ;  so  ubi 
and  ubinam,  etc.  —  vellet:  cf.  esset,  p.  2,  1.  1,  and  note. 


92 


NOTES. 


ii.  deliberabundus:  §  253./;  (164.  />.);  B.  150.  1;  G.  182.  i; 
H.  328.  5  (333.  1);  H-B.  208.  3. 

14.  exspectandb:  abi.  of  ger.  expressing  cause.  —  Gabios:  cf.  n. 
on  Albam ,  p.  2,  1.  2. 

18.  Ardeam :  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Rutuli,  18  miles  from  Rome. 

20.  apud  followed  by  a  pronoun  or  a  proper  name  means  at  the 
house  of  with  ;  with  names  of  authors,  in  the  works  of. 

22.  placuit:  this  verb  is  often  used  impersonally  with  an  infini¬ 
tive  for  subject  in  the  sense  of  to  resolve  or  determine  ;  tr.  they  deter- 
mined  to  try  the  matter ;  lit.  to  try  was  pleasing  (to  them). 

25.  lanae  deditam: 


“  They  at  a  task  eternal  their  hands  religiously  plying, 

Held  in  the  left  on  high,  with  wool  enfolded,  a  distaff, 

Delicate  fibres  wherefrom,  drawn  down,  were  shaped  by  the  right  hand, 
Shaped  by  fingers  up-turned  —  but  the  down-turned  thumb  set  a-whirling, 
Poised  with  perfected  whorl,  the  industrious  shaft  of  the  spindle. 

Still,  as  they  span,  as  they  span,  was  the  tooth  kept  nipping  and  smoothing, 
Close  at  their  feet,  meanwhile,  were  woven  baskets  of  wicker, 

Guarding  the  soft  white  balls  of  the  wool  resplendent  within  them.” 


This  excellent  description  of  ancient  weaving  is  taken  from  the 
Latin  poet  Catullus  (87-47  b.c.).  For  a  picture  of 
the  ancient  loom,  see  fig.  8. 


3  3 


Page  15.  3.  abditum  habebat :  kept  hidden. 

4.  occidit :  distinguish  from  occidit.  —  in  ex¬ 
presses  purpose,  to  bring  about ,  for. 

5.  regum :  plural  because  referring  to  the  whole 
royal  family. 

7.  annalibus :  the  Romans  called  their  oldest 
historical  records  annales  libri  —year  books.  They 
were  written  on  white  boards. 

9.  regem:  §  388.  b  (237.  d)\  B.  175.  2.  a).  2);  G.  331;  H.  406 
(372);  II-B.  391.  2. 

10.  oracula:  these  were  the  revelations  made  by  the  gods  to  men. 

1 1 .  nimium  atque  immensum :  sc.  pretium  ;  tr.  the  woman  asked 
an  excessive  and  in  fact  (atque)  enormous  price. 


Fig.  8. 


NOTES. 


93 


12.  quasi,  etc. :  as  if  the  old  zooman  zuere  in  her  dotage. 

15.  pretio:  §  416  (252);  B.  225;  G.  404;  H.  478  (422);  H-B. 
427. 

17.  dubio:  §432.  c  (261.  b);  B.  144.  2;  G.  417.  n;  H.  490.  4 
(437.  2);  H-B.  405.  c. 

18.  ut  —  emat :  in  apposition  with  id. 

21.  neglegendam:  sc.  esse. 

23.  Sed  eam  mulierem :  emphatic,  to  change  the  thought  from  the 
books  to  the  zvoman  ;  tr.  freely,  but  as  for  that  zuoman,  it  is  certaiti,  etc. 

24.  loci:  §  346.4(216.4);  B.201.3;  G.  372.  n.  3;  H.  443  (397.4); 
H-B.  346. 

25.  Sibyllini :  these  prophecies  were  probably  written  in  Greek 
verse.  Niebuhr  supposes  them  to  have  come  from  Ionia,  but  they 
were  more  probably  derived  from  the  Greek  city  Cumae  in  Campania. 
The  palm  leaves,  upon  which  the  prophecies  were  written,  were  kept 
in  a  stone  chest,  and  one  was  drawn  out  at  random  for  guidance  in  case 
of  prodigies  or  calamities.  When  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  b.c.  82,  the  Sibylline  books  perished ;  but  a 
fresh  collection  was  made  by  sending  ambassadors  to  various  towns 
in  Italy,  Greece,  and  Asia  Minor.  The  early  Christian  writers 
frequently  appeal  to  them  as  prophesying  the  Messiah. 

26.  Quindecim  viri:  at  first  but  two,  next  ten,  finally  fifteen. 


IX.  Horatius  Codes. 

Read  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  VI;  Macaulay’s  Lays  of  Ancient 
Rome,  Horatius. 

Id .  1.  Etruscbrum:  little  is  known  of  the  Etruscans 

save  that  they  are  foreign  in  origin  and  language  to  the  other 
peoples  of  Italy.  They  were  a  highly  civilized  and  powerful  nation 
when  Rome  was  still  in  its  infancy.  The  Romans  borrowed  many  of 
their  religious  and  political  institutions  from  them.  The  last  three 
Roman  kings  seem  to  have  been  Etruscans. —  ad  restituendos  .  .  . 
Tarquinios:  a  gerundive  construction  expressing  purpose.  This 
very  common  construction  is  usual  only  in  short  phrases. 


94 


NOTES. 


2.  exercitu:  §413.(2(248.«.  n.);B.  222.  1;  G.  292.  r. H.  474.  2. 
n.  1  (419.  1.  1).  (1);  H-B.  420. 

3.  Ianiculum :  one  of  the  hills  of  Rome,  connected  with  the  city 
by  the  famous  Sublician  or  pile  bridge  (v.  note,  p.  10,  1.  12).  Ancus 
Marcius  built  a  fort  upon  it.  —  N5n  umquam  alias  ante :  these  are 

all  adverbs  ;  tr.  never  before. 

4.  res :  the  translation  of  this  word  must  always  be  determined 
by  the  context.  Here  it  =  the  state.  —  Clusina:  adj.  from  Clusium , 
Porsena’s  capital. 

7.  Tiberi  obiectd:  v.  n.  on  ob  virgines  raptas,  p.  3,  1.  16. 

9.  fuisset :  what  form  of  condition  ?  §  517  (308) ;  B.  304  ;  G.  597  ; 
H.  579  (510);  H-B.  581.  The  conclusion  paene  deditis  elliptical; 
sc.  et  dedisset.  —  Codes  =  one-eyed.  Personal  defects  or  peculiarities 
suggest  surnames  among  all  peoples  ;  cf.  Short,  Strong,  Green,  etc. 

11.  solus:  according  to  Livy  he  had  two  companions. 

12.  donee:  the  subj.  is  used  with  this  conjunction  to  express 
purpose,  doubt,  or  futurity.  Which  here? 

13.  ponte  rescisso  .  .  .  multis  superincidentibus  telis:  the  first 
abl.  abs.  expresses  time,  the  second  concession.  Translate  accordingly. 

16.  agri:  §  346.  3  (216.  3);  B.  201.  2;  G.  369;  H.  442  (397.  3)  ; 
H-B.  346. 

17.  ei:  in  his  honor. — Comitio :  an  open  space  adjoining  the 
Forum. 

X.  Menenius  Agrippa. 

19.  patres  plebemque:  the  struggle  for  power  between  the 
patricians  and  the  plebeians  dates  from  the  earliest  times.  In  the 
beginning  the  plebeians  had  no  political  or  religious  power  whatever; 
but  by  a  continual  and  noble  struggle  for  five  hundred  years  against 
fraud  and  tyranny,  they  finally  raised  themselves  to  an  equality  with 
the  patrician  classes. 

20.  montem  sacrum :  a  solitary  hill  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Arno,  three  miles  from  Rome.  It  was  not  called  sacer  until  later. 

21.  quod  —  toleraret:  tr.  becatise  they  would  not  bear  at  the  same 
time  taxation  and  military  service.  On  the  use  of  the  subjunctive 
cf.  f  inisset,  p.  8,  1.  22. 


NOTES. 


95 


Page  17 •  i-  discordarunt  =  discordaverunt.  So,  too,  con¬ 
spirarunt. 

2.  neve:  the  regular  connective  for  negative  purpose  clauses. — 
datum:  sc.  cibum. 

4.  volunt:  how  translated?  cf.  tenet,  p.  2,  1.  11. 

6.  haud  segne  =  acre,  v.  p.  12,  1.  7. 

9.  discordia  .  .  .  concordia :  etymology  ? 

11.  Creavit:  sc.  plebs.  —  tribunos:  the  tribunes  of  the  plebs  were 
inviolable  in  person.  At  first  clothed  with  scant  powers,  it  was 
through  them  that  the  plebeians  finally  triumphed.  —  qui  .  .  . 
defenderent :  would  ut .  .  .  defenderent  mean  the  same  ? 

15.  conlatis  sextantibus:  by  collecting  coppers.  The  sextans  was 
worth  about  one-fifth  of  a  cent. 

18.  quam  non,  etc.:  this  clause  is  secondary  object  after  docere 
(§  396  (239-  2-  c) ;  B.  178  ;  G.  339  ;  H.  41 1.  2  (374.  2) ;  H-B.  39 3.  a,  b) ; 
its  subject  is  compardtid.  —  sit:  cons.  cf.  esset,  p.  2,  1.  1,  and  note. 

19.  cupienti:  dative  after  necessaria. 


XI.  Lucius  Virginius  Centurio. 

Read  Macaulay’s  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  Virginia  ;  Church’s  Stories  from 
Livy,  Chap.  X;  James  Sheridan  Knowles’  Virginius,  a  Tragedy. 

20.  ab  urbe  condita :  cf.  ob  virgines  raptas,  p.  3,  1.  16. 

21.  decem  viri  :  these,  known  as  dece?n  viri  legibus  scribendis,  were 
a  board  of  ten  patricians  who  were  appointed  to  draw  up  a  code  of 
laws.  To  them  the  whole  government  of  the  state  was  intrusted.  — 
Graecia :  Livy  says  that  an  embassy  was  sent  to  Athens  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  the  famous  laws  of  Solon. 

22.  Duodecim  tabulis  :  these  were  the  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables. 
“Unfortunately  only  fragments  of  them  have  come  down  to  us. 
Yet  these  fragments  are  of  invaluable  service  in  the  study  of  Roman 
life  and  manners.  The  documentary  history  of  Rome  may  be  said 
to  begin  with  these  laws.”  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  p.  169. 

23.  ipsorum:  §  302.  *  (197.  *);  B.  243.  3 ;  G.  321.  r.  2 ;  II.  509.  5 
(452.  4);  H-B.  339.  b. 


96 


NOTES. 


24.  Appius  Claudius  :  the  leading  man  among  the  decem  viri. 

26.  pretio  ac  spe  :  tr.  by  the  hope  of  reward.  See  n.  p.  26,  1.  28. 

Page  18,  1.  clientibus  :  these  were  a  distinct  class,  consisting 

of  such  plebeians  as  appear  to  have  been  attached  as  hereditary 
dependents  to  certain  patrician  families.  Each  patrician  had  a 
number  of  these  clients  who  looked  to  him  for  aid  and  protection, 
for  which  they  paid  in  fixed  dues  and  services.  —  in  servitutem :  tr. 
as  his  slave  (lit.  for  servitude .) 

2.  victurum  se  =  se  victurum  esse. 

4.  virgini :  dat.  after  iniecit. 

5.  tabernis  :  the  Roman  shop  usually  consisted  of  a  single  room, 
entirely  open  in  front  with  the  exception  of  a  low  wall  forming  a 
counter,  and  was  closed  at  night  by  wooden  shutters.  —  litterarum 
ludi:  schools  were  early  established  by  the  Romans.  To  these 
children  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  classes  were  admitted. 

6.  esse  :  sc.  earn.  Also  below  after  abstracturum. 

7.  ni  faciat,  etc. :  cf.  note  on  perdiixisset,  p.  3,  1.  22. 

8.  Pavida  —  concursus  :  tr.  though  the  maid  is  dumb  with  terror , 
her  servant's  cries  quickly  cause  a  crowd  to  gather.  —  nutricis  :  Roman 
boys  and  girls,  when  going  abroad,  were  usually  accompanied  by  a 
servant,  slave,  or  teacher. 

12.  commeatu  sumpto  :  being  granted  a  leave  of  absence. 

13.  cum:  at  which  time.  —  civitas  =  cives. 

14.  lacrimabundus:  cf.  deliberabundus ,  p.  14,  1.  11. 

16.  Neque  eo  setius  :  nevertheless. 

18.  Appi :  §  49-  ^  (40-  0;  B-  25-  1 :  G-  33-  1 :  H-  83-  6 
(51-  5);  H-B.  7i-  2. 

19.  dolori:  §  367  (227);  B.  187.  II;  G.  346;  H.  426 
(385);  H-B.  362.  II.  —  sine:  not  a  preposition.  —  ultimum: 
the  acc.  of  ultimus  used  adverbially;  cf.  n.  p.  15,  1.  11. 

20.  cultro  :  the  illustration  (fig.  9)  is  from  an  original 
discovered  in  a  kitchen  at  Pompeii. 

21.  Tum  vero  :  often  introduces  the  climax  of  a  story. 

24.  tribunos  :  there  had  been  no  tribunes  during  the  power  of 

the  decem  viri. 


Fig.  9. 


NOTES. 


97 


25.  se  abdicare  :  a  common  idiom,  followed  by  the  abl.  of 
separation. 

27.  mortem  sibi  conscivit :  tr.  committed  suicide.  Appius  was 
being  reserved  in  prison  for  a  more  severe  punishment  than  that 
inflicted  on  the  rest. 


XII.  Marcus  Furius  Camillus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Camillus,  also  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chaps. 
XI-XIV  ;  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  Chap.  XXI. 

Page  19.  1.  Falerios  :  a  city  in  Etruria. 

3.  ambulandi  gratia :  cf.  militiae  causa ,  p.  18,  1.  4. 

6.  dedituri  essent:  §  558  (319.  d)\  B.  298;  G.  555;  H.  595.  1 
(5°4-  3);  H_B-  Sl9-4-t)- 

7.  detestatus  :  tr.  as  a  present  participle.  The  perfect  participle 
of  deponent  verbs  is  often  so  used.  —  similem  tui :  like  yourself  in 
character ;  cf.  p.  2,  1.  9. 

9.  cui  .  .  .  parcitur :  verbs  that  take  the  dative  in  the  active 
are  used  impersonally  in  the  passive  and  retain  the  dative,  e.g.  He 
spares  me  =  mihi  parcit ;  I  am  spared  =  mihi  parcitur.  —  captis 
urbibus  :  when  cities  are  taken. 

13.  reducendum:  §500.  4  (294.  d);  B.  337.  7.  b).  2);  G.  430;  H. 
622  (544.  n.  2);  H-B.  605.  2. 

14.  quibus  =  ut  his ;  cf.  qui .  .  .  peterent,  p.  3,  1.  5. 

1 5.  Statim  —  aperuerunt :  “  This  story  is  condemned  as  a  silly 
fiction,  not  only  by  its  intrinsic  improbability,  but  by  the  undoubted 
fact  that  Falerii  continued  for  a  long  time  afterwards  to  be  an 
independent  town.”  Ihne’s  Early  Rome,  p.  201.  —  magis  quam  = 
potius  quam,  rather  than. 

18.  quanta  —  fuerit:  the  object  of  indicat.  —  Tunc  primum, 
etc. :  the  importance  of  these  reforms  in  the  military  system  of  the 
Romans  can  hardly  be  overestimated.  As  regards  the  siege  of  Veii 
nothing  can  be  surely  ascertained  beyond  the  bare  fact  that  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans  in  396  B.C.  The  mode  of  its  conquest 
is  hidden  in  a  cloud  of  fables. 


9S 


NOTES. 


19.  facta :  sc.  stmt.  —  hiematum :  sc.  est.  The  verb  is  impersonal. 
—  sub  pellibus  =  in  tents ,  so  called  because  in  the  winter  the  canvas 

was  covered  wdth  skins.  See  fig.  10. 

21.  datum:  sc.  est ;  so  with  adactus , 
and  peractum  below.  —  nisi  capta  urbe  : 
the  abl.  abs.  is  sometimes  used  with  nisi , 
when  a  negative  precedes,  to  point  out 
an  exception. 

25.  Postmodum  —  datum:  tr.  after¬ 
wards  a  charge  was  brought  against 
Camillus.  §382  (233);  B.  191  ;  G.  356;  H.  433  (390);  II-B.  360. 

26.  triumphasset :  cf .  finis  set,  p.  8,  1.  22.  Also  n.  p.  n,  1.  6. 

27.  Ardeam:  cf.  n.  p.  14,  1.  18. 

Page  20.  2.  sibi:  indir.  obj.  of  fieret.  —  primo  quoque  tem¬ 
pore  :  at  the  very  first  opportunity. 

3.  sui :  an  objective  gen.  modifying  desiderium  ;  tr.  for  him. — 
facerent :  sc.  dii. 

4.  Senones  :  this  tribe  settled  in  northern  Italy  about  400  B.c. 

8.  Ex  his  legatis  unus  :  cf.  n.  p.  1 1,  1.  22.  —  contra  ius  gentium  : 
international  law  began  with  the  Romans;  cf.  n.  p.  10,  1.  4. 

12.  Alliam  :  now  a  nameless  brook  running  into  the  Tiber,  about 
eleven  miles  from  Rome.  —  ante  —  Sextiles  =  fuly  18.  §  631  (376) ; 
B.  371  ;  G.  p.  491  ;  H.  754  (642) ;  H-B.  664.  The  year  was  390. 

13.  nefastos:  sc.  dies.  The  Romans  numbered  40,000;  the 
Gauls  70,000.  The  wild  and  furious  onslaught  of  the  Gauls  dis¬ 
mayed  the  Romans,  who  fled  in  a  panic  and  were  slain  by  the 
thousand.  The  Romans  never  forgot  the  Allia,  and  thenceforth 
forever  the  Gaul  was  the  most  dreaded  foe. 

19.  obstinato  ad  mortem  animo  :  tr.  determined  to  die.  — exspecta¬ 
bant  :  note  howT  finely  the  continuance  of  a  past  action  is  brought 
out  by  the  imperfect  tense. 

21.  sellis  :  v.  fig.  1,  and  note.  The  dat.  is  due  to  in  in  composition. 

2\.  praetextatos:  v.  note  on  praetexta ,  p.  n,  1.  17.  —  5rnatu  : 
abl.  of  specification  ;  so  mdiestdte. 

25.  Ad  quos  cum^  cf.  n.  on  Qui  cum ,  p.  5,  1.  5  ;  tr.  with  conversi. 


NOTES. 


99 


27.  Gallo  :  tr.  as  if  a  gen.  The  Latin  idiom,  however,  requires 
the  acc.  and  dat.  after  incussisse.  —  barbam  is  the  object  of 
permulcenti ,  which  agrees  with  Galld. 

Page  21 *  3.  nocte  sublustri  :  abl.  absolute.  —  sublevantes 
—  alios:  tr.  helping  each  other  in  turn  by  pushing  and  pulling;  tr. 
also  literally. 

5.  canes  :  note  the  order.  An  emphatic  word  or  phrase  is 
placed  between  ne  and  quidem. 

7.  quibus  :  abl.  of  separation.  The  preposition  d,  ab  is  generally 
found  after  abstineo. 

8.  erant :  we  expect  to  find  the  indicative  after  quia ,  because  its 
clause  assigns  a  fact  as  a  cause.  How  is  it  with  quod ?  —  quae  res: 
res  is  the  antecedent  of  quae ,  and  in  apposition  with  the  previous 
sentence.  In  such  a  case  the  antecedent  is  regularly  in¬ 
corporated  within  the  relative  clause  ;  tr.  a  circumstance 
which. 

10.  Manlius  :  from  this  heroic  deed  he  received  the 
surname  Capitolinus. 

12.  umbone:  the  projecting  knob  in  the  center  of  a 
shield  (v.  fig.  11).  —  ictum  deturbat  =  icit  et  deturbat ;  cf. 

P'  2'  >•  2'  Fig.  ... 

13.  Cuius  casus  cum:  cf.  Ad  quos  cum  above.  The 

watchfulness  of  the  goose  was  proverbial  among  the  Romans.  One 
was  often  kept  to  guard  the  house,  and  it  was  believed  to  be  more 
vigilant  than  a  dog. 

.  .  .  nec  voce  silentia  rumpunt 

S611icitive  canes,  canibusve  sagacior  dnser. 

Ovid,  Met.  xi.  598-9. 


15.  placuit:  cf.  n.  p.  14,  1.  22. 

21.  pretib  :  abl.  of  means.  —  mille:  sc.  libris  —  pounds,  in  appo¬ 
sition  with  pretio. 

23.  iniqua  pondera  :  false  weights. 

25.  Romani  exercitus  :  the  one  which  had  been  defeated  at  the 
Allia. 


100 


NOTES. 


28.  nuntius  :  cf.  n.  on  ca7ies,  p.  21,  1.  5. 

29.  triumphans  :  cf.  n.  on  triumphavit ,  p.  11,  1.  6. 

30.  ingressus  :  sc.  est. 

Page  22,  1.  alter:  v.  n.  on  alterum ,  p.  7,  1.  18. 

3.  Veios  :  cf.  p.  8,  1.  23. 

6.  omen  :  subj.  of  movit. 

7.  manipularibus :  a  legion  consisted  of  thirty  maniples  ;  a 
maniple  of  two  centuries ;  each  century  was  led  by  a 
centurion.  The  number  of  men  in  a  legion  varied 
at  different  periods  from  four  to  six  thousand.  — 
signifer :  the  annexed  illustration  is  from  Trajan’s 
column  in  Rome.  See  also  fig.  6. 

8.  Qua  v5ce  audita  :  tr.  on  hearing  these  words. 

9.  omen :  it  was  not  at  all  unusual  for  the  Romans 
to  attach  a  peculiar  and  oracular  significance  to  a  chance 
remark,  as  in  this  case.  To  accept  an  omen  was  to 
consider  it  favorable  ;  tr.  in  this  order :  et  senatus  con- 
cldmdvit  se  accipere  omen. 

12.  obstrictos:  sc.  eos.  Tr.  obstrictos  aere  alieno, 
debtors.  —  crimine  — damnatus  :  convicted  on  the  charge 
of  aspiring  to  the  throne.  To  secure  his  conviction  it 
is  said  that  he  had  to  be  tried  in  a  spot  whence  the 
Capitol,  the  scene  of  his  heroism,  could  not  be  seen. 

13.  Tarpeio  :  v.  n.  on  proditio,  p.  3,  1.  26. 


Fig.  12. 


XIII.  Spurius  Postumius. 

Read  Church’s  Stories  from  Livy,  Chap.  XVII. 

15.  Samnites:  they  lived  to  the  east  and  south  of  Latium  and 
Campania,  and  were  distinguished  for  their  bravery  and  their  love 
of  freedom.  The  Romans  found  them  the  most  formidable  ene¬ 
mies  whom  they  had  yet  encountered  in  Italy.  The  war,  begun  in 
343  b.c.,  was  continued  with  but  few  interruptions  for  fifty-three 
years. 


NOTES. 


ioi 


16.  in  auxilium  vocati :  called  upon  for  assistance. 

17.  orbe:  cons.?  —  Campaniae:  appositional  gen.,  so  we  say 
‘  the  state  of  New  York.’ 

18.  Nihil:  sc.  est.  Forms  of  sum  are  often  omitted. 

19.  certamen:  the  scene  of  the  contest. 

21.  Caieta  :  on  the  coast  of  Latium,  near  Campania.  It  is  one 
of  the  oldest  cities  in  Italy.  Its  modern  name  is  Gaeta,  and  it  is  an 
important  fortification.  —  Misenum:  formerly  the  station  of  the 
Roman  fleet.  —  Baiae:  between  Misenum  and  Puteoli;  a  famous 
and  much-visited  watering-place.  — 


“  Your  grace,  sweet  Muses,  shields  me  still 
On  Sabine  heights,  or  lets  me  range 
Where  cool  Praeneste,  Tibur’s  hill, 

Or  liquid  Baiae  proffers  change.”  ^  ... 

Lucrinus :  a  lake  near  to  Baiae,  celebrated  for  its  oyster  beds. 

22.  Avernus  :  a  lake  near  Naples,  filling  the  crater  of  an  extinct 
volcano.  It  was  supposed  to  communicate  with  the  lower  world.  — 
vitibus :  the  wines  of  Campania  were  famous,  especially  the 
Falemian,  Massic,  and  Formian. 


“ - these  cups  of  mine 

Falernum’s  bounty  ne’er  has  blessed, 
Nor  Formian  vine.” 


Hor.  Od.  i.  20. 


24.  ad :  near. 

25.  Pompeii :  read  Bulwer’s  Last  Days  of  Pompeii. 

26.  Capua :  consult  the  map  for  the  localities  above  mentioned. 
The  author  has  not  exaggerated  the  beauties  of  Campania. 

27.  Carthagine :  the  largest  city  in  northern  Africa,  and  for 
many  years  the  rival  of  Rome  for  the  mastery  of  the  world. 


l*af/e  23,  3-  pugnatum  .  .  .  est:  cf.  n.  p.  7, 1.  14.  So  ventum  est. 
4.  Spurius  Postumius  cbnsul :  of  what  is  it  the  subject?  cf.  n. 
p.  2,  1.  10. 

7.  qul  .  .  .  dicerent :  v.  n.  p.  3,  1.  5. 

9.  ferrent:  cf.  dedituri  essent,  p.  19,  1.  6. 

10.  altera  :  distinguish  between  alter  and  alius  in  meaning. 


102 


NOTES. 


11.  breviorem:  sc.  viam. 

12.  qui  locus  :  tr.  in  a  place  which. 

13.  Furculae  Caudinae:  the  Caudine  Forks,  a  narrow  ravine 
near  Caudium,  a  city  in  Samnium. 

16.  intuentes  alii  alios  :  looking  at  one  another. 

19.  turn  .  .  .  turn  :  at  one  time  ...  at  another. 

21.  faciendum  esset :  v.  n.  p.  2,  1.  1.  So  placeret,  1.  23. 

22.  accitum  :  who  had  been  sent  for. 

29.  iugum  :  this  was  formed  by  two  spears  stuck  in  the  ground, 
with  another  fastened  transversely  over  their  tops.  To  pass  under 
the  yoke  was  a  disgrace  worse  than  death. 

30.  paludamenta:  v.  n.  p.  7,  1.  29.  —  cdnsulibus  :  §  381  (229); 
B.  188.  2.  d;  G.  347.  5 ;  H.  427  (385.  II.  2);  H-B.  371.  —  detracta: 
sc.  sunt ;  so  too  with  missi. 

ly(l(je  24.  1.  primi  .  .  .  missi:  were  the  first  to  be  sent.  Dis¬ 
tinguish  this  use  of  the  adj .primus  from  that  of  the  ad \ . primum, 
and  primo. 

3.  Romanis:  dat.  with  adj.  tristior.  —  ipsa:  tr.  very. 

4.  fugere  :  here  transitive  =  to  shun. 

6.  quisque  :  in  partitive  app.  with  the  subj.  of  abdiderunt.  Note 
its  position.  In  this  idiom  it  regularly  follows  the  poss.  pro.  refer¬ 
ring  to  the  subj.  —  aedes  :  cf.  n.  p.  5,  1.  16. 

7.  sententiam  dicere:  any  magistrate,  except  aedile  or  quaestor, 
might  summon  the  senate.  The  presiding  officer  was  the  magistrate 
who  called  the  meeting.  After  the  president  had  stated  the  matter 
of  business,  he  might  call  for  an  immediate  vote,  or  he  might  invite 
discussion.  In  the  latter  case  he  called  upon  the  members  to  speak 
( sententiam  dicere)  in  order  of  precedence,  beginning  with  the 
princeps  sendtiis. 

10.  eius  iniussu  :  without  its  authority.  —  facta  est :  subject 
sponsio.  —  ex  ea  :  sc.  spdnsione  ;  tr.  by  that  agreement. 

12.  saeviant :  do  not  translate  as  if  it  were  saeviunt. 

13.  animi:  not  mind. 

15.  fetialibus:  v.  n.  on  legatum,  p.  9,  1.  21. 

16.  ei :  cf.  consulibus,  p.  23,  1.  30.  —  detracta  :  sc.  est. 


NOTES. 


103 


1 8.  maiestatis  :  v.  n.  on  audaciae,  p.  io,  1.  ii.  —  Quin:  learn  the 
following  principal  uses  :  — 

P  a.  Interrogative  =  why  not  ? 


Quin  ■< 


I.  Principal  Clauses.  J  Corroborative  =  indeed, 

b  nay,  verily,  etc. 

II.  Subordinate  Clauses  —  used  after  negative 
sentences  to  express  result. 


2i.  fetialis:  gen. 

24.  violatum  :  sc.  esse.  It  is  connected  with  esse  in  the  preceding 
line  by  et  understood.  To  do  violence  to  a  fetial  legate  was  sure 
to  lead  to  war.  —  eo  :  abl.  of  degree. 

25.  Accepta  —  rediit:  note  the  chiastic  order,  and  how  well  the 
emphasis  is  brought  out. 

Pontius,  the  noble  Samnite,  continued  to  fight  the  battles  of 
his  country  for  yet  many  years.  Often  victorious,  he  was  finally 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner.  He  was  led  in  chains  in  the  triumph 
of  his  victor,  and  was  then  beheaded  ;  an  act  which  Niebuhr  charac¬ 
terizes  as  “  the  greatest  stain  in  the  Roman  annals.” 


XIV.  Publius  Valerius  Laevinus,  et  Pyrrhus,  rex  Epiri. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Pyrrhus. 

Page  25,  r.  Tarentinis  :  Tarentum  was  a  large  city  in  south¬ 
ern  Italy  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  now  Taranto.  —  iniuriam  : 
v.  n.  on  violatum,  p.  24,  1.  24.  —  fecissent  :  subj.  because  assigned 
as  the  reason  of  the  Romans,  not  that  of  the  author. 

2.  Pyrrhum  :  a  noble  king,  and  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of 
antiquity.  —  Epiri:  a  district  in  northern  Greece,  on  the  west  coast. 

3.  auxilium:  §  396  (239.  2.  c) ;  B.  178;  G.  339  ;  H.  41 1.2  (374-2); 
H~B.  393.  a,  b.  —  qui  :  refers  to  Pyrrhum. 

4.  Achillis  :  many  families  traced  their  ancestry  back  to  the 
heroes  of  the  Trojan  war,  and  of  these  Achilles  was  the  most 
glorious. 

5.  primum:  v.  n.  on primT,  p.  24,  1.  1. 

7.  qui  cum  :  v.  n.  p.  5,  1.  5. 


104 


NOTES. 


S.  exercitum  :  subj.  of  ostendi,  after  which  sc.  eis. 

9.  dimitti:  sc.  eos  as  subject.  —  quaecumque:  an  indefinite 
relative  =  omnia  quae. 

10.  agerentur:  v.  n.  on  perduxisset ,  p.  3,  1.  22. —  Commissa 
.  .  .  pugna  :  for  tr.  v.  n.  on  pulso  fratre ,  p.  1,  1.  3. 

11.  elephantos  :  elephants  frequently  figure  in  the  history  of  the 
wars  of  the  Persians,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  though  at  this  time  the 
Romans  were  unacquainted  with  them. 

12.  aciem  :  distinguish  from  exercitus ,  and  dgmen. 

16.  secum  —  abripiebant:  give  an  idiomatic  translation. 

19.  occisos :  sc.  Romanos. — adverso  volnere :  with  wounds  in  front. 

22.  potuisse  =  potui  of  dir.  disc.  §  517.  c  (308.  c) B.  304.  3; 
G.  597.  3-  ( a )  ;  H.  583  (51 1.  n.  3) ;  H-B.  582.  3.  a. 

23.  Quid  mihi  cum  tali  victoria  :  of  what  advantage  is  such  a 
victory  to  me  ?  sc.  est,  which  is  often  omitted  in  colloquial  questions 
and  in  exclamations. 

24.  ubi  =  when  ( the  result  is  that).  §  537.  2  (319.  2)  ;  B.  284.  2  ; 
G.  552.  1  ;  H.  5S9.  II  (500.  I);  H-B.  521.  1. 

27.  ferro  ignique :  with  fire  and  sword.  The  Latin  inverts  the 
English  order;  cf.  caede  atque  incendiis  (Cic.  Cat.  I,  §  3).  —  lapidem  : 

C.  Gracchus  (died  121  B.c)  introduced  the  practice  of 
marking  the  distance  from  Rome  on  the  great  high¬ 
ways  by  means  of  mile-stones  ( milliaria )  at  intervals 
of  1000  Roman  paces.  Of  course  there  were  none  at 
the  time  of  Pyrrhus.  See  fig.  13. 

l*a<je  20,  1.  obviam  venit:  came  to  meet ,  an 

expression  followed  by  the  dat. 

2.  Qu5  viso  :  at  the  sight  of  this.  —  sibi .  .  .  Herculi  : 
datives  of  possessor  with  esse ,  of  which  fortiinam  is 
the  subj. 

3.  quam  :  as.  —  hydram  :  one  of  the  twelve  labors 
of  the  Greek  hero  Hercules  was  to  kill  the  dragon  or  hydra  which 
dwelt  in  the  marshes  of  Lerna  near  Argos.  It  had  nine  heads,  and  as 
often  as  one  was  cut  off,  two  new  ones  grew  in  its  stead.  Hercules 
finally  killed  it  by  burning  the  stumps  where  the  heads  had  been. 


NOTES. 


105 


8.  cogndscerent :  this  verb  means  to  learn  in  the  present  system 
and  to  know,  i.e.  to  have  learned,  in  the  perfect. 

io.  dementia  :  subj.  of  solet. 

12.  dominum  :  the  Tarentines  found  to  their  sorrow  that,  if  they 
would  have  the  help  of  Pyrrhus,  they  must  give  up  their  idle  and 
luxurious  living,  and  conform  to  the  strictness  of  military  discipline. 

14.  Neque  deerant :  v.  n.  on  haud  secus  ac,  p.  12, 1.  7.  —  arcessiti : 
sc.  sunt. 

15.  quod  —  locuti  essent:  observe  that  the  charge  was  true, 
but,  as  it  is  given  on  the  authority  of  the  accusers,  and  not  on  that 
of  the  author,  the  subj.  is  used. 

16.  periculum  :  observe  the  emphasis  from  its  position. 

18.  pervenissent  :  v.  n.  on  perduxisset,  p.  3,  1.  22. 

20.  dicturi  fuimus :  we  might  have  expected  dixissemus,  but 
bear  in  mind  that  the  periphrastic  forms  are  regularly  in  the  ind.  in 
the  conclusion  of  conditional  sentences. 

21.  vini :  pred.  gen.  of  possession  after  videri. 

24.  pacem  —  facere:  this  infinitive  clause  is  the  subj.  of  fore 
( futurum  esse),  and  gloriosum  is  pred.  adj.  agreeing  with  it. 

25.  Cineam :  for  decl.  v.  §44  (37);  B.  22;  G.  65;  H.  81  (50); 
H-B.  68. 

27.  valebat :  multum  valere  is  an  idiom  =  to  be  very  influential ; 
cf.  plurimum  posse. 

28.  vi  et  armis  :  tr.  by  force  of  arms.  The  use  of  two  nouns  and 
a  conjunction  instead  of  a  noun  with  a  gen.  or  with  an  adj.  is  known 
as  hendiadys.  Cf.  pretio  ac  spe,  p.  17,  1.  26. 

29.  tamen  :  i.e.  though  a  courtier,  he  was  not  a  flatterer. 

IP  age  27 •  5-  acturus  es  :  about  equivalent  to  agere  destinas,  1.  3. 

7.  mihi :  dat.  of  possessor. 

8.  ille:  sc.  inquit.  Verbs  of  saying  are  often  omitted  when  they  can 
be  readily  supplied  from  the  context.  —  Quid  deinde  :  sc.  acturus  es. 

9.  nos  :  obj.  of  dabimus. 

10.  otio :  §  410  (249) ;  B.  218.  1  ;  G.  407  ;  H.  477  (421.  I) ;  H-B. 
430.  1.  —  quominus:  regularly  introduces  a  subj.  clause  of  purpose 
after  verbs  of  hindering. 


106 


NOTES. 


11.  istd :  to  what  person  does  iste  refer  as  distinguished  from  hie 
and  ille  ?  Make  the  person  clear  in  translating. 

12.  Romam:  note  the  order. 

17.  condicionum  :  sc.  pads. 

18.  sententia  :  v.  n.  on  sententiam  dicere ,  p.  24,  1.  7. 

19.  Appius  Claudius:  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  noble  Claudian 
gens.  He  built  the  great  Appian  aqueduct,  and  began  the  famous 
Appian  Way,  which  runs  from  Rome  to  Capua;  he  was  no  less  dis¬ 
tinguished  as  a  soldier,  and  was  the  earliest  Roman  writer  in  prose 
and  verse  whose  name  has  come  down  to  us.  —  ob  —  solitus  :  tr.  by 
a  relative  clause. 

21.  lectica  :  a  palanquin  introduced  into  Italy  from  the  East.  It 
was  made  in  various  sizes  and  styles  and  carried  by  from  two  to 


eight  slaves.  At  first 
it  was  used  only  by 
the  sick  and  by  women, 
but  later  it  was  a  com¬ 
mon  vehicle  for  pleas¬ 
ure,  business,  or  travel. 
See  fig.  14. 


Fig.  14. 


22.  itaque — est :  and 


so  the  senate  replied  to  Pyrrhus.  What  is  the  subject  of  responsum  est  ? 
23.  excessisset :  what  in  dir.  disc.  ? 

26.  potuissent :  why  subjunctive  ?  cf.  pervenissent ,  p.  26,  1.  18. — 

ante  .  .  .  quam  si:  unless,  or  until ;  but  what  literally  taking  ante 
as  an  adverb  ?  §  434  (262) ;  H.  (520.  fn.  1) ;  H-B.  507.  4.  fn.  2. 

27.  reverti  depends  on  iusserunt.  —  binum,  gen.  plural.  How 
different  in  sense  from  duorum  ? 

29.  qualem  Romam  comperisset :  tr.  what  kind  of  city  he  had 

found  Rome  to  be. 

31.  vero  :  used  to  bring  in  something  additional,  of  more  weight 
and  importance  than  what  precedes.  —  visum:  agrees  with  senatum 
and  is  understood  with  urbem. 


NOTES. 


107 


XV.  Gaius  Fabricius. 

Page  2S.  i.  Ex  legatis  :  among  the  ambassadors. 

2.  C.  Fabricius  :  a  typical  Roman  of  the  old  style.  He  is  often 
referred  to  by  later  writers  as  a  model  citizen.  —  Cuius:  his.  It 
modifies  nomen. 

3.  ut:  tr.  as,  and  sc.  that  referring  to  nomen.  The  English 
redundant  ‘that’  in  the  phrase  ‘that  of’  is  never  expressed  in 
Latin. 

5.  ceteris :  distinguish  between  ceteri  and  alii. 

6.  quae  omnia:  all  of  which.  Would  omnia  quorum  be  good 
Latin?  §  346.  e  (216.  e) ;  B.  201.  1.  b;  G.  370.  2;  H.  442.  2  (397. 
2.  N.)  ;  H-B.  346.  c. 

16.  vellet  =  consent. 

17.  etiam:  usually  precedes  the  emphatic  word. 

18.  vis  :  from  void. 

19.  sin  verb  malum  :  sc.  virum  me  iudicds. 

21.  ablata  :  v.  atiferd. 

24.  si —  necaturum  :  what  form  of  condition  ?  Put  into  dir.  disc. 

25.  vinctum  reduci:  cf.  n.  on  armatis  .  .  . properavit ,  p.  2,  1.  2; 
vinctum  not  from  vinco. 

27.  spopondisset :  subordinate  clause,  ind.  disc. 

Page  2i )•  2.  honestate  :  not  honesty.  Make  it  a  general  rule 
not  to  translate  a  Latin  word  by  the  English  word  it  most 
resembles. 

3.  apud  Pyrrhum :  v.  n.  on  apud,  p.  14,  1.  20. 

4.  quendam  :  this  word  always  signifies  that  the  author  has  some 
particular  person  or  thing  in  mind  which  he  may  not  choose  to  name. 
In  this  case  it  was  Epicurus  (died  270  B.C.),  the  founder  of  the  school 
of  philosophy  bearing  his  name.  He  was  a  great  man,  and  of 
blameless  and  simple  life.  Perhaps  no  one  has  been  more  violently 
attacked  by  rival  philosophers,  and  by  those  who  had  but  a  super¬ 
ficial  knowledge  of  his  doctrines. 

7.  hostibus  :  cf.  n.  on  cici  .  .  .  parcitur ,  p.  19,  1.  9. 


108 


NOTES. 


8.  quo  :  v.  n.  p.  9,  1.  4. 

9.  dederint:  v.  n.  on  cum,  p.  1,  1.  13.  This  is  the  fut.  perf.  ind. 

—  ab — alienum:  English  says  ‘foreign  to.’  What  does  Latin  say? 
11.  salino:  the  abl.  of  material  usually  has  e ,  ex ,  but  sometimes 

omits  it.  Salt  was  much  used  in  sacrifice,  hence  the  salt-cellar  was 
an  object  of  veneration,  and  was  usually  of  silver  even  among  the 
poorer  citizens.  Often  it  was  a  much-valued  heirloom.  — 

“  More  happy  he  whose  modest  board 
His  father’s  well-worn  silver  brightens.” 

Hor.  Od.  ii.  16. 

—  patella  :  a  small  bowl  or  basin  in  which  solid  viands  wTere  offered 
to  the  gods. 

16.  mihi :  v.  n.  on  civitati ,  p.  6,  1.  12. 

17.  hac :  v.  n.  on  subole ,  p.  t,  1.  4. 

18.  simultatem  gerebat:  was  on  bad  terms  with.  For  force  of 

tense  v.  n.  on  inferebat ,  p.  6,  1.  8. 

19.  ipse:  i.e.  Fabricius. 

21.  Quia  .  .  .  erat :  v.  n.  on  erant ,  p.  21,  1.  8. 

22.  bellum:  what  war? 

23.  auctor  fuit  =  studuit. 

25.  homo  inimicus:  in  app.  with  the  subj.  of  fecisset ;  translate 
by  a  concessive  clause.  Se  refers  to  Rufinus. 

26.  venire :  used  for  the  passive  of  vendo.  Distinguish  from 
venire.  The  point  is  that  Fabricius  feared  the  approaching  war 
and  the  possibility  of  being  sold  into  slavery  if  defeated  more  than 
he  did  the  thieving  of  the  consul;  especially  since  the  latter,  with 
all  his  faults,  was  still  industrius  ac  bonus  imperator. 

27.  postea  :  not  post  nox  postquam.  Distinguish  carefully  between 
these  three  words.  —  censor  :  the  censorship,  instituted  in  443  b.c., 
discharged  three  chief  duties  :  (1)  to  assess  the  property  of  each 
citizen  ;  (2)  to  prepare  the  list  of  the  senate ;  (3)  to  manage  the 
finances  of  the  republic.  Censors  were  elected  about  every  five 
years,  and  held  office  eighteen  months. 

28.  quod  —  haberet  :  tr.  because  he  had  ten  pounds  of  silver  plate. 
30.  unde  :  a  relative  adv.  introducing  a  result  clause. 


NOTES. 


109 


Page  30,  2.  conlocavit :  i. e.  in  matrimonium. 

4.  dicionis  :  §  343.  b  (214.  c) ;  B.  198.  3  ;  G.  366;  H.  447  (403) ; 
H-B.  340. 

7.  ita  means  ‘  with  this  guilt  on  his  shoulders.’ 

9.  lacerata  :  sc.  est. 

11.  Qua  :  -tr.  this. 

14.  prosperi :  §  346.  3  (216.  3) ;  B.  201.  2  ;  G.  369  ;  H.  442  (397.  3) ; 
H-B.  346.  — Italia  :  a  prep,  would  have  been  regular  here. 

15.  ignobili  morte:  he  was  struck  by  a  heavy  tile  which  an 
Argive  woman  threw  from  the  house-top. 


XVI.  G-aius  Duilius. 

17.  Gaius  Duilius:  his  brilliant  victory  over  the  Carthaginians 
near  Mylae,  off  the  northern  coast  of  Sicily,  led  the  way  to  the 
successful  conclusion  of  the  first  Punic  war.  The  memory  of  it 
was  perpetuated  by  a  column  which  stood  in  the 
Forum,  and  which  was  adorned  with  the  beaks  of  the 
captured  ships  ( Columna  Rostrata).  See  fig.  15. — 
primus:  cf.  n.  on  primi,  p.  24,  1.  1. 

18.  a  Punicis  :  the  Phoenicians  excelled  all  other 
ancient  peoples  as  mariners.  Their  commercial  spirit 
carried  their  ships  to  every  sea.  They  colonized  north¬ 
ern  Africa  and  Spain,  and,  going  beyond  the  straits, 
they  traded  north  and  south  along  the  coasts  of  Africa 
and  Europe.  The  Romans  were  an  agricultural  people 
and  had  no  fondness  for  sea-faring. 

20.  excogitavit :  note  the  etymology. 

21.  quae  manus  ubi :  tr.  when  these  hooks. 

22.  transgrediebatur :  mark  the  force  of  the  imperfect ;  also  in 
dimicabant,  1.  23. 

23.  ipsorum:  refers  to  the  enemy. —  comminus:  see  Word- 
Groups  under  MA-.  —  Romanis  :  cf.  mihi,  p.  27,  1.  7. 

25.  expugnatae:  distinguish  between  expugno  and  oppiignd. 


Fig.  15. 


110 


NOTES. 


26.  septiremis  :  i. e.  a  ship  having  seven  banks  of  oars.  The  rest 
had  probably  five  banks  of  oars  ( quinqueremes ),  as  these  were  com¬ 
monly  used  for  war  at  that  period.  Before  the  first  Punic 
war,  the  Romans  had  only  triremes  (see  fig.  16),  and  not 


many  of  them.  —  mersae  :  sc. 
sunt. 

Page  31.  2.  triumphum: 

v.  n.  on  triumphavit,  p.  1 1,  1.  6. 

3.  terra:  why  no  prep.?  \ 
§  427-  a  (258.  /.  1) ;  B.  228.  ; 
1.  c;  G.  386.  n.  1  ;  U.  485.  2 
(425.  2) ;  H-B.  449.  a.  —  etiam : 
v.  n.  p.  28,  1.  17. 

5.  funali :  a  torch  made  of 
(funis)  and  smeared  with  pitch.  • 
from  a  painting  at  Herculaneum 


1 2.  Consulit  .  .  .  v5s :  ashs 
vobis  mean  ?  §  367.  c  (22 7.  c ) ; 
H-B.  367. 

15.  debeat :  v.  n.  on  esset ,  p. 


Fig.  16. 


plant  fibres  twisted  into  a  rope 
-tibicine  :  see  fig.  17.  It  is  taken 
—  cena  :  the  principal  meal  of  the 
day  taken  in  the  afternoon  or  early 
evening. 

6.  Hannibal :  not  the  great  gen¬ 
eral  of  the  second  Punic  war. 

7.  capiebatur  :  uas  071  the  point 

of  being  taken. 

8.  Veritus :  fearing,  cf.  ratus, 
p.  7,  1.  13  ;  detestatus ,  p.  19,  1.  7. — 
classis  amissae  :  for  tr.  cf.  ob  vir¬ 
gines  raptas ,  p.  3,  1.  16;  see  also  n. 
on  auddciae,  p.  10,  1.  11. 

10.  ex:  directly  after. 

1 1 .  perveniret :  cons.  v.  n.  on 
indiceret,  p.  9,  1.  21.— quendam: 
v.  n.  p.  29,  1.  4. 

your  advice.  What  would  consulit 

1.  346.  N.  2;  H.  426.  4  (385.  1); 

2,  1.  i. 


NOTES. 


Ill 


16.  quin :  v.  n.  p.  24,  1.  iS. 

19.  victus:  part  expressing  concession. 

20.  re  male  gesta  :  tr.  when  he  had  met  defeat. 

21.  adficiebatur  :  cf.  n.  on  inferebat ,  p.  6,  1.  8. 


XVII.  Gaius  Lutatius  Catulus. 

Catulus  and  Duilius  were  the  naval  heroes  of  the  first  Punic  war  (264-241  b.c.). 

24.  dum  :  for  cons,  and  tense  with  this  conjunction,  v.  n.  on  p.  2, 
1.  1 1  ;  and  the  note  on  tenet  in  the  same  line.  —  Drepanum  :  city  and 
harbor  on  the  north-west  side  of  Sicily. 

Page  32.  1.  nuntiatur:  why  indicative  ? 

2.  ad  exercitum  :  the  land  force  which,  under  the  great  Hamil¬ 
car,  was  holding  Sicily. —  copiis:  sc.  onustae  with  this  and  the 
following  ablatives. 

3.  et  pecuniae  amplissimo  numero :  tr.  with  a  very  large  sum 
of  money. 

4.  Summae  rerum  :  tr.  the  whole  expedition.  Cons,  of  summae? 

5.  Hie — agebat :  tr.  he  was  making  great  exertions  with  this  in 
view. 

6.  levaret  .  .  .  compleret :  what  case  follows  verbs  of  plenty 
and  want  ? 

7.  sic  :  thus  prepared. 

8.  At :  this  word  serves  to  recall  our  attention  emphatically  to 
the  consul. 

9.  potius  :  distinguish  between  this  word  and  amplius  and  magis. 

10.  Aegates  insulas  :  off  the  western  coast  of  Sicily.  This  battle, 
both  for  the  numbers  engaged  and  for  its  consequences,  is  to  be 
remembered  as  one  of  the  great  naval  engagements  of  history. 

15.  hac  condicione  :  abl.  of  cause. 


112 


NOTES. 


XVIII.  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Fabius ;  Arnold’s  Life  of  Hannibal. 

Quintus  Fabius  Maximus  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  members  of 
that  famous  Fabian  gens  whose  history  goes  back  to  the  very  beginning  of 
Rome.  The  most  important  period  of  his  life  is  embraced  within  the  years 
included  between  the  dates  placed  at  the  head  of  this  passage,  though  he  had 
already  been  consul  twice  before  this.  In  217,  in  the  second  year  of  the 
second  Punic  war  (218-202  b.c.),  immediately  after  the  Roman  defeat  at 
Trasumenus,  he  was  appointed  dictator  against  Hannibal;  and  for  many 
years  he  was  a  conspicuous  figure  in  that  great  struggle.  He  died  in  203, 
too  soon  to  witness  Hannibal’s  final  overthrow. 

18.  Hannibal:  he  and  his  father  Hamilcar  are  among  the  very 
greatest  generals  of  all  time.  —  novem  annos  natus :  at  the  age  oj 
nine  years.  What  literally? 

20.  res:  v.  n.  p.  16,  1.  4;  Quae  res  maxime:  this  incident  more 

than  anything  else. 

22.  Saguntum:  a  city  on  the  east  coast  of  Spain,  south  of  the 
Ebro  river.  Its  site  is  covered  with  interesting  ruins. 

23.  foederatam :  such  states  were  independent,  but  could  look  to 
Rome  for  help  in  time  of  need  and  were  expected 
to  furnish  in  return  troops  and  supplies.  They 
did  not  possess  Roman  citizenship. 

26.  toga  :  the  principal  outer  garment  of  the 
Romans,  derived  from  the  Etruscans.  It  was 
usually  of  white  wool.  The  sinus  of  the  toga 
was  the  fold  on  the  breast.  In  this  articles  were 
often  carried.  A  Roman  had  no  pocket.  A 
second  sinus  appears  farther  down  (v.  fig.  18). 

1* age  33,  1.  utrum:  distinguish  from  quis. 
4.  eisdem  :  sc.  animis. 

6.  superatis  —  iugis  :  his  march  across  the 
Alps  filled  the  Romans  with  astonishment  and 
dismay.  It  is  one  of  the  great  events  in  military  history.  What 
general  in  modern  times  did  the  same  ? 


Fig.  18. 


NOTES. 


113 


7.  Publium  Scipionem:  father  of  the  great  Africanus. — 
Ticinum:  this  and  the  Trebia  are  tributaries  of  the  Po.  The  greatest 
of  these  victories  was  that  over  Flaminius  at  Lake  Trasumenus  in 
north-eastern  Etruria,  217  b.c. 

11.  dictator :  an  officer  having  autocratic  power  who  was  appointed 
whenever  great  and  unusual  danger  threatened  the  state.  He  held 
office  for  but  six  months.  —  mora  :  the  Fabian  tactics  were  to  avoid 
a  decisive  engagement  and  to  weaken  Hannibal  by  cutting  off  his 
supplies  and  harassing  his  rear  and  outposts. 

14.  recedere  ab  ancipiti  discrimine:  tr.  to  decline  a  hazardous 
engagement. 

15.  tueri:  note  the  emphasis. 

16.  laudem:  many  writers  glorify  the  deeds  of  Fabius.  Ennius 
(239  B.c.),  the  father  of  Latin  poetry,  says  of  him : 

“  ’T  was  one  man’s  courage  saved  the  state, 

By  wise  delay.  The  people’s  frown 
He  scorned,  for  safety  dared  to  wait. 

The  years  still  glorify  his  crown.” 

18.  castris:  the  locative  abl.  is  often  used  without  a  preposition, 
when  the  idea  of  cause,  manner,  or  means  is  combined  with  that  of 
place. 

19.  quantum:  adverbial  acc.  —  cogeret:  informal  ind.  disc.,  v.  n. 
p.  3»  1-  22. 

20.  occasioni:  v.  n.  p.  6,  1.  12.  —  rei  bene  gerendae:  cf.  re  male 
gestd,  p.  31,  1.  20.  —  qua:  §  149  (105.  d) ;  B.  91.  2  ;  G.  107  ;  H.  186 
(190.  1) ;  H-B.  142. 

22.  militem  .  .  .  virtutis  .  .  .  paenitere:  cons.  v.  §  354.  ^(221.  b); 
B.  209;  G.  377;  H.  457  (409.  Ill);  H-B.  352. 

Page  34,  2.  ratus:  v.  n.  on  detestatus ,  p.  19, 1.  7. 

ut  —  invidiam:  that  he  might  make  Fabius  unpopular  among 
his  countryi7ien. 

12.  vocitabant :  from  vocito,  the  intensive  or  iterative  form  of  voco, 
expressing  emphasis  and  repetition,  v.  Word-Groups  under  VOC-. — 
magister  equitum:  this  was  an  officer  appointed  by  the  dictator  to 


114 


NOTES. 


act  as  his  lieutenant.  He  represented  the  dictator  in  his  absence 
and  had  command  of  the  cavalry  in  battle. 

13.  ilium,  etc.:  ind.  disc,  depending  upon  the  idea  of  saying  in 
criminando. 

14.  quo :  cf.  n.  p.  9,  1.  4. 

16.  dictatori:  ind.  object  of  aeqndvit. 

17.  imperio:  abl.  of  specification. 

20.  ei  .  .  .  auxilio  :  §  382.  1 .  n.  1  (233.  a) ;  B.  191 ;  G.  356 ;  H.  433 
(390) ;  H-B.  360. 

25.  autem:  cf.  n.  p.  10,  1.  9. 

26.  cum  Fabio :  i.e.  cum  castris  Fabi. 

28.  Postea:  v.  n.  p.  29,  1.  27.  —  Tarento:  a  large  city  of  Greek 
origin  on  the  western  coast  of  Calabria.  Up  to  this  time  it  had  been 
the  most  important  city  in  Magna  Graecia.  See  also  n.  p.  25,1-  i- 
For  cons.  v.  §  410  (249);  B.  218.  1;  G.  407;  H.  477  (421.  I);  H-B. 
429. 

30.  per  speciem  venandi :  on  the  pretence  that  they  were  going 
hunting. 

Page  35.  4-  pastum:  §  509  (302);  B.  340;  G.  435;  H.  633 

(546) ;  H-B.  618. 

7.  iterum  ac  saepius,  again  and  again. —  factum:  sc.  est. 

8.  consuetudinis:  partitive  gen.  with  the  adv.  eo.  Tr.  the  phrase  : 
became  such  a  regular  custom. 

9.  dedissent:  why  subj.  ?  §  593  (342) ;  B.  324  ;  G.  629,  663  ;  H.  652 
(529.  II);  H-B.  539. 

11.  appropinquarunt  =  appropinquaverunt ;  often  with  the  dat. 

14.  corporis:  cf.  magnitudinis,  p.  13,  1.  2. 

15.  miratur:  v.  n.  on  dum ,  p.  2,  1.  11. 

18.  Livius  Salinator:  Cicero  tells  this  anecdote  of  him  in  his 
De  Senectiite ,  but  he  is  mistaken  in  the  man.  It  was  M.  Livius 
Macatus  that  lost  Tarentum,  and  gave  efficient  service  from  the 
citadel  in  its  recovery. 

19.  caedi:  cons.? 

21.  Leve  dictu:  trifling.  §  510  (303);  B.  340.  2;  G.  436;  H.  635 

(547)  ;  H-B.  619. 


NOTES. 


115 


23.  mulierculae :  what  kind  of  gen.  ?  Mark  the  force  of  the  suffix. 

26.  vigilia:  the  night  was  divided  into  four  watches  of  three 
hours  each  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

Page  30.  2.  Et  Romani,  etc. :  tr.  The  Romans  also  have  a  Han¬ 
nibal  of  their  own. 

3.  eadem :  with  arte. 

6.  retinuisset:  why  subjunctive?  Bring  out  the  force  of  the 
mood  in  your  translation. 

8.  nisi  —  recepissem:  form  of  condition?  Sc.  earn  tirbem  forobj. 
of  the  verbs. 

10.  legatus:  a  general  officer  attached  to  the  army  and  to  the 
governors  of  provinces,  who  acted  both  in  a  military  and  in  a  civil 
capacity ;  his  duty  being  to  advise  and  assist  his  superiors  in  their 
plans  and  operations,  as  well  as  to  act  in  their  stead  whenever 
occasion  required.  A  general  could  nominate  his  legdtus,  but  the 
choice  had  to  be  ratified  by  the  senate. 

12.  lictoribus:  v.  n.  p.  8,  1.  8. 

16.  proximum  lictorem  :  the  lictors  walked  in  single  file,  and  the 
one  nearest  the  magistrate  was  called  proximus  lictor. 

19.  num  in  indirect  questions  means  whether  and  does  not  imply 
a  negative  answer. 

21.  dignus:  the  Romans  honored  Fabius  till  the  last,  and  each 
citizen  contributed  something  to  his  funeral  as  a  farewell  offering  of 
gratitude.  The  fame  of  his  last  years  was  obscured  by  the  rising 
glory  of  Scipio,  who  was  the  exact  opposite  of  Fabius  in  disposition. 
Fabius  never  ceased  to  warn  the  Romans  against  the  aggressive 
policy  of  his  rival,  and  appears  to  have  been  very  jealous  of  him.  — 
Cautior  quam  prdmptior:  more  wary  than  quick.  The  Latin  uses 
the  comparative  in  both  adjectives. 

23.  ei  bello :  dat.  with  apta. 

24.  quin:  v.  n.  p.  24,  1.  18.  —  rem  .  .  .  cunctando  restituerit:  a 
quotation  from  the  verses  of  Ennius  cited  in  n.  p.  33,  1.  16. 

25.  Ut :  v.  n.  p.  1,  1.  10. 

28.  ne  —  posset:  substantive  clause  of  negative  purpose  in 
apposition  with  id. 


116 


NOTES. 


XIX.  Aemilius  Paulus  et  Terentius  Varro. 

The  events  of  the  second  Punic  war,  up  to  the  time  that  Fabius  was  made 
dictator  (217  B.c.),  have  been  briefly  summarized  in  the  preceding  selection 
(p.  33,  1.  6-9).  After  the  Roman  defeat  at  Lake  Trasumenus,  Hannibal 
made  his  way  into  southern  Italy,  passing  through  Umbria  and  Picenum 
into  Campania,  and  thence  into  Apulia.  In  this  neighborhood  he  spent  the 
summer  and  the  following  winter,  the  tactics  of  Fabius  preventing  any 
decisive  action.  The  Romans  made  great  preparations  for  the  year  216. 
They  raised  a  splendid  army ;  but  the  consuls,  Paulus  the  patrician  and 
Varro  the  plebeian,  represented  opposing  factions  and  held  opposing  views  as 
to  the  conduct  of  the  war.  Their  differences  foreshadowed  defeat. 

j Page  37  •  5-  Cannae  :  near  the  eastern  coast  of  Apulia. 

8.  autem :  v.  n.  p.  10,  1.  9. 

12.  quem  cum :  v.  n.  p.  5,  1.  5. 

14.  quidam:  v.  n.  on  quodam ,  p.  12,  1.  9.  —  tribunus:  the 
tribuni  militares  ranked  below  the  legati ,  but  above  the  centuriones. 
The  number  attached  to  each  legion  varied  at  different  times.  At 
this  time  there  were  six. 

16.  Ad  ea  :  sc.  respondit. 

17.  macte  :  §  340.  c  (241.  d) ;  G.  325.  r.  1  ;  H.  402.  fn.  3  (369.  3) ; 
H-B.  400. 

18.  perdas:  §  450  (269.  a.  3);  B.  276.  c  ;  G.  271.  2;  H.  561.  2 
(489.  2)) ;  H-B.  501.  3.  a.  2). 

20.  adveniat :  V.  n.  on  indiceret ,  p.  9,  1.  21. 

23.  occiderunt :  not  occiderunt. 

25.  quingenti:  i. e.  equites.  —  in  testimonium  : 
as  evidence. 

26.  modios  :  a  grain  measure  holding  about  a 
peck.  —  aureorum  anulorum  :  signet-rings  were 
originally  of  iron.  Golden  rings  could  be  worn 

only  by  senators,  knights,  and  the  chief  magistrates.  See  fig.  19. 

Page  38,  1.  Hannibali :  gratulor  takes  the  dat. 

3.  ex  .  .  .  praefectis:  v.  ex  pastoribus,  p.  11,  1.  22. 

4.  cessandum  :  sc.  esse.  Impersonal  because  intransitive.  Do 
not  translate  literally.  —  ratus  :  cf.  n.  on  veritus,  p.  31,  1.  8. 


NOTES. 


117 


5.  die  quint5  :  in  five  days. 

6.  Capitolio  :  the  Capitoline  hill  has  two  summits ;  on  one  of 

them  stood  the  Arx ,  or  citadel,  upon  the  other  the  famous  temple 
constructed  by  the  last  Tarquin  in  honor  of  Jupiter,  Juno,  and 
Minerva.  To  the  Romans  it  was  the  symbol  of  the  strength  and 
stability  of  the  state.  When  Horace  wished  to  declare  his  immor- 
tality  he  said:  -Ever  new 

My  after  fame  shall  grow  while  pontiffs  climb, 

With  silent  maids,  the  Capitolian  height.” 

8.  eidem  :  indirect  object  of  dedere.  —  victoria  :  cons.  ? 

9.  Mora  :  what  Hannibal  might  have  gained  by  an  immediate  ad¬ 
vance  upon  Rome  has  always  been  an  interesting  but  fruitless  field  for 
speculation.  —  diei  :  duration  of  time  is  expressed  by  the  gen.  with 
nouns,  by  the  acc.  with  verbs. — saluti  .  .  .  urbi  :  cf.  p.  34,  1.  20. 

13.  Capuam  Hannibali  Cannas:  in  judging  of  the  truth  of  this 
statement  we  must  not  forget  that  Hannibal’s  army  remained  superior 
in  the  field,  and  that  he  did  not  leave  Italy  until  twelve  years  after. 

16.  quin :  v.  n.  p.  24,  1.  18. 

17.  obviam  irent:  cf.  obviavi  venit ,  p.  26,  1.  1. 

18.  desperasset :  why  subjunctive?  Ci.  fecissent,  p.  25,  1.  1. 

19.  qui  :  v.  n.  on  quod,  p.  8, 1.  18.  —  si  .  .  .  fuisset,  .  .  .  dedis¬ 
set:  note  the  form  of  condi¬ 
tion. 

20.  Non  —  approbavit : 

moreover  he  showed  by  the 
rest  of  his  life  that  he  had 
survived  the  battle,  not  from 
love  of  life,  bat  frpm  love  of 
his  country. 

22.  barbam — submisit: 

the  ancient  Romans  used  to 
wear  the  hair  and  beard  long, 
but  after  300  B.c.  adults  wore  the  hair  short  and  the  face  smooth 
except  when  in  mourning  or  deep  trouble. 

23.  recubans :  the  Romans  usually  reclined  at  their  meals. 
See  fig.  20. 


Fig.  20. 


118 


NOTES. 


25.  magistratibus:  §  41 1  (243.  e) ;  B.  218.  2;  G.  406;  H.  477. 
III  (414.  IV) ;  H-B.  430.  1. 

26.  igitur :  used,  as  often,  to  resume  the  narrative,  after  the 
digression  about  Varro. 

27.  agebat :  the  present  tense  would  have  been  regular  here ; 
the  past  makes  the  time  emphatic  by  contrast. 

28.  erant :  sc.  eis,  dat.  of  possessor.  —  templis  :  dat.  of  separa¬ 
tion  after  detracta  stmt.  The  ancients  used  to  hang  the  spoils  of 
war  upon  the  walls  of  the  temples. 

29.  manumissi :  i.e.  e  manti  missi. 


Page  39.  1.  bullis:  v.  n.  p.  11,  1.  18.  —  singulis  anulis:  tr. 

a  ring  apiece. 

2.  Patrum:  cf. patribus ,  p.  37,  1.  19. 

3.  equites  :  object  of  imitatae ,  which  agrees  with  tribus. 

4.  tabulae  :  these  were  thin  pieces  of  wood  smeared  with  wax 
on  one  side,  which  were  written  upon  by  a  sharp  instrument  called 

a  stilus.  Usually  two  were  hinged 
together  to  close  like  a  double 
slate.  The  waxed  side  had  a 
raised  edge  of  wood  to  keep  the 
writing  from  rubbing.  Erasures 
were  made  by  smoothing  over  the 
wax  with  the  broad  end  of  the 
stilus.  See  fig.  21. 

7.  redimendi  sui :  §  504.  c  (298. 
e) ;  B.  339.  5  ;  G.  428.  R.  1 ;  H. 
626.  3  (542.  I.  N.  1)  ;  H-B.  614. 

10.  iurarent :  cons.  §  535.  c  (320.  c) ;  B.  284.  4;  G.  298;  H. 
570.  1  (503.  II.  3) ;  H-B.  521.  2.  c.  —  impetrassent :  not  imperdssent. 
What  form  of  condition  ? 

14.  veluti  aliquid  oblitus:  tr.  pretending  that  he  had  forgotten 
something.  For  aliquid  v.  §  350.  N.  1.  (219);  B.  206.  2.  a  \  G.  376. 
2  ;  II.  454.  2  (407) ;  II-B.  350. 

18.  iureiurando :  viz.  the  oath  that  he  would  return  if  allowed  to 
go.  Of  course  it  was  a  palpable  evasion  of  his  promise. 


NOTES. 


119 


20.  Ea  —  fregit:  that  event ,  more  than  anything  else  (maxime), 
checked  Hannibal' s  presmnption. 

21.  rebus  adflictis  :  tr.  by  a  concessive  clause. 


XX.  Tiberius  Gracchus  et  Gaius  Gracchus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Tiberius  Gracchus,  and  of  Caius  Gracchus;  A.  H. 

Beesley’s  The  Gracchi,  Marius,  and  Sulla. 

23.  Gracchi :  plural  because  two  members  of  the  family  are 
named.  —  Scipionis  Africani:  the  great  general  who  conquered 
Hannibal  in  the  battle  of  Zama,  202  B.c.  The  sister  of  the  Gracchi 
was  married  to  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger,  who  destroyed  Car¬ 
thage  in  146  B.c. 

24.  bonis  artibus :  liberal  studies  ox  arts.  —  et  —  est:  and  all  had 
great  hopes  of  them. 

’T  ♦ 

Page  40.  1.  Graecis  litteris:  before  this  time  the  average 
education  of  the  Roman  youth  was  confined  mainly  to  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  and  the  laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables  (see  p.  17, 
1.  22).  It  was  rudimentary  and  intensely  practical.  After  about 
100  B.c.  Greek  letters,  in  all  departments  of  learning,  became  para¬ 
mount  in  Roman  education. 

2.  Maximum  —  sapientissima :  note  the  chiastic  order  of  this 
sentence  and  its  emphasis.  Imitate  the  order  in  translation. 

4.  apud  :  cf.  n.  p.  14,  1.  20. 

6.  redirent:  subj.  because  purpose  is  expressed  as  well  as  time. 

10.  poterant:  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  might  be  expected,  but 
see  §  517.  r  (308.  c)  ;  B.  304.  3;  G.  597.  3  (a);  H.  583  (51 1.  N.  3); 
H-B.  582.  3.  a.  —  perturbare:  the  story  of  the  Gracchi  is  here  told 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  aristocratic  party,  which  was  hostile  to 
them.  They  were  noble  men,  who  sacrificed  their  lives  for  the 
welfare  of  the  people. 

12.  tribunus  plebis:  v.  p.  17,  1.  11.  —  creatus:  133  b.c. 

14.  agros:  by  the  Licinian  laws,  passed  367  b.c.,  no  one  was  to 
hold  more  than  320  acres  of  land.  These  laws  had  become  a  dead 


120 


NOTES. 


letter,  and  Tiberius  Gracchus  wished  to  revive  them,  with  some 
changes  of  his  own.  The  land  of  Italy  and  Sicily  had  been  absorbed 
by  a  few  rich  men,  who  worked  their  estates  with  slaves ;  while 
Rome  was  filled  with  a  landless,  famishing  crowd.  —  dividebat  .  .  . 
replebat :  what  is  the  force  of  this  tense  here  ? 

1 6.  prorogari :  the  tribunate  could  not  be  held  for  two  successive 
years  by  the  same  person.  —  interempto  senatu  :  no  doubt  an  inven¬ 
tion  of  his  accusers,  as  well  as  the  statement  that  follows. 

19.  quidnam  :  v.  n.  p.  14,  1.  10. 

20.  Capitolium :  v.  n.  p.  38,  1.  6. 

21.  quo  slgno  :  cf.  n.  on  quae  res ,  p.  21,  1.  8. 

22.  diadema  :  a  royal  crown,  for  which  corona  is  never  used. 


23.  cum  :  concessive,  though. 
26.  sequantur  :  not  sequunter. 


29.  subselll :  a  movable  bench  with¬ 
out  any  back,  and  long  enough  to 
accommodate  several  persons.  The 


Fig.  22. 


illustration  (fig.  22)  is  from  an  original  found  at  Pompeii.  The  mob 
of  aristocrats  killed  three  hundred  with  the  fragments  of  the  benches. 
—  potuerat :  cf.  poterat  above. 

I* age  41.  2.  Tribunatum:  123  b.c.  Caius  went  somewhat 
farther  in  his  reforms  than  Tiberius.  He  was  of  charming  person¬ 
ality  and  of  irresistible  eloquence. 

3.  necis  :  depends  on  causa. 

6.  dabat :  make  clear  the  force  of  the  tense. 

7.  quanta  —  contentione:  with  all  their  might. 

8.  bon! :  i.e.  the  aristocrats. 

13.  QuI :  adv. 

14.  Nolim  quidem  .  .  .  tibi  .  .  .  liceat  =  I  should  be  quite  unwill¬ 
ing  to  let  you  ;  nolim  is  the  potential  subjunctive  or  the  subjunctive 
in  apodosis  with  omitted  protasis,  and  is  made  emphatic  by  quidem. 
With  liceat  sc.  ut. 

16.  partem  petam  :  I  shall  ask  for  my  share.  —  Quo :  v.  n.  p.  3, 1.  24. 

19.  ut  videret,  etc.:  the  regular  formula  by  which  dictatorial 
power  was  conferred  upon  the  consul. 

22.  familia  :  «0/ family;  v.  voc. 


NOTES. 


121 


27.  Gai :  sc.  corpus. 

29.  auro  repensum  :  tr.  and  sold  for  its  weight  in  gold.  But  what 
literally  ?  v.  voc. 

30.  infuso  plumbd  :  by  pouring  in  lead.  —  eum  :  i.e.  Septimuleius. 
—  quo,  etc. :  a  purpose  clause. 

Page  42.  2.  ut  .  .  .  animadverteretur :  that  punishment  be 
inflicted. 

4.  deprecatum  :  supine.  —  ignosceretur:  v.  n.  p.  19,  1.  9. 

5.  tanti :  §  417  (252.  a)  ;  B.  203.  3  ;  G.  380.  1  ;  H.  448.  1  (404) ; 
H-B.  356.  1. 

12.  si  .  .  .  peccaveris  :  the  indefinite  second  person  singular  with 
the  subjunctive — you  —  any  one.  This  kind  of  protasis  is  usually 
followed  by  an  indicative  in  the  conclusion  stating  a  general  truth, 
as  here  by  est. 

17.  possit :  cf.  Ndlim ,  p.  41, 1.  14.  — 
eo  plus  :  m ore  than  that. 

19.  Zonas:  broad  double  belts  for 
carrying  money  about  the  person. 

20.  eas  simply  repeats  zonds,  which 
is  placed  first  for  emphasis.  So  eds 
below  repeats  a7tiphords. 

21.  amphoras  :  a  large  earthenware 
vessel,  terminating  in  a  point  at  the 
bottom,  so  that  it  would  stand  upright  in  the  ground,  or  remain 
stationary  if  leaned  against  a  wall.  The  illustration  (fig.  23)  is  taken 
from  a  wine  shop’s  sign  found  at  Pompeii. 


XXI.  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Pompey,  Church’s  Two  Thousand  Years  Ago, 
and  his  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero,  Chap.  IX. 

23.  bell5  civili :  the  civil  war  between  Marius  and  Sulla,  88-82  b.c. 
Marius  died  in  86  B.c.,  but  the  war  was  carried  on  by  his  party  after 
his  death. 

26.  fill :  he  was  at  this  time  but  nineteen. 


122 


NOTES. 


Page  43.  i.  hunc  occidendum  suscepit:  tmdertook  to  kill 
him.  The  gerundive  is  here  used  as  a  participle  to  express  pur¬ 
pose  ;  cf.  alendum ,  p.  5,  1.  8. 

2.  incenderent :  implied  ind.  disc. 

3.  nihil:  not  at  all. 

4.  cum  —  usus  est :  treated  Terentius  with  the  same  good-fellow¬ 
ship  as  before. 

6.  tentorio  :  dat.  with  sub-. 

1  r.  duel :  soon  after  this  the  elder  Pompey  was  killed  by  a  stroke 
of  lightning.  He  was  so  hated  that  his  corpse  was  snatched  from 
the  funeral  bier,  dragged  through  the  streets  of  Rome,  and  thrown 
into  the  Tiber. 

12.  Sullae  :  138-7S  b.c.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Africa  as 
quaestor  under  Marius  in  107  against  Jugurtha;  took  part  in  the 
campaigns  against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  102;  conquered  Mithri¬ 
dates  king  of  Pontus,  88-84 ;  and,  after  a  struggle  of  many  years, 
completely  vanquished  the  Marian  party  and  became  dictator  of 
Rome  and  Italy  in  82.  Though  preeminently  a  military  man,  he 
was  finely  educated  and  took  a  great  interest  in  literature.  His 
great  abilities  were  marred  by  monstrous  cruelty  and  licentiousness. 
Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Sulla. 

13.  annos  —  natus:  when  he  was  twenty-three  years  old.  Note 
the  idiom. 

14.  ut  —  veniret  :  in  order  to  render  aid  to  Sulla ,  i.e.  against  the 
Marian  party.  This  was  in  83  b.c.,  just  after  Sulla’s  return  from 
the  first  Mithridatic  war.  See  note  p.  46,  1.  2. 

15.  peritus  :  Pompey’s  natural  military  skill  was  phenomenal. 

25.  postea  :  cf.  p.  29,  1.  27. 

26.  honorem:  the  antecedent  of  quern.  Cf.  p.  2 1, 1.  8,  and  see  note. 

Page  2.  deprecabatur  :  tr.  tried  to  avert. 

4.  cuiusdam  :  v.  n.  p.  12,  1.  9;  p.  29,  1.  4. 

6.  fuisset :  §  535.  e  (320.  e)  ;  B.  286.  2  ;  G.  626.  r.  ;  H.  592  (517) ; 
H-B.  523. 

8.  quisnam :  cf.  quidnam,  p.  14,  1.  10,  and  see  note.  —  esset: 
v.  n.  p.  2,  1.  1. 


NOTES. 


123 


9.  Tam  libera  voce  :  by  so  frank  a  speech. 

15.  adulescens,  etc.:  in  app.  with  the  subj.;  tr.  by  a  concessive 
clause,  though  a  youth,  etc. 

18.  aegre  id  ferebat :  tr.  he  felt  hiirt. 

19.  revertenti :  sc.  el  dependent  on  obviam  Ivit.  Cf.  p.  38,  1.  17. 

20.  laetus  eum  excepit :  received  him  with  joy. 

21.  Nihilo  :  §  414  (25°)  ;  B-  223  5  G-  4°3  5  H-  479  (423)  5  H-B.  424- 

22.  triumphum :  v.  n.  p.  n,  1.  6. 

23.  re  :  cf.  n.  p.  16,  1.  4. 

25.  suam  :  sc.  potentiai?i. 

26.  Ea  voce  audita  :  on  hearing  that  remark  ;  v.  n.  p.  1,  1.  3. 

28.  Metelld  :  one  of  the  most  successful  of  Sulla’s  generals 
against  the  Marian  party.  In  80  b.c.  Metellus  was  consul  with 
Sulla  himself ;  and  in  the  following  year  he  went  as  proconsul  into 
Spain,  in  order  to  prosecute  the  war  against  Sertorius,  who  adhered 
to  the  Marian  party.  For  eight  years  he  contended  against  Serto¬ 
rius,  but  with  so  little  success  that  the  senate  sent  Pompey  to  his 
assistance. 

29.  Sertorium :  one  of  the  greatest  generals  that  ever  lived,  con¬ 
sidering  his  scanty  resources.  He  was  more  than  a  match  for  both 
Metellus  and  Pompey,  but  was  assassinated  72  b.c.  Read  Plutarch’s 
Life  of  Sertorius. 

Taye  45.  7.  partiuntur  :  to  be  translated  by  what  tense  ? 

8.  Altero  :  here  =  alio. 

11.  castigatum  .  .  .  dimisissem:  translate  by  two  verbs. 

12.  Metellum  anum :  v.  n.  on  sacerdotem,  p.  1,  1.  5. 

13.  deflexerat :  v.  n.  on  erant,  p.  21,  1.  8. 

15.  piratae:  these  pirates,  having  their  hiding-places  along  the 
southern  coast  of  Cilicia,  were  masters  of  the  entire  Mediterranean. 
No  sea  port  nor  vessel  was  safe  from  their  attack.  With  a  thousand 
swift  ships  they  swept  the  seas. 

20.  esse  :  note  the  emphatic  position,  so  non  esse. 

21.  non  —  tribuenda  :  unlimited  power  ought  not  to  be  bestowed  on 
one  man. 

23.  summo  consensu:  with  the  greatest  unanimity. 


124 


NOTES. 


26.  dispositis  —  navibus  :  by  stationing  his  ships  here  and  there , 
in  all  the  nooks  and  cor7iers  of  the  sea. 

27.  brevi :  an  adv.,  v.  voc. 

28.  locis:  why  no  prep.?  Cf.  terra ,  p.  31,  1.  3. — victos  fudit: 
tr.  by  two  verbs. 

30.  Nihil :  sc.  est. 

Page  46.  2.  Mithridatem :  a  most  remarkable  man  and  a 
great  military  genius.  He  was  the  most  formidable  of  all  the  enemies 
that  Rome  had  to  meet  in  the  East.  This  was  his  third  and 
last  struggle  against  Rome,  74-63  b.c.  Pompey  went  against  him  in 
66  b.c.  Cicero  calls  him  the  greatest  of  all  kings  after  Alexander. 
Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Lucullus. 

1 1 .  unde  =  qua  re. 

13.  Pontum  :  an  almost  inaccessible  and  strongly  fortified  district 
of  Asia  Minor,  south  of  the  Black  Sea. 

16.  quod  —  subiret :  when  this  acted  too  slowly. 

17.  corpus  firmaverat:  it  was  no  unusual  thing  thus  to  protect 
one’s  self  against  possible  assassination  by  poison. 

19.  Armeniae:  a  country  of  Asia  lying  between  Asia  Minor  and 
the  Caspian.  Tigranes,  the  king,  was  son-in-law  to  Mithridates. 

22.  recreatum  agrees  with  eum,  subject  of  reponere. 

25.  Iudaeam :  this  name  was  applied  by  Greeks  and  Romans  to 
the  whole  of  Palestine.  The  country  was  subject  to  Rome  from  this 
time  on  (63  b.c.).  —  primus:  cf.  p.  13,  1.  21. 

26.  templum  :  Pompey  touched  none  of  the  treasures.  These 
were  plundered  nine  years  later  by  Crassus. 

30.  biduo  :  lasting  two  days.  The  abl.  not  infrequently  expresses 
duration  of  time. 

Page  47.  2.  quam  quod:  than  the  fact  that.  —  triumphis: 

dative. 

4.  quod:  rel.  pro.;  its  antecedent  is  the  clause  following, primum 
—  triumphavit. 

5.  tertio  :  an  adv.  —  felix  :  means  blessed  of  heaven ,  always  suc¬ 
cessful,  always  fortu7iate ,  lucky.  Translate  the  sentence  as  if  it  read 


NOTES. 


125 


et  felix  opinione  hominum  futurus  esset ,  si  quem  finem  gloriae  habuit , 
eundem  vitae  finem  habuisset  neque ,  etc. ;  the  thought  being  that  it 
would  have  been  better  for  Pompey  had  he  died  at  this  the  zenith 
of  his  glory. 

io.  Caesarem:  the  great  Caius  Julius  Caesar.  —  hie  .  .  .  ille : 
the  former  .  .  .  the  latter.  §  297.  a ,  b  (102.  a ,  b) ;  B.  246 ;  G.  307.  R.  I ; 
H.  506  (450.  2);  H-B.  274.  2. 

13.  Thessaliam:  a  province  in  northern  Greece. 

14.  quern:  tr.  et  eum. 

15.  Pharsalum:  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  fought  48  b.c.,  which 
made  Caesar  master  of  the  Roman  world. 

16.  tutor  :  the  father  of  this  Ptolemy  had  left  the  execution  of  his 
will  to  the  Roman  senate,  and  the  senate  appointed  Pompey  guardian 
of  the  young  king. 

17.  Latus  —  coniectus  :  note  the  absence  of  conjunctions,  and 
observe  how  this  adds  to  the  vividness  of  the  description.  Omission 
of  conjunctions  is  called  asyndeton. 

20.  anulo  :  v.  n.  p.  37,  1.  26. 

21.  eo  vis5  :  at  the  sight  of  it.  —  illud  .  .  .  cremandum  curavit : 

cf.  hunc  occidendum  suscepit ,  p.  43,  1.  1. 

24.  multae  et  magnae  :  two  adjectives  belonging  to  the  same 
noun  are  regularly  connected  by  a  conjunction.  —  Erant  in  Pompeio  : 
Pompey  had.  The  Romans  said  qualities  were  in  a  person,  where 
we  should  say  a  person  had  qualities. 

27.  negarent :  subjunctive  with  Cum. 

28.  apud  Lucullum :  v.  n.  p.  14,  1.  20. 

30.  perditus  deliciis :  spoiled  by  high  living.  The  thought  is : 
“  Must  Pompey  owe  his  life  to  the  ruinous  extravagance  of  Lucul¬ 
lus?”  Lucullus  was  enormously  rich  and  prodigal.  He  preceded 
Pompey  in  the  conduct  of  the  third  Mithridatic  war. 

l*a(je  4-8 .  5.  Rhodum :  a  large  island  in  the  eastern  Aegean 
Sea,  celebrated  for  Greek  art,  oratory,  and  learning.  Cons.  ? 

6.  quod  —  laborarent :  tr.  because  he  was  suffering  severely  from 
the  gout.  How  literally  ? 

9.  lictor :  v.  p.  8,  1.  8. 


126 


NOTES. 


11.  ut  vidit :  v.  n.  on  td,  p.  i,  1.  io.  — moleste  se  dixit  ferre  :  he 
said  that  he  was  disappointed. 

12.  Tu  verb  .  .  .  potes:  indeed  you  can. 

14.  frustra  :  note  the  emphatic  position. 

16.  honestum  :  not  hottest.  Cf.  n.  p.  29,  1.  2. 

19.  quamvis  sis  molestus  :  however  annoying  you  may  be. 


XXII.  Gaius  Iulius  Caesar. 

Read  Abbott’s  History  of  Julius  Caesar;  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Caesar; 
Church’s  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero,  Chap.  VIII;  Froude’s  Life  of 
Caesar ;  Dodge’s  Caesar,  Great  Captains  Series ;  Shakespeare’s  Julius  Caesar. 

21.  Iuliorum  :  the  Julian  gens  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  goes  back 
to  the  very  beginning  of  Rome.  Its  members  enjoyed  distinction 
from  the  earliest  times.  —  genitus  :  past  part,  expressing  parentage 
or  birth  are  followed  by  the  abl.  without  a  prep. 

22.  annum  —  decimum  :  when  he  was  in  his  sixteenth  year.  How 
else  could  this  be  expressed?  Cf.  id.  p.  43,  1.  13. 

23.  Cinnae  :  the  colleague  of  Marius  in  his  seventh  consulship, 
86  B.C.,  and  a  prominent  democratic  leader.  —  duxit:  sc.  in  matri¬ 
monium. 

24.  is :  i.e.  Sulla. 

25.  neque  —  efficere:  but  he  could  not  accomplish  it.  Caesar,  by 
defying  the  merciless  dictator  at  seventeen,  showed  the  mettle  that 
was  in  him. 

Page  4f).  2.  quartanae  morbo :  sc.  febris ,  an  intermittent 
fever  that  returns  every  fourth  day. 

3.  prope  per  singulas  noctes  :  almost  every  night. 

6.  veniam  :  a  noun. 

7.  deprecantibus  :  tr.  by  a  relative  clause. 

10.  vincerent  —  vincite  of  dir.  disc.  §  588  (339);  B.  316;  G.  652; 
H.  642  (523.  Ill);  H-B.  538. 

13.  Caesar! :  v.  n.  p.  6,  1.  12. 


NOTES. 


127 


15  cordna  civica:  a  chaplet  of  oak  leaves  with  the  acorns,  pre¬ 
sented  to  the  Roman  soldier  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  comrade  in 
battle  and  slain  his  opponent.  The  illustration 
(fig.  24)  is  from  a  painting  at  Pompeii. 

16.  Rhodum:  v.  n.  p.  48,  1.  5. 

20.  piratis  .  .  .  terrori:  for  cons,  cf  .partibus 
.  .  .  exitio,  1.  11. 

22.  quibus  =  ut  eis. 

23.  talenta  :  the  value  of  a  talent  varied  in 
different  states  and  at  different  times.  The 
Attic  talent,  which  was  that  adopted  by  many 
states,  was  worth  about  $1080. 

26.  ibique  :  -que  connects  properavit  and  fugavit. 

27.  partem  classis,  etc. :  v.  n.  p.  47,  1.  17. 

29.  illis  :  dat.  Why  ? 

Page  50,  1.  Quaestori:  i.e.  quaestor  provincialis,  an  officer 

appointed  as  assistant  to  a  consul  or  praetor  in  charge  of  a  province, 
v.  voc.  —  ulterior  Hispania:  the  southern  part  of  Spain.  The 
northern  two-thirds  was  Citerior  Hispania.  —  Quo  profectus  :  on  his 
way  thither. 

2.  cuiusdam :  v.  n.  p.  12,  1.  9. 

3.  num :  v.  n.  p.  36,  1.  19. 

4.  serio  :  an  adv. 

10.  rebus:  §  418  (253) ;  B.  226;  G.  397  ;  II.  480  (424);  H-B.  441. 

—  colas  :  subj.  of  desire  in  a  weak  command. 

11.  Gades  :  why  no  prep.  ? 

15.  Alexander:  he  had  conquered  the  East  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
two. 

18.  Aedilis:  the  aediles  had  charge  of  the  public  buildings  and 
public  works,  and  general  police  control  over  the  city.  They  also 
superintended  all  public  games  and  spectacles,  and  were  expected  to 
entertain  the  people  by  magnificent  shows  at  their  own  expense.  It 
was  thus  that  they  won  support  and  favor  for  the  higher  offices  of 
the  state.  —  Comitium:  v.  n.  p.  16,  1.  17.  —  Forum;  v.  n.  p.  4,  1.  2. 

—  Capitolium :  v.  n.  p.  38,  1.  6. 


Fig.  24. 


128 


NOTES. 


19.  porticibus  :  long,  narrow  walks,  covered  by  a  roof  supported 
upon  columns,  affording  protection  from  snow  and  rain.  They  were 
often  constructed  with  great  magnificence  and  were  decorated  with 
statues  and  paintings.  They  served  as  places  for  public  resort. — 
Venationes  :  i.e.  in  the  amphitheatre.  Caesar  surpassed  all  before 
him  in  the  splendor  of  his  displays. 

24.  miliens  sestertium  :  a  contracted  expression  for  milieus  cen¬ 
tena  milia  sestertium  —  a  hundred  million  sesterces,  about  $4, 100,000. 
The  meaning  is  that  Caesar  needed  that  sum  to  pay  his  debts. 

25.  societatem  :  the  First  Triumvirate,  60  B.c. 

28.  ager  Campanus  :  this  was  public  domain. 


JPaf/e  51.  4.  fascesque  :  a  bundle  of  rods,  sometimes  with  an 
axe,  carried  by  each  lictor  preceding  a  Roman  magistrate.  These 
were  symbols  of  magisterial  power  ;  the  rods  of  scour¬ 
ging,  which  preceded  execution,  the  axe  of  beheading. 
See  fig.  25.  —  ei :  §  376  (235) ;  B.  188 ;  G.  352  ;  H.  425.  4. 
N.  (384.  4.  n.  3) ;  H-B.  366. 

BU-fl  8.  si  —  signarent:  whenever  they  signed  anything  as 

VV/  witnesses  ;  signarent  is  the  imperf.  subj.  in  a  general  con¬ 
dition  denoting  repeated  action  in  past  time. 

10.  actum  :  sc.  esse. 

1 1 .  Iulio  et  Caesare  :  sc.  consulibus.  —  nSmine  :  Ro¬ 
mans  regularly  had  three  names,  e.g.  Gaius  ( praenomen ) 
Iiilius  ( nomen )  Caesar  ( cognomen ). 

12.  duobus:  i .q.  consulibus. 

13.  consulatu:  cons.? 

14.  novem  annis  :  abl.  of  time  within  which. 


Fig.  25. 


16.  primus  :  v.  n.  p.  24,  1.  1. 

17.  ponte  fabricato  :  by  building  a  bridge. 

18.  Britannds  :  Caesar  invaded  only  the  southern  part  of  Eng¬ 
land.  It  was  a  century  later  before  the  Romans  became  masters  of 
this  land.  —  superatis:  sc.  eis ,  ind.  obj.  of  imperdvit. 

19.  cum  .  .  .  turn  :  v.  voc. 

20.  insignia  :  tr.  remarkable  deeds  of  valor. 

21.  quod  =  in  that,  introducing  a  substantive  clause. 


NOTES. 


129 


22.  scuto  :  the  large  oblong  shield  used  by  the  Roman 
infantry,  4  ft.  long  by  2  ^  wide.  See  fig.  26. 

23.  aquiliferum:  v.  figs.  6  and  12,  with  notes. 

25.  comprehensum:  tr.  as  if  co7nprehendit  et. 

28.  vincique  —  docuit :  and  taught  those  how  to  con¬ 
quer  who  were  ready  to  be  coiiquered.  —  paratas  agrees  with 
legiones  understood. 

30.  Crasso  :  see  p.  50,  1.  26. 

Page  52.  3.  Pompeio:  dat.  of  agent.  —  suspectae:  fig.  26. 
sc.  sunt. 

4.  ferebat :  could  endure.  —  hie  .  .  .  ille:  v.  n.  p.  47,  1.  10. 

7.  alterum  :  v.  n.  p.  7,  1.  18. 

8.  suadentibus  Pompeio  eiusque  amicis  :  through  the  influence 
of  Pompey  and  his  friends. 

9.  ei :  ind.  obj.  of  negatum  est.  What  is  its  subj.  ?  — vindicatu¬ 
rus  :  §  499.  2  (293.  b.  2)  ;  B.  337.  4  ;  G.  438.  N. ;  H.  638.  3  (549.  3)  ; 
II-B.  607. 

1 1.  Rubiconem :  crossing  this  stream  at  the  head  of  an  army  was 
equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war,  inasmuch  as  it  was  the  boundary 
of  his  province. 

1 6.  lacta  alea  esto  :  let  the  die  be  cast. 

17.  Brundisium:  now  Brindisi,  and,  as  in  ancient  times,  the  most 
important  seaport  for  all  traffic  to  the  East. 

23.  diutius  :  too  long. 

26.  naviculam  :  ci.  ponticulum,  1.  15.  Note  the  force  of  the  suffix. 

30.  prius  .  .  .  quam  =  priusquatn,  to  be  translated  here,  as 

always,  with  the  last  clause.  The  separation  of  the  parts  of  a 
compound  word  is  called  tme'sis. 

Page  5.3.  3.  Pharsalico  proelio  :  on  this  and  events  immedi¬ 
ately  following  see  p.  47,  1.  12-22,  and  notes. 

4.  occisum  =  eum  occisum  esse. 

7.  Pontum:  v.  n.  p.  46,  1.  13.  — Mithridatis  :  v.  n.  p.  46,  1.  2. 

9.  quattuor :  limits  horis,  abi.  of  time  within  which ;  cf.  p.  5 1 , 1. 1 4. — ■ 
quibus  in  conspectum  venit :  from  the  time  that  he  had  come  in  sight. 


130 


NOTES. 


13.  ante  .  .  .  quam  =  sooner  than  ;  cf.  n.  p.  52,  1.  30. 

15.  Scipionem:  Metellus  Scipio,  Pompey’s  father-in-law. 

17.  devicit :  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  46  b.c. 

19.  excepit :  what  is  the  subject  ? 

21.  auxiliis  .  .  .  confluentibus:  abi.  abs. 

22.  sequentium:  sc.  eorum ,  limiting  auxiliis.  —  Sua  .  .  .  for¬ 
tuna  :  his  peculiar  good  fortune,  a  common  meaning  of  suits. 

24.  initum  :  sc.  est. 

25.  proelium  :  the  battle  of  Munda,  45  b.c.  —  dubio  Marte  :  abi. 
abs.  A/drte  is  here  put  by  metonymy  for  proelio. 

27.  servasset :  why  subj.  ? 

29.  proinde  viderent:  that  they  should  therefore  consider.  For 
viderent  cf.  vincerent,  p.  49,  1.  10.  —  quern  .  .  .  imperatorem  = 
what  kind  of  general.  —  loco:  why  no  prep.?  —  deserturi  essent: 
cons.  ? 

30.  magis  :  cf.  potius,  p.  32,  1.  9. 

Page  54.  2.  omnibus  :  cf.  dolori,  p.  18,  1.  19. 

6.  annum  :  v.  n.  on  duodecim  menses,  p.  5,  1.  24. 

11.  etiam  :  v.  n.  p.  28,  1.  17.  —  convictbs :  sc.  eds,  object  of  movit. 

12.  legem  .  .  .  sumptuariam  :  law  against  extravagance.  There 
were  many  such  laws  enacted,  the  first  of  any  importance  being  in 
215  b.c.  As  might  be  supposed,  they  all  failed  of  their  purpose. 

1 5.  ius  civile  :  Caesar’s  death  postponed  the  important  work  of 
making  a  digest  of  Roman  law  for  more  than  500  years. 

16.  optima  quaeque:  tr.  all  the  best.  §  313.  b  (93.  c) ;  B.  252.  5.  c; 
G.  318.  2;  H.  515.  2  (458.  1);  H-B.  278.  2.  b). 

19.  Pomptinas  paludes:  a  marshy  district  extending  southward 
along  the  coast  of  Latium  for  about  25  miles  and  of  varying  width. 
It  is  still  almost  entirely  waste  land,  although  millions  have  been 
spent  since  Caesar’s  time  in  efforts  to  reclaim  it. 

22.  Parthis  :  a  nomadic  people  living  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
They  were  very  warlike  and  formidable  in  war,  and  had  at  times 
inflicted  severe  defeats  upon  the  Roman  arms.  —  Armeniam:  v.  n. 
p.  46,  1.  19. 

23.  agentem  :  sc.  eum. 


NOTES. 


131 


29.  rdstris  :  the  speaker’s  stand  in  the  Forum,  so  called  because 
adorned  with  the  beaks  ( rostra )  of  captured  ships.  It  was  circular, 
raised  on  arches,  with  a  parapet  and  platform  at  the  top,  on  which  an 
elevated  stand  was  placed.  The  illus¬ 
tration  (fig.  27)  is  from  a  Roman  coin. 

Page  55.  IO.  is  :  sc.  respondit. 

14.  rogaturus:  cf.  vindicaturus , 
p.  52,  1.  9.  —  renuenti  :  sc.  ei ;  for 
cons.  v.  n.  p.  51,  1.  4.  —  ab  :  on. 

15.  togam:  v.  fig.  18.  —  claman¬ 
tem  :  sc.  eum . 

1 6.  adversum  :  in  front ,  an  adj . 
used  for  an  adv. 

r8.  adreptum  :  cf.  tr.  of  compre¬ 
hensum ,  p.  51,  1.  25.  —  graphio  :  usually  called  stilus  ;  v.  fig.  21. 

21.  confossus  est : 

“  Then  burst  his  mighty  heart ; 

And  in  his  mantle  muffling  up  his  face, 

Even  at  the  base  of  Pompey’s  statua, 

Which  all  the  while  ran  blood,  Great  Caesar  fell.” 

22.  quern  fill  loco  habebat :  tr.  whom  he  used  to  regard  as  a  son  ; 
v.  n.  on  inferebat ,  p.  6,  1.  8. 

25.  et:  correlative  with  et  in  1.  29. 

26.  Xenophontem  :  the  well-known  Athenian  general  and  his¬ 
torian  (400  B.C.),  author  of  many  works,  among  them  a  history  of 
Cyrus  the  Great.  —  ultima  valetudine  :  tr.  in  his  last  sickness. 

28.  subitam :  sc.  mortem. 

29.  pridie  quam:  §434  (262.  n.  i)  ;  G.  577.  n.  5;  H.  4S8.  n.  i 
(520.  n.  2). 

30.  quisnam  :  v.  n.  p.  14,  1.  10.  —  esset:  subj.  ind.  question. 

Page  56*.  3.  sua  morte  defunctus  est :  died  a  natural  death. 
—  alius  alio  casu  :  one  by  one  fate,  atiother  by  another ;  note  the 
idiom. 

7.  Quo  .  .  .  hoc  :  abl.  degree  of  difference  ;  tr.  the  .  .  .  the. 


132 


NOTES. 


8.  victdria :  for  cons.  cf.  morte,  1.  3,  and  imperio,  p.  2,  1.  24. 

9.  scrinia  :  a  circular  box  in  which  books,  letters,  papers,  etc., 
were  kept.  The  illustration  (fig.  2S)  is  from  a  Pompeian  painting. 

14.  quod  :  that,  introduces  a  substantive 
clause  in  apposition  with  laudem,  cf.  p.  51,  1.  21. 
For  the  mood  of  the  verb  v.  n.  on  perduxisset, 
p.  3,  1.  22. 

19.  cenae :  v.  n.  p.  31,  1.  5. 

Page  57  •  1.  Armorum  . . .  equitandi . . . 

labdris  :  cf.  cibi,  p.  23,  1.  19. 

2.  ultra  fidem  :  incredibly. 

3.  anteibat :  note  the  use  of  the  imperfect  tense  here  and  in  the 
following  clauses. —  seu  .  .  .  seu  :  v.  n.  p.  13,  1.  15. 


XXIII.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 

Read  Plutarch’s  Life  of  Cicero  ;  A.  J.  Church’s  Two  Thousand  Years 
Ago,  and  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero  ;  Forsyth’s  Life  of  Cicero ; 
Fausset’s  Cicero;  Beesly’s  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius,  first  part;  H.  W. 
Herbert’s  The  Roman  Traitor. 

8.  equestri  genere :  ranking  next  to  the  senators,  the  moneyed 
aristocracy,  v.  n.  on  e  quitum,  p.  4,  1.  19.  For  cons.  cf.  familid,  p.  48, 
I.21. — Arpini:  the  locative  case. 

11.  cogndmen:  v.  n.  on  nomine,  p.  51,  1.  11. 

1 5.  ubi  =  ut  ubi,  hence  the  subj. 

21 .  scholas  :  §  388.  b  (237.  d) ;  B.  175.  2.  a).  2) ;  G.  331  ;  II.  406 
(372) ;  H-B.  391.  2 

Page  58,  1.  sectaretur:  intensive  form  of  sequor;  v.  n.  on 

vocitabant,  p.  34,  1.  12. 

4.  Roscium  :  obj.  of  defendere.  —  parricidi :  §  352  (220)  ;  B.  208  ; 
G.  378  ;  H.  456  (409.  II)  ;  H-B.  342,  343. 

5.  Chrysogoni :  depends  on  potentiam. 


NOTES. 


133 


8.  nullus :  used  substantively.  The  defence  of  Roscius  was, 
under  the  circumstances,  an  act  of  great  courage  that  reflects  high 
credit  upon  the  youthful  advocate. 

ii.  Rhodum  :  v.  n.  p.  48,  1.  5. 

13.  QuI  cum  :  v.  n.  p.  5,  1.  5. 

15.  laude:  for  cons.  cf.  liberis,  p.  8,  1.  13. — privaretur:  why 
subj.? 

16.  quaestor:  v.  n.  p.  50,  1.  1. 

17.  magna:  note  emphatic  position. 

19.  cdgeret:  §  535.  e  (320.  e ) ;  B.  286.  2  ;  G.  626.  R. ;  H.  592  (517) ; 
H-B.  523. 

22.  praetori:  the  praetors  were  the  judges  of  Rome.  After  their 
year  of  office,  they  were  sent  out  to  the  provinces  as  propraetors  or 
governors. 

Page  of).  1.  neutra — «utilis:  maimed  in  both  hands  and  both 
feet. - que :  connects  utilis  and  debilis. 

2.  miles  erat :  he  continued  to  serve  as  a  soldier.  —  Hannibale : 
the  hero  of  the  second  Punic  war  (218-202).  Note  the  absence  of 
connectives  in  this  passage  and  cf.  p.  47,  1.  17-20,  and  note. 

3.  eius :  to  whom  does  it  refer  ? 

4.  nullo  non  die  :  every  day. 

5.  sinistra  —  suffossis  :  he  engaged  in  combat  four  times  with  only 
his  left  hand ,  and  two  horses  were  stabbed  from  below  while  he  was 
mounted  on  them. 

8.  duodena:  §  137.  b  (95.  b)\  B.  81.  4.  b)\  G.  97.  r.  3;  H.  164.3 
(174.  2.  3));  H-B.  247. 

9.  victdres  :  pred.  nom.  after  fuere,  of  which  Ceteri  is  the  subj. 

10.  etiam:  v.  n.  p.  28,  1.  17. 

14.  dominandi:  v.  n.  on  audaciae ,  p.  10,  1.  ir. 

16.  senatum  confodere,  etc.  :  note  the  asyndeton. 

18.  Actum  erat:  tr.  it  would  -have  been  all  over  with;  for  the 
mood  v.  §  517.  b  (308.  b.  R.) ;  B.  304.  3;  G.  597.  2;  H.  581.  1 
(51 1.  1) ;  H-B.  581.  e. 

19.  in  Ciceronem  —  incidisset:  had  happened  when  Cicero  and 
Antonius  were  consuls. 


134 


NOTES. 


24.  inlaturus:  cf.  vindicaturus ,  p.  52,  1.  9. 

26.  carcere :  v.  fig.  4  and  note. 

28.  nitentem :  this  and  the  following  participles  afford  a  good 
illustration  of  the  various  relations  that  may  be  expressed  by  them ; 
nitentem  should  be  translated  by  a  concessive  clause,  secutum  and 
ruentem  by  causal  clauses,  and  retractum  by  a  principal  clause  coor¬ 
dinate  with  adfecit. 

30.  supplicio  mortis  adfecit :  punished  with  death.  The  Roman 
father  had  absolute  power  over  his  children,  even  to  killing  them.  — 
se  :  subj.  of  genuisse. 

Page  GO.  1.  ilium:  i.e. f ilium. 

5.  Quam  atrociter  dimicatum  sit:  tr.  how  desperate  the  conflict 
was ;  v.  n  on  pugnatum  est ,  p.  7,  1.  14. 

6.  quem :  an  emphatic  relative  clause  sometimes  stands  first,  and 
often  contains  the  antecedent  noun.  So  here,  the  relative  comes 
first,  the  antecedent  noun  is  locum ,  which  has  been  taken  into  the  rela¬ 
tive  clause  and  is  repeated  by  eum  ;  tr.  in  the  order  /oc7(m  quem ,  etc. 

9.  pulcherrima  morte:  how  may  this  abl.  abs.  be  expanded? 

20.  quae  :  sc.  ea. 

23.  factu:  cf.  Leve  dictu ,  p.  35,  1.  21. 

24.  Paucis  post  annis:  §  424./ (259.  d) ;  13.  357.  1  ;  G.  403.  4; 
II.  488.  1  (430);  H-B.  424.  —  diem  dixit:  tr.  made  an  accusation 
against ,  followed  by  the  dat.  of  the  person  accused.  —  Clodius  :  the 
notorious  enemy  of  Cicero  and  one  of  the  most  profligate  characters 
of  a  profligate  age. 

27.  veste  mutata  =  in  mourning. 

29.  sua  causa:  with  causa  the  poss.  adj.  is  regularly  used  instead 
of  the  gen.  of  the  personal  pronoun.  —  Proficiscentem:  sc.  eum. 

Page  Gl.  1.  Marco  Tullio  —  interdiceretur:  to  interdict  fire 

and  water  was  a  formula  that  was  used  in  pronouncing  a  decree  of 
banishment  upon  a  citizen. 

6.  itinere  depends  on  iucundius. 

7.  Obviam  —  itum  est:  tr.  as  if  we  had  Obviam  ei  redeunti  uni¬ 
versi  ierunt.  The  impersonal  construction  emphasizes  the  verb;  the 


NOTES. 


135 


personal,  the  subj.  On  the  use  of  obviatu  see  notes  p.  38,  1.  17,  and 
p.  26,  1.  I. 

16.  veniam:  in  spite  of  this  pardon,  Cicero  continued  to  regard 
Caesar  as  an  enemy  to  his  country,  and  he  greatly  rejoiced  at 
Caesar’s  death. 

17.  Octavianum:  afterwards  known  as  the  emperor  Augustus 
Caesar. 

18.  Antonium:  the  famous  triumvir  who  divided  the  world  with 
Octavianus  and  Lepidus,  and  whose  life  was  ruined  by  Cleopatra, 
the  “  serpent  of  the  Nile.” 

24.  transiturus:  cf.  vindicaturus ,  p.  52,  1.  9. 

25.  provectum:  sc.  eum  obj.  of  rettulissent. 

30.  ipsum :  but  that  he. 

Page  02,  1.  lecticam’:  v.  fig.  14  and  note.  —  quietos:  sc.  e os 
subj.  of  pati  and  referring  back  to  servos ,  tr.  as  an  adv.  —  quod: 
sc.  id. 

2.  Prominenti:  sc.  ei  dat.  of  the  person  after praecistwi  est ;  so, 
too,  with  praebenti. 

5.  rostris:  v.  fig.  27  and  note. 

8.  plus  operae  ponebat:  he  gave  more  of  his  attention. 

20.  brevi  tempore:  cf.  novem  annis,  p.  51,  1.  14. 

30.  se:  subj.  of  esse  understood.  —  dictitabat:  cf.  vocitdbatit, 
p.  34,  1.  12. 


Page  03,  2.  audio  =  I  have  heard.  §  466  (276.  a) ;  B.  259.  4  ; 
G.  230;  H.  533  (467.  2) ;  H-B.  485.  —  altero  —  ultima  :  upon  the  death 
of  the  other  consul  on  the  last  day  of  December.  The  new  consuls 
would  enter  office  the  following  day. 

4.  hora  septima:  i.e.  about  1  p.m.  The  Romans  numbered  the 
hours  of  the  day  consecutively  from  sunrise  till  sunset,  when  the 
official  day  closed.  The  night  was  divided  into  four  watches  of 
three  hours  each. 

5.  salutatum:  cf. pastum,  p.  35,  1.  4. 

6.  abeat:  v.  n.  p.  9,  1.  21. 

9.  viderit:  subjunctive  of  cause,  or  of  characteristic. 


136 


NOTES. 


XXIV.  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus 

Read  Church’s  Pictures  from  Roman  Life  and  Story,  Chaps.  I-IV ; 
Plutarch’s  Life  of  Antony. 

ii.  quartum  annum  agens:  cf.  n.  p.  48,  1.  22. 

13.  Apolloniam:  a  city  in  Illyria  famed  for  its  learning  and 
commerce. 

15.  heredemque  se:  and  that  he  was  his  heir. 

17.  Bruto:  D.  Junius  Brutus  Albinus,  one  of  the  conspirators 
against  Julius  Caesar,  but  not  to  be  confused  with  Marcus  Brutus 
(v.  P-  55»  !•  22)-  At  this  time  (43  b.c.)  he  was  fighting  -with  Antony 
for  the  possession  of  Cisalpine  Gaul.  Octavianus  was  appointed  by 
the  senate  to  assist  Brutus  in  crushing  Antony. 

23.  Quin:  v.  n.  p.  24,  1.  18. — Columbis:  a  dat.  wrhere  our  idiom 
would  lead  us  to  expect  a  gen.  modifying  collum. 

JPage  64.  1.  altissima:  the  tops ,  cf.  n.  p.  10,  1.  24. 

3.  utique:  adv. 

9.  aquiliferd:  v.  fig.  12.  —  legionis:  v.  n.  p.  22,  1.  7.  —  aquilam: 
v.  fig.  6.  —  umeris  subisse:  to  have  taken  upon  his  shoulders. 

10.  Postea:  v.  n.  p.  29,  1.  27. 

13.  qui:  sc.  eos  as  antecedent. 

15.  capulum:  the  hilt  of  a  sword  was  made  of  wood, 
bone,  ivory,  silver,  or  gold,  and  was  sometimes  inlaid  with 
precious  stones.  The  illustration  (fig.  29)  is  from  an  original 
found  at  Pompeii. 

20.  triumviri :  known  as  the  Second  Triumvirate,  43  b.c. 
They  took  the  title  Triumviri  Rei  Publicae  Constituendae. 

22.  quisque:  cf.  p.  24,  1.  6,  and  see  note.  —  quae:  v.  n. 
on  quibus ,  p.  3,  1.  24. 

23.  Sullana :  sc.  proscriptione.  This  was  in  82  B.c., 
when  many  thousands  were  slain  ;  v.  n.  on  Sullae ,  p.  43, 
1.  12.  —  autem:  v.  n.  p.  10,  1.  9. 

24.  multa :  mark  its  separation  from  exempla. 

27.  quibus  —  posset :  a  rel.  cl.  of  result. 

29.  quidam:  v.  n.  p.  12,  1.  9;  also  p.  29,  1.  4. 

30.  clientem  :  v.  n.  p.  iS,  1.  1. 


Fig.  29 


NOTES. 


137 


Page  65.  i.  occidendum  eum  .  .  .  obiecit:  cf.  p.  43,  1.  1, 
and  note. 

5.  torti :  this  was  the  regular  way  in  which  testimony  was  pro¬ 
cured  from  slaves. 

11.  anuld:  v.  fig.  19,  p.  116,  and  note. 

13.  Quanti  viri  est :  of  how  great  a  7nan  is  it  a  mark. 

16.  M.  Brutum:  v.  p.  55,  1.  2  and  22. 

20.  quemque:  cf.  optima  quaeqtie,  p.  54,  1.  16. 

23.  Alios:  obj.  of  iussisse  and  subj.  of  sortiri. 

24.  fertur  =  dicitur  =  he  is  said.  —  ut  —  concederetur  gives  the 
purpose  of  sortiri. 

25.  ac  connects  iussisse  and  spectasse.  —  cum  :  with  occubuisset. 

28.  occurrebat :  sc.  eis.  —  quidam  :  cf.  previous  page,  line  29. 

29.  divo  Iulio  :  the  Romans  deified  their  good  emperors  after 
death.  Augustus  was  worshipped  even  before  death. 

Page  66.  1.  Antdnio :  v.  n.  p.  61,  1.  18. 

4.  centiens  sestertium  =  centiens  centena  milia  sestertium,  about 
$4/0,000  ;  v.  n.  p.  50,  1.  24. 

5.  dixerat:  the  subj.  is  Cleopatra. 

8.  inridenti :  who  joked  her.  —  pr5miss5  stare :  tr.  to  keep  her 
promise.  How  literally  ? 

12.  quidnam  :  v.  n.  p.  14,  1.  10. 

14.  Victum  :  sc.  esse. 

16.  Actium  :  one  of  the  great  naval  battles  of  history,  31  b.c. 

18.  persecutus:  sc.  eum  as  object. 

21.  ipse  :  §  298./  (195.  1)  ;  B.  249.  2  ;  G.  31 1.  2  ;  H.  509.  1  (452.  1) ; 
H-B.  268. 

24.  aspidem  sibi  adferendam  curavit  :  cf.  occidendum  eum  .  .  . 
obiecit,  p.  65,  1.  I. 

Page  67 •  2.  Iani :  v.  n.  p.  5,  1.  25. 

3.  tantum  :  an  adv. 

6.  laetitia  :  §410  (249) ;  B.  218. 1;  G.407 ;  II.  477  (421. 1) ;  H-B.  429. 

9.  Sextilis :  the  month  of  August,  which  had  the  name  Sex¬ 
tilis,  or  sixth,  because  the  old  Roman  year  began  with  March. 


138 


NOTES. 


Cf.  September  {septeni),  the  seventh  month  ;  October  {octo),  the 
eighth,  etc. 

11.  Patris  :  appositional  gen. 

12.  respondit :  sc.  eis  with  Deferentibus. 

13.  Compos —  meorum  :  should  I  gain  my  heart's  desire. 

15.  precer  :  rel.  cl.  of  characteristic.  —  quam  ut  .  .  .  liceat :  §  535- 
c  (320.  c) ;  B.  284.  4 ;  G.  298 ;  H.  570.  1  (503.  II.  3) ;  H-B.  521.  2.  c. 

19.  Immo  :  used  to  correct  and  strengthen  a  preceding  statement 
=:  nay  even. 

20.  non  semel  =  not  once  merely.  Litotes. 

22.  commissum  iri:  the  fut.  pass.  inf.  is  quite  rare  in  the  best 
Latin  ;  instead  of  it  we  find  fore  {futiirum  esse)  ut  with  the  pres,  or 
imp.  subj.  To  illustrate  by  this  sentence  we  should  have:  fore  ut 
res  publica  plurium  arbitrio  committatur. 

23.  quem  .  .  .  status :  §  354.  b  (221.  b) ;  B.  209 ;  G.  377  ;  H.  457 
(409.  III) ;  H-B.  352.  1. 

29.  patriae:  §349.  b  (21 8.  £) ;  B.  204.  1.  a  ;  G.  375;  H.  451.3 

(399) :  H-B.  354. 

30.  Pedibus  :  on  foot. 

Page  08.  3.  ut  sibi  adesset :  to  defend  him. 

13.  viginti  milibus  nummorum  =  20,000  sesterces.  A  sestertius 
{nummus)  was  worth  about  4.1  cents.  What  did  he  pay  ? 

15.  quern  :  tr.  as  if  et  ;  ogdvit  ut  eum  (i.e.  corvum)  adferre  cogere¬ 
tur,  and  see  n.  on  quod,  p.  8,  1.  18. 

24.  periit:  §  317.  b  (205.  b)  ;  B.  255.  3;  G.  21 1.  r.  1 ;  H.  392.  4 
(463.  3);  H-B.  331.  3. 

30.  quanti :  §  41 7  (252-  a)  5  B-  2°3-  4  J  G.  380.  2  ;  H.  448.  4  (405) ; 
H-B.  356. 

Page  (if).  1.  Graeculus  quidam  =  an  insignificant  Greek.  Note 
the  force  of  the  diminutive  ending  -cuius  here.  —  palatio  :  this 
word,  originally  the  name  of  the  Palatine  hill,  was  transferred  to  the 
palace  of  Augustus  which  was  built  there. 

4.  breve  :  with  epigramma. 

6.  laudare  mirarique  :  historical  infinitives. 


NOTES. 


139 


12.  satis  grandem  pecuniae  summam  :  a  good  round  sum. 

17.  apud  Pollionem :  v.  n.  on  apud ,  p.  14,  1.  20. 

20.  piscina :  the  cultivation  of  fish  was  a  favorite  pursuit  of  the  rich. 

22.  quam  ut  .  .  .  periret :  cf.  quam  ut .  .  .  liceat ,  p.  67,  1.  15. 

29.  aucupi :  note  the  etymology.  — noctuam  prehendendam  cura¬ 
vit  :  cf.  p.  66,  1.  24. 

Page  70.  1.  mille  nummos  =  mille  sestertios,  cf.  n.  p.  68,  1. 13. 

8.  et :  but. 

9.  familiarem  habuit :  he  was  on  intimate  terms  with.  Cf.  p.  69, 
1.  16  and  17. 

10.  ea:  with  gratia. 

12.  quibus  posset :  sc.  prodesse.  —  nemini  :  cons.  ? 

17.  in  tabella :  v.  fig.  21,  and  note  on  tabulae,  p.  39,  1.  4. 

1 8.  Qua  lecta  :  after  reading  this. 

19.  quisquam:  §  31 1  (202.  b) ;  B.  252.  4;  G.  317;  H.  513  (457); 
H-B.  276.  7. 

Page  71.  9-  si  —  vertisset:  v.  n.  on  perduxisset ,  p.  3,  1.  22. 

10.  consternatum  =  eum  consternatum  esse. 

11.  barba  capilldque  submisso:  v.  n.  on  barbam — submisit , 
p.  38,  1.  22. 

15.  adflicta  valetudine:  in  poor  health.  How  do  you  say,  in 
his  last  illness  ?  v.  p.  55,  1.  26. 

17.  speculo  :  Roman  mirrors  w7ere  made  of  burnished  metal. 

20.  Edite  —  applaudite  :  referring  to  the  words  spoken  by  one  of 
the  actors  to  mark  the  end  of  a  play. 

21.  sextum  —  agens  :  cf.  p.  48,  1.  22,  for  idiom. 

The  highest  claim  that  the  great  Augustus  has  upon  the  grateful 
memory  of  all  posterity  has  scarcely  been  mentioned  by  our  author. 
It  is  his  patronage  of  literature  and  literary  men.  Himself  a  tireless 
student  and  keen  critic,  he  surrounded  himself  with  all  that  was  best 
and  brightest  in  the  wrorld  of  learning.  The  Augustan  Age  is  the 
golden  age  of  Latin  literature.  It  gave  to  the  world  Vergil,  Ovid, 
Tibullus,  Horace,  and  many  others  whose  inspired  words  pay 


140 


NOTES. 


immortal  homage  to  the  virtues  of  their  distinguished  emperor  and 
noble  benefactor. 

“  Who  fears  the  Parthian  or  the  Scythian  horde, 

Or  the  rank  growth  that  German  forests  yield, 

While  Caesar  lives  ?  Who  trembles  at  the  sword 
The  fierce  Iberians  wield  ? 

Ah !  be  it  thine  long  holy  days  to  give 
To  thy  Hesperia !  thus,  dear  chief,  we  pray 
At  sober  sunrise;  thus  at  mellow  eve, 

When  ocean  hides  the  day.” 

Hor.,  Od.  iv.  5  ;  Cournglon’s  Translation. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  STUDENTS.1 


1.  In  translating  these  exercises  do  not  use  an  English-Latin 
dictionary.  None  is  needed  ;  none  will  give  the  words  required. 

2.  Depend,  upon  the  text  and  the  notes  for  idioms  and 
vocabulary. 

3.  Translate  ideas ,  not  words. 

4.  Do  not  render  English  words  by  Latin  words  from  which 
they  may  be  derived  unless  you  are  very  sure  of  your  ground  ; 
honest  is  not  honestus,  nor  secure  securus. 

5.  Avoid  the  repetition  of  proper  names  as  much  as  possible. 
When  necessary  refer  to  them  by  pronouns. 

6.  Try  to  keep  the  same  subject  throughout  a  sentence. 

7.  English  prefers  coordinate  sentences  loosely  joined,  Latin 
the  periodic  structure.  (A.  345,  Structure  of  the  Period,  N., 
346;  H.  573.) 

8.  Particular  care  is  necessary  in  the  use  of  conjunctions  and 
pronouns. 

9.  In  translating  such  an  expression  as  'the  man  I  sent,’  do 
not  omit  the  relative  which  is  understood  in  English,  but  write 
' vir  quem  misi' 

10.  If  the  relation  between  two  nouns  connected  by  a  prepo¬ 
sition  cannot  be  expressed  in  Latin  by  the  genitive,  use  a 

1  Teachers  will  find  much  that  is  valuable  in  Abbott’s  Latin  Prose 
through  English  Idiom,  in  Miller’s  Latin  Prose  Composition,  and  in  Preble 
and  Parker’s  Latin  Writing,  whence  some  of  these  suggestions  were 
drawn. 


142 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  STUDENTS. 


relative  clause  :  eg.  '  the  love  for  fatherland  ’  =  amor  patriae , 
'the  road  to  Gaul’  =  via  quae  in  Galliam  diicit. 

11.  Remember  that  Latin  has  no  perfect  active  participle, 
excepting  in  the  case  of  deponent  verbs. 

12.  The  present  participle  is  rarely  used  as  an  attributive 
adjective,  eg.  'the  running  boy,’  is  not  currens  puer,  but  puer 
qui  currit. 

13.  Finally,  remember  that  only  by  a  careful  preliminary 
study  of  the  text  can  you  translate  the  exercises  readily, 
confidently,  and  accurately. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


I.  Romani  imperi  exordium. 

I.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Word-Order,  General  Principles.  —  §  595-597.  a  (343,  344.  R.  a)  ; 
B.  348,  349;  G.  671-674;  H.  663-670  (559-564);  H-B.  621-623. 

1.  Proca,  king  of  the  Albans,  had  two  sons.  2.  He  left  the 
kingdom  to  Numitor,  who  was  the  older.  3.  But  Amulius,  the 
other1  son,  expelled  Numitor  from  the  kingdom.  4.  Rhea 
Silvia,  Numitor’s  daughter,  was  a  priestess  of  Vesta.  5.  She 
was  the  mother  of  Romulus  and  Remus.  6.  Amulius,  the  king, 
put  her  in  prison.  7.  The  little  children  he  put  into  a  trough. 
8.  Then2  he  threw  them  into  the  Tiber. 

Notes:  —  1.  alter.  2.  deinde. 

2.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Word-Order ,  Special  Rules.  —  §  598  (344).  a.  I,  2;  b,  c,  g,  j,  k ; 
599.  a-f  (345.  a-e);  B.  350.  1-10;  G.  675-681;  H.  671-680  (565- 
569);  H-B.  624,  625.  1— hi. 

i.  The  Tiber  had  overflowed  its  banks.  2.  The  water  flowed 
back,  and  left  them  on  dry  land.  3.  There  were  then  wolves 
in  those  places.  4.  A  wolf  heard  the  wailing  of  the  children, 
5.  and  played  the  part1  of  mother2  to  them.  6.  Faustulus, 
the  shepherd,  carried  the  twins  to  his  cottage.  7.  He  gave 
them  to  his  wife  to  be  brought  up. 

Notes  :  —  1.  ‘to  play  the  part  of,’  se  gerere.  2.  ‘of  mother,’  see 
text. 


x43 


144 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


3.  For  Written  Translation. 

i.  The  boys  grew  up  among  the  shepherds.  2.  They  used 
to  hunt,1  and  often  kept  robbers  from  stealing  the  flocks. 
3.  One  day 2  Remus  was  captured  by  the  robbers,  and  then 
Faustulus  told  Romulus  who  their  grandfather  was.3  4.  When 
Romulus  heard  this,4  he  armed  the  shepherds,  and  5  hastened 
to  Alba.  5.  Meanwhile  Remus  had  been  brought  before  the 
king  by  the  robbers  who  had  captured  him.  6.  The  king 
almost 6  recognized  him,  for  Remus  looked  very  much  like7 
his  mother.  7.  Suddenly  Romulus  appeared  on  the  scene.8 
8.  Amulius  was  killed,  and  Numitor  was  restored  to  the  throne. 

Notes: — 1.  Imperfect  ind.  2.  quondam.  3.  esset.  4.  Lat. ‘this 
having  been  heard.’  5.  Omit.  6.  haud  procul  erat  quin.  7.  I.e. 
was  very  similar  to.  8.  supervenid. 

4.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Rules  for  Agreement.  —  §  280  (1S1,  182);  G.  210,  21 1.  R.  1;  H-B. 
3 1 6-3 1 8. 

Noun  in  Apposition  or  as  Predicate.  —  §  281-284  (183-185); 
B.  167-169;  G.  320-325,  386.  R.  1  ;  41 1.  R.  3;  H.  393  (362-364); 
H-B.  319.  1,  11. 

1.  At  Alba,  a  small  city,  Numitor  was  king.  2.  Romulus 
and  Remus,  twin  brothers,  founded  the  city  of  Rome.1  3.  We 
all  know  about  their'2  quarrel.  4.  Finally3  Romulus  called  the 
city  Rome  from  his  own  name.4  5.  There  were  walls  around 
the  new  city.  6.  Remus  jumped  over  them  in  derision. 
7.  Romulus  killed  his  brother  Remus.  8.  Romulus  thus 
became5  king  alone. 

Notes: — 1.  Lat.  ‘  the  city  Rome.’  2.  edrum.  3.  tandem.  4.  de 
suo  ipsius  ndmine.  Cons,  of  ipsius  ?  5.  erat. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


145 


II.  Romulus  Romanorum  rex  primus. 

5.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Rules  for  Agreement  (continued). 

Adjective  with  its  Noun.  —  §  285-287  (186,  187);  B.  234,  235; 
G.  211,  285,  286;  H.  394,  395  (438,  439);  H-B.  320-321,  323. 

i.  Romulus,  when1  king  of  the  Romans,  prepared  games. 

2.  Many  assembled  with  their  wives  and  children,  especially  the 
Sabines.  3.  The  Roman  youth,  at  a  given  signal,  carried  off  the 
maidens.  4.  This  was  straightway  a  cause  for  war.  5.  When 
they  approached  Rome,  they  met2  the  maid  Tarpeia.  6.  Titus 
Tatius  was  leader  of  the  Sabines.  7.  Tarpeia  and  her  father 
were  Romans.  8.  Tarpeia  asked  for  the  golden3  rings  and  brace¬ 
lets.  9.  For  the  rings  and  bracelets  of  the  Sabines  were  golden. 

Notes:  —  1.  Omit.  2.  nanciscor.  3.  aureus, -a, -um. 

6.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  Romulus  and  Remus,  brothers,  and  sons  of  Numitor,  built 
a  small  city  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  in  the  same  place  where 
they  had  been  exposed  and  had  been  found  by  Faustulus,  the 
king’s1  herdsman.  2-.  After2  Romulus  had  surrounded  the 
new  city  with  a  wall,  an  amazing  number  of  robbers  and  shep¬ 
herds  flocked  3  thither  from  every  side  ; 4  but  women  were  lack¬ 
ing,  and  the  neighboring  peoples  refused  marriage  relations.5 

3.  Romulus, concealing  his  vexation,  gave6  orders  that  the  neigh¬ 
bors  be  invited  to  games.  4.  Many  men,  women,  and  children 
assembled.  5.  When  7  eyes  and  ears  are  intent  upon8  the  spec¬ 
tacle,  the  Roman  youths  rush  in  and  carry  off  the  maidens. 

Notes  :  —  1.  Use  an  adj.  2.  postquam  with  the  perf.  ind.  3.  con¬ 
fugio.  4.  ‘  from  every  side,’  undique.  5.  ‘  marriage  relations,’ 
express  by  one  word.  6.  ‘  gave  orders,  etc.,’  Lat.  id.  ‘  ordered  games 
to  be  announced  to  the  neighbors.’  7.  See  notes  p.  1,  1.  13. 
8.  ‘intent  upon,’  intentus  with  the  dat.  or  with  ad  and  acc. 


146 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


III.  Numa  Pompilius,  Romanorum  rex  secundus. 

7.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Rules  for  Agreement  (continued). 

Relative  with  its  Antecedent.  —  §  305-306  (198,  199);  B.  250; 
G.  614;  H.  396-399  (445);  H-B.  281.  a;  322,  284.  2,  3,  4. 

i.  The  king  that  succeeded  Romulus  was  Numa.  2.  He 
was  summoned  from  Cures,  which1  is  a  Sabine  town.  3.  By  him 
many  sacred  rites  were  instituted,  which  tamed  the  wild  people. 
4.  He  consecrated  the  fire  and  the  altar  which  are  sacred  to 
Vesta.  5.  The  shield  which  fell  from  heaven,  Numa  called 
ancile.  6.  Mamurius  was  the  smith  who  made  eleven  shields 
of  the  same  shape.  7.  Numa  chose  twelve  priests  to  take  care 
of 2  the  ancilia. 

Notes: — 1.  What  peculiarity  of  agreement  may  be  illustrated 
here  ?  2.  Lat.  ‘  who  should  guard.’ 

8.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Rules  for  Agree7nent  (continued). 

Verb  with  its  Subject.  —  §  316  (204)  ;  B.  254;  G.  21 1  ;  H.  388,  390, 
391  (460,  462);  H-B.  328,  329,  331.  1;  332. 

i.  Both  Romulus  and  Numa  were  of  advantage  to  the  state.1 

2.  You,  Numa,  and  Egeria  proposed2  many  useful  laws. 

3.  Before  Numa,  neither  law  nor  the  fear  of  punishment 
restrained  the  citizens.  4.  The  senate  believed  that  Numa 
was  taught  by  Jove.  5.  Egeria  is  the  goddess  who  had  con¬ 
versations  with  the  king  by  night.  6.  She  increased  his3 
authority  by  her  advice.  7.  Numa  was  buried  on  Mount 
Janiculum.  8.  Romulus  reigned  thirty-seven  years,  Numa 
forty-three. 

Notes  : —  1.  See  p.  6,  1.  12.  2.  fero.  3.  Not  a  form  of  suus. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


147 


9.  For  Written  Translation. 

i.  Numa,  summoned  from  Cures,  a  Sabine  town,  was  a  man 
renowned  for  justice 1  and  piety.  2.  He  taught  the  Romans 
many  sacred  rites,  and  once  Jupiter  himself  is  said  to  have 
come  down,  and  to  have  promised  Numa  that  he  would  give 
the  Roman  people  a  sure  pledge  of  imperial  power.2  3.  On  the 
next  day,  at  sunrise,3  a  shield  fell  down  from  the  riven  sky. 
4.  Numa,  taking  this4  to  Mamurius  the  smith,  said  to  him,  “  I, 
who  am  your  king,  order  you  to  make  eleven  shields  of  the 
same  shape  as  this.”5  5.  When  the  shields  were  finished, 
neither  Mamurius  nor  Numa  could  distinguish6  the  real  from 
the  false. 

Notes  :  —  1.  Lat.  ‘  of  renowned  justice,  etc.’  2.  ‘  imperial  power,’ 
one  word.  3.  Abl.  abs.  4.  See  n.  on  Quibus,  p.  3, 1.  24.  5.  Omit 

*  as  this.’  6.  discerno,  —  ere,  —  crevi,  —  cretus.  Lat.  id.  discernere 
verum  et  falsa. 

IV.  Tullus  Hostilius,  Romanorum  rex  tertius. 

10.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Clauses.  —  §  438.  a;  480(265.  a. 
1,2,3;  283);  B-  272;  H.  551,  552,  558,559  (483-486);  H-B.462.  A. 

Hortatory.  —  §  439,  450  (3)  (266.  R.  b) ;  B.  273-276 ;  G.  263-264  ; 
H.  559.  1,  2  (483.  3;  484-  n,  IV);  H-B.  500,  501.  2,  3. 

i.  Let  Tullus  Hostilius  be  elected  king.  2.  Let  the  fate1  of 
each  people  be  decided  by  the  contest  of  a  few.  3.  Let  a 
treaty  be  made  on  this  condition.  4.  Let  the  youths  fight, 
three  on  a  side.2  5.  Do  not  shout3  for  joy,  Albans  ;  all  hope 
has  not  deserted  the  Romans.  6.  Granted4  that  three  Albans 
are  wounded,5  two  Romans  have  already  fallen. 

Notes: — 1.  Use  plural.  2.  Lat.  ‘  by  threes.’  3.  What  tense  in 
Lat.  ?  4.  Hortative  subj.  expressing  concession.  5.  Perf.  subj. 


148 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


11.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Clauses  (continued). 

Optative.  —  §  441,  442  (267.  a ,  b) ;  B.  279;  G.  260,  261;  H.  558. 
1,  2  (483.  I,  2,  3;  484.  I);  H-B.  510,  51 1.  1. 

i.  Would  that  the  two  Romans  had  not  fallen.  2.  I  wish 
that1  the  three  Curiatii  were  not  surrounding  Horatius  alone. 

3.  Though  2  Horatius  is  untouched,  he  is  not  equal  to  three. 

4.  May  he  take  to  flight,  that3  he  may  separate  his  foes. 

5.  May  Horatius  conquer.  6.  Let  his  enemies  be  slain. 
7.  Would  that  the  sister  of  Horatius  had  received  him  with 

j°y- 

Notes:  —  1.  ‘  I  wish  that,’  utinam.  2.  Express  by  the  hortative 
subj.  3.  A  purpose  clause. 

12.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  When,  in  the  reign  of  Tullus,1  war  had  arisen  between 
the  Romans  and  the  Albans,  the  leaders  said,  “  Let  us  not  all 
fight,  but  let  the  fate  2  of  each  people  be  decided  by  the  con¬ 
test3  of  a  few;  and  where 4  victory  shall  rest,5  there  let  the 
supreme  power  be.”  2.  The  three  Horatii  and  the  three 
Curiatii  fought  together  on  that  condition.  3.  Already  two 
Romans  had  been  killed,  and  the  three  Curiatii  had  been 
wounded,  when  a  man6  called  out  :  “  Do  not  let  the  Curiatii 
surround  you,  Horatius.7  Take  flight,  and  let  the  enemy  be 
separated,  in  order  that  you  may  kill  them  one  at  a  time.”8 
4.  In  this  way  he  conquered.  5.  After  his  victory,  the  Romans 
received  Horatius  with  joy  and  congratulations;9  but  great 
horror  moved  the  Albans  as  they  said,10  “Ob,  that  the  brave 
Curiatii11  were  still  living  !”  , 

Notes: — 1.  Lat.  ‘  Tullus  reigning.’  2.  Use  plural.  3.  Means  or 
agent?  4.  Lat. ‘whence.’  5.  Omit  ‘shall  rest.’  6.  quidam,  v.  p.  12, 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


149 


1.9.  7.  Where  should  the  vocative  stand  ?  8.  singuli.  9.  See  text. 

10.  cum  dicerent.  11.  ‘the  brave  Curiatii,’  Lat.  id.  ‘the  Curiatii, 
the  brave  heroes  ( viri ).’ 

V.  Ancus  Marcius,  Romanorum  rex  quartus. 

13.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Independent  Clauses  (continued). 

Deliberative.  —  §  444  (268);  B.  277;  G.  465,  466;  H.  559.  4 
(484.  V);  H-B.  503,  513.  1. 

Potential. —  §  446,  447.  I,  2,  3  (31 1.  I,  Ii) ;  B.  280;  G.  257-259; 
H.  552-557  (485,  486);  H-B.  516,  517.  1  ;  518,  519.  I.  a ,  b. 

i.  Shall  the  Romans  elect  Ancus  king?  2.  Why  should 
he  send  ambassadors  to  the  Latins?  3.  What  restitution1  can 
the  ambassador  demand?  4.  You  might  send  the  ambassa¬ 
dor  in  the  following2  manner.  5.  When  he  has  come  to  the 
enemies’ country  he  would  say,3  6.  “  Hear  me,4  Jupiter.  7.  I 
am  a  messenger  of  the  Roman  people.  8.  Let  there  be  faith5 
in  my  words.”  9.  What  should  the  ambassador  who  is  sent 
on  this  business  6  be  called?  10.  I  am  inclined  to  think7  that 
Ancus  died  a  premature  death. 

Notes: — 1.  ‘to  demand  restitution,’  res  repetere.  2.  Use  a 
form  of  hie.  3.  dicat.  4.  Omit.  5.  Lat.  id.  ‘  faith  to.’  6.  res. 
7.  Potential  subj.  in  a  modest  assertion. 

VII.  Servius  Tullius,  Romanorum  rex  sextus. 

14.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Conditional  Sentences.  —  §  512,  513,  514  (304);  B.  301  ;  G.  589, 
590;  H.  572,  573  (506,  507);  H-B.  573-577- 

Simple  Conditions.  —  §  515.^  (306);  B.  302;  G.  595;  II.  574.  1, 
2  (508) ;  H-B.  579. 

i.  You  might  know1  that  Servius  Tullius  was  born  of  a 
noble  woman.  2.  If  an  appearance  of  flame  surrounded  the 


150 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


head,  it  portended  the  highest  honor.  3.  Tanaquil  said,  “  Let 
us  bring  him  up  just  as2  our  own  children.”  4.  If  the  king  is 
dead,  Tanaquil  has  concealed  his  death.  5.  If  Servius  has 
begun  to  reign,  let  him  govern  the  realm  justly.  6.  If  the 
Romans  built  a  temple  to  Diana  on  the  Aventine,  the  king 
persuaded  them.3  7.  If  the  Latin  drove  the  cow  to  the  temple, 
let  the  priest  sacrifice  it. 

Notes: — 1.  What  subj.  ?  2.  Lat.  id.  ‘not  otherwise  than.’ 

3.  Not  accusative. 

15.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Conditional  Sentences  (continued). 

Future  Conditions.  —  §  516.  I,  2.  a ,  b ,  c,  d  (30 7.  I,  2.  a ,  b,  c,  d); 
B.  302  {with  future  indicative ),  303;  G.  595  {with  future  indicative ), 
596;  H.  574  ( zvith  future  indicative').  3  (508,  509);  H-B.  579.  a; 
580.  a. 

i.  Will  Servius  receive  the  royal  power?  2.  Yes,  and  if  he 
grows  up,1  he  will  be  renowned  for  his  wisdom.  3.  If  he 
should  throw  the  standard  among2  the  enemy,  the  Romans 
would  fight  more  bravely.  4.  If  the  king  should  not  recover, 
the  people  would  obey3  Servius  Tullius.  5.  If  the  daughter 
of  Servius  should  marry4  the  son  of  Tarquin,  he  would  seek 
the  royal  power.5  6.  Servius  Tullius  reigned  forty-four  years. 

Notes: — 1.  The  English  present  may  refer  to  future  or  even 
future  perfect  time.  Latin  expresses  by  the  proper  tense  the  time 
implied.  2.  What  case  should  in  take  here?  3.  pared.  Takes 
what  case  ?  4.  Lat.  id.  ‘  should  be  given  in  marriage.’  5.  ‘  royal 

power,’  express  by  one  word. 

16.  For  Written  Translation. 

i.  Servius  Tullius  received  the  royal  power,  though  he  was 
born1  of  a  woman  who  was  a  slave  and  a  captive.  2.  Neither 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


151 


Tanaquil  nor  her  husband  had  perceived2  that  the  highest 
rank  was  destined3  for  the  boy,  before4  they  saw  an  appear¬ 
ance  of  fire  around5  his  head  while  he  was  asleep.  3.  If 
Servius  was  distinguished  for  wisdom,  he  was  also  brave  ;  for 
in  a6  battle  when7  the  soldiers  were  fighting  without  spirit,  he 
seized  a  standard  and,  sending  it  among8  the  enemy,  called 
out,  “If  no  one  recovers 9  the  standard,  I  myself  will  die  for 
the  sake10  of  recovering  it.”  4.  Then  the  Romans  fought  so 
fiercely  that  they  won  both  the  standard  and  the  victory. 

Notes:  —  1.  Express  the  concession  by  a  participle.  2.  What 
number  ?  3.  ‘  was  destined  for,’  use  passive  of  debeo  with  the  dat. 

4.  See  n.  p.  9,  1.  21.  5.  Lat.  ‘  embracing  the  head  of  him  sleeping.’ 

See  text.  6.  See  n.  p.  29,  1.  4.  7.  Abl.  abs.  8.  in.  9.  Not  the 

present.  10.  See  text. 

VIII.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Romanorum  rex  septimus 

et  ultimus. 

17.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Conditional  Sentences  (continued). 

Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact.  —  §  517.  c,  d  (308.  c,  d) ;  B.  304.  3. 

G.  597.  3.  (a)\  H.  579,  582,  583  (510,  51 1.  n.  3;  2);  H-B. 

581.«  ;  582.  3.  a. 

i.  If  Tarquinius  Superbus  were  not  wicked,  he  could1  not 
seize  the  throne.2  2.  If  the  king  had  not  been  active  in  war, 
he  would  not  have  subdued  the  Latins.  3.  Shall3  he  reduce 
Gabii  by  strategy?  4.  If  Sextus,  the  king’s  son,  should  go  to 
Gabii,  that  city  could  be  taken  by  assault.  5.  If  he  had  com¬ 
plained  of  his  father’s  cruelty,  they  would  have  received  him 
kindly.  6.  If  he  won  their  favor,  he  became  very  influential.4 

Notes  :  —  1.  What  mode  and  tense  ?  2.  regnum  occupare.  3. 

Deliberative  question.  4.  ‘to  be  very  influential’  =  plurimum 
posse. 


152 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


18.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Conditional  Sentences  (continued). 

Conditional  Clauses  of  Comparison  with  ac  si,  ut  si,  etc.  —  §  524 
(312) ;  B-  3°7  ;  G.  602  ;  H.  584  (513.  II) ;  H-B.  504.  3. 

Clauses  with  dum,  modo,  dum  modo,  denoting  a  Wish  or  a 
Proviso. 528(314);  B.  310;  G.  573;  H.  587  (513.  I );  H-B.  529. 

i.  Provided  that  Sextus  wins  the  favor  of  the  Gabini,  he  will 
be  chosen  leader.  2.  If  he  sent1  one  of2  his  men  to  his  father, 
his  father  would  make  no  reply.3  3.  The  father  passed  into 
the  garden,  as  if  he  were  meditating.4  4.  If  the  messenger 
should  grow  weary  of  waiting,5  he  would  return  to  Gabii. 

5.  Sextus  will  know  what  his  father  wishes,  provided  that  he 
learns  of6  his  silence.  6.  Sextus  will  deliver  the  city  to  his 
father,  provided  he  can  put  the  chief  men  to  death. 

Notes:  —  1.  ‘  sent  ’  =  should  send.  2.  See  n.  p.  11,  1.  22.  3.  Lat. 
id.  ‘  reply  nothing.’  4.  Subj.  of  deliberd.  5.  Lat.  id.  ‘by  waiting.’ 

6.  Omit. 

19.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  During  the  reign  of  Tarquin  the  Proud,1  an  old  woman, 
who  was  a  stranger,2  came  to  the  king,  carrying  nine  books  ; 
which,  she  said,  would  be  the  king’s,  provided  he  wished  to  buy 
them.  2.  The  woman  demanded  an  exorbitant  price,3  and  the 
king  mocked  her,  as  if  she  were  in  her  dotage.4  3.  The  old 
woman  then  burned  six  of5  the  books.  4.  She  would  have 
burned  them  all,  if  the  king  had  not  bought  the  three  remain¬ 
ing.  5.  If  the  king  had  bought  all  the  books,  he  could3  have 
bought  them  at  a  price  no  greater  than  that  which  was  asked 
for  three.  6.  Would  that  he  had  bought  them  all! 

Notes: — 1.  Abl.  abs.  2.  Express  the  rel.  cl.  by  an  appositive. 
3.  See  text,  and  note  p.  1 5, 1.  1 1.  4.  ‘  to  be  in  one’s  dotage  ’  =  aetate 
desipere.  5.  See  n.  p.  11,1.22.  6.  Not  the  subj.  Why? 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


153 


IX.  Horatius  Codes. 

20.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Concessive  Clauses.  —  §  527.  a-d ;  549,  535.  e  (313);  B.  308,  309  ; 
G.  603  ff. ;  H.  586,  593.  2  (514,  515);  H-B.  532,  556.  a;  582.  8; 

525>  526- 

1.  Porsenna,  king  of  the  Etruscans,  was  coming  to  Rome 
with  a  hostile  army.  2.  Though  he  took  Janiculum,  yet  he 
did  not  restore  Tarquinius.  3.  Though  the  walls  were  strong, 
yet  great  fear  filled  the  Romans.  4.  All  feared  the  mighty 
name  of  Porsenna,  as  if  he  were  present.1  5.  Though2 
Horatius  was  alone,  he  withstood  the  enemies’  battle-line. 

6.  Though  he  was  in  full  armor,3  he  leaped  into  the  Tiber. 

7.  Though  many  weapons  fell  from  above,  he  swam  across  in 
safety.4 

Notes: — 1.  adsum.  2.  Express  as  a  conceded  fact.  3.  ‘in 
full  armor,’  armatus.  4.  ‘  in  safety  ’  =  safe. 


21.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Tenses  of  the  Indicative  : 

Present.  —  §  465,  466,  469  (276);  B.  259;  G.  227-230;  H.  532, 
533  (466,  467) ;  H-B.  468.  1 ;  491.  1;  485. 

Imperfect.  —  §  470,  471.  a ,  b,  c  (277.  N.  a ,  b,  c)  ;  B.  260;  G.  231- 
234  5  H.  530,  534.  2,  3;  535  (468,  469.  I,  II.  1,  2);  H-B.  468.  2;  484, 

485. 

Future.  —  §  472  (278);  B.  261;  G.  242,  243;  II.  536  (470);  H-B. 
468  3;  494. 

1.  The  state  of  Clusium  was  strong  at  that  time.1  2.  If  the 
name  of  Porsenna  were2  not  so  great,  fear  would  not  possess 
the  Romans.  3.  All  went  from  the  country  into  the  city. 


\54 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


4.  While  they  were  hedging  the  city  about,  the  bridge  almost 
gave  entrance3  to  the  enemy.  5.  Had  it  not  been  for  one 
man,  Porsenna  would  have  taken  the  city.  6.  Horatius  had 
for  a  long  time  been  called4  Codes.  7.  Even  if  he  should 
lose5  the  other0  eye,  he  would  sustain5  the  attack.  8.  They 
were  cutting  down  the  bridge  behind  him.7  9.  Now  he  is 
swimming8  across  the  river. 

Notes  :  —  1.  ‘at  that  time  ’  =  then.  2.  Mood  and  tense  ?  3.  iter. 
4.  ‘  had  for  a  long  time  been  called  ’  =  iam  diu  nominabatur.  5.  Not 
imperfect  subj.  6.  alter.  7.  ‘  behind  him,’ a  tergo.  8.  Historical 
present. 


X.  Menenius  Agrippa. 

22.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  The  eloquent  Agrippa1  was  sent  to  restore2  harmony 
between  the  senators  and  the  commons.  2.  Although  he  was  so 
eloquent,  he  said  only  this  to  them:  3.  “Once3  the  members 
of  the  body  tried  to  make4  a  conspiracy  against  the  stomach; 
for  while  they  were  toiling, 5  the  stomach  seemed  to  be  idle. 
4.  They  therefore6  determined  to  feed7  it  no  longer.  5.  But 
while  they  were  desiring  to  conquer  the  stomach,  they  them¬ 
selves  also  began  to  fail  in  strength.”8  6.  From  this  story 
the  commons  perceived  that  the  senate  and  themselves,  as  if  a 
single  body,  grew  weak9  through  discord. 

Notes:  —  1.  See  text.  2.  A  purpose  clause.  3.  quondam.  4.  facio. 
What  tense?  5.  laboro.  6.  itaque.  7.  cibum  ferre.  8.  ‘began 
to  fail  in  strength,’  express  by  one  word.  9.  Infinitive  mood. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


155 


XI.  Lucius  Virginius  Centurio. 

23.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Tenses  of  the  Indicative  (continued) : 

Perfect.  —  §  161,  473,  474,  476  ( 1 1 5-  c;  279.  a,  e)  ;  B.  262;  G. 
'35’  236>  239»  240;  H.  538  (471.  1,  2,  3) ;  H-B.  468.  4.  a  ;  487,  489. 

Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect.  —  §  477,  478  (280,  281)  ;  B.  263, 
164;  G.  241,  244;  H.  539,  540  (472,  473);  H-B.  468.  5,  6;  494. 

i.  In  454  b.c.1  decemviri  were  elected  instead  of  two  con- 
nils.  2.  They  proposed  new  laws,  which  they  had  brought 
rom  Greece.  3.  The  laws  had  been  recorded  on  twelve 
ables.  4.  The  decemviri  were  men 2  of  great  insolence. 
;.  One  of  them  was  Appius  Claudius.  6.  Virginia  was  a  beauti- 
:ul8  plebeian  maiden.  7.  Appius  fell  in  love  with  her. 
L  Would  that  he  had  not  seen  her  !  9.  Virginius,  the  girl’s 

:ather,  was  absent  on  military  duty. 

Notes: — 1.  Express  as  in  the  text.  2.  Omit.  3.  pulcherrima 
:orma,  abl.  of  description. 

24.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  §  482-484  (284-286.  R.) ;  B.  266,  267  ;  G. 

509  ff. ;  H.  543-545  (490-494) ;  H-B.  476. 

Peculiarities  in  Tense-Sequence.  —  §  485.  a,  b ,  c,  e,  g,  h  (287.  a ,  b, 
:,  e,f)\  B.  268.  1-6;  G.  509.  2;  H.  546-550(495.  i-vi)  ;  H-B.  478. 

i.  Decemviri  were  chosen  to  submit1  new  laws.  2.  But 
they  were  of  such2  insolence  that  they  were  brought3  to  ruin. 
5.  Appius  instigated  one  of  his  dependents  to  claim  Virginia 
for  a  slave.4  4.  Had  Virginius  not  been  absent,5  the  client 
would  not  have  laid  his  hand  upon  her.  5.  He  threatens  to 
take6  Virginia  by  force,  unless  she  follows7  him.  6.  Since  he 
:annot8  lead  her  away,  he  summons  her  to  trial.  7.  While 


156 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


these  things  were  going  on9  messengers  were  sent  to  summon1 
Virginius. 

Notes:  —  i.  Purpose  clause.  2.  tantus.  3.  Result  clause.  4. 
Lat.  ‘for  slavery.’  5.  What  form  of  condition  ?  6.  Future  infinitive. 
7.  Not  present.  8.  Cf.  ‘  cum  Appius  non  posset. *  9.  Dum  haec 

geruntur. 

25.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  Though  Virginius  arrived  at  Rome  at  daybreak,  the 
citizens  were  already  standing  in  the  Forum  in  order  to  see 
what  would  take  place.1  2.  Virginius  wept  and  implored  the 
aid  of  the  citizens,  but  there  was  no  help  anywhere,  and  Appius 
adjudged  Virginia  to  his  client.  3.  Then  the  centurion  asked 
permission2  to  speak  to  his  daughter  for  the  last  time.  4.  When 
he  had  led  her  apart,  he  stabbed  her  to  the  heart3  with 
a  knife,  and  fled  to  the  army.  5.  The  army,  aroused,  com¬ 
pelled  the  decemviri  to  resign  their  office,4  and  threw  Appius 
Claudius  into  prison,  where5  he  committed  suicide. 

Notes  :  —  1.  fio.  2.  ‘  asked  permission  ’  =  petiit  ut  sibi  liceret. 
3.  ‘  to  stab  to  the  heart  ’  =  pectus  transfigere.  4.  See  text.  5.  qua. 

XII.  Marcus  Furius  Camillus. 

26.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Pure  and  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose.  —  §  530,  531  (317.  1,  2.  b) ; 
B.  282  ;  G.  543,  544.  I ;  545 ;  H.  568,  590  (497) ;  H-B.  502.  2. 

Substantive  Clauses  of  Purpose.  —  §  563,  564  (317.  3;  331);  B. 
294-296;  G.  546-550;  H.  564-567,  568.  2  (498,  499) ;  H-B.  502.  3,4. 

1.  Camillus  went  with  his  army  that  he  might  besiege  Falerii. 
2.  The  schoolmaster  led  forth  the  children  to  deliver  them  to 
the  Romans.  3.  If  Camillus  had  kept1  the  children  as  hos¬ 
tages.  the  Faliscans  would  have  surrendered.  4.  But  Camillus 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


157 


would  despise2  such3  treachery.  5.  He  came  to  maintain4  the 
rights  of  peace. 

Notes: — 1.  retineo.  2.  Potential  subjunctive.  3.  talis.  4.  de¬ 
fendo.  Express  the  purpose  in  six  ways. 

27.  For  Oral  Translation. 

i.  Camillus  ordered1  the  hands  of  the  schoolmaster  to  be 
bound.  2.  At  first2  the  schoolmaster  feared  that  he  would  be 
thrown  into  prison.  3.  But  Camillus  gave  him  over  to  the 
children  to  lead  back3  into  the  city.  4.  He  gave  them  whips 
to  drive4  him  with.  5.  He  bound  the  teacher’s  hands,  that5 
they  might  whip  him  the  more  easily.  6.  In  this  way'5 
Camillus  tried7  to  conquer  the  Faliscans  by  kindness.  7.  Noth¬ 
ing  could  prevent8  them  from  opening  their  gates  to  the 
Romans. 

Notes  :  —  1.  Express  both  with  iubeo  and  imperd.  2.  primum. 
3.  Follow  the  idiom  of  the  text  and  see  §  500.  4  (294.  d) ;  B.  337.  7. 
b.  2) ;  G.  430.  N.  1  ;  H.  622  (544.  n.  2) ;  H-B.  605.  2.  4.  Lat.  id. 

‘  by  which  they  might  drive.’  5.  quo.  Why  ?  6.  Ita.  7.  nitor 

with  ut  and  subj.  8.  ‘to  prevent  from  ’  =  deterrere  quominus, 
with  subj. 

28.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  After  the  war  against  Falerii,  Camillus  besieged  Veii, 
which  revolted  at  that  time.  2.  In  order  that  he  might  take 
the  city,  he  made  winter  quarters  for  his  soldiers,  gave  them 
wages  from  the  treasury,  and1  bound  each2  soldier  by  an  oath 
that  he  would  not  leave  the  field3  until  after  the  city  was 
captured.4  3.  After  the  destruction  of  the  city,  Camillus  with¬ 
drew  to  Ardea,  because  he  had  been  unjustly  condemned6  by 
the  tribune  of  the  plebs.  4.  As  he  was  departing  from  the 


158 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


city,  he  prayed  that0  the  gods  might  cause  his  ungrateful 
country  to  long  for  him.7 

Notes:  —  i.  Omit.  2.  quisque.  3.  ‘  leave  the  field  ’  =  discedd. 
4.  Follow  the  idiom  in  the  text.  5.  Cf.  quod  .  .  .  triumphasset. 
6.  See  text.  7.  Follow  the  idiom  in  the  text. 

29.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Pure  and  Relative  Clauses  of  Result.  —  §  537.  1,  2.  a  ;  538  (319.  I, 
2.  R.  a) ;  B.  284.  1,  2 ;  G.  552,  631;  H.  570,  591  (500.  I,  II) ;  H-B. 
52L  2. 

Substantive  Clauses  of  Result.  —  §  568-571  (332.  a.  1,  2) ;  B.  297  ; 
G-  553 :  H.  571  (501) ;  H-B.  521.  3.  a),  b). 

1.  The  ambassadors  advised  the  Gauls  to  abandon1  the  siege 
of  Clusium.  2.  It  happened2  that  one  of  the  Roman  ambas¬ 
sadors  killed  the  chief  of  the  Senones.  3.  The  Gauls  were  so 
aroused  by  this,3  that  they  attacked  Rome.  4.  On  the  18th  of 
July  the  Roman  army  was  slaughtered  by  the  Gauls.  5.  The 
defeat4  was  such  that  the  day  was  placed  among  the  days  of 
ill-omen.  6.  There  was  no  doubt  but  that5  the  victorious 
Gauls  would  reach  Rome  before  sunset.  7.  Would  that 
Camillus  were  there0  to  protect7  his  fatherland. 

Notes  :  —  1.  ‘to  abandon,  etc.’ :  is  this  a  purpose  or  a  result  cl.  ? 
2.  fiebat,  followed  by  a  subject  clause  of  result.  3.  Qua  re,  etc. 
See  text.  4.  clades.  5.  quin.  6.  ‘to  be  there  ’  =  adesse.  7.  qui 
with  subj.  of  tueor. 

30.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Relative  Clauses  of  Characteristic.  —  §  535.  a ,  L 
(320.  a,  b)  ;  B.  283.  1,2;  G.  631.  1,2;  H.  591.  1  (503.  I) ;  H-B.  520, 
521.  1.  a-c. 

Relative  Clauses  after  dignus,  indignus,  etc.  —  §  555.  / (320.  f); 
B.  282.  3  ;  G.  631.  1  ;  II.  591.  5-7  (503.  II) ;  H-B.  513.  3. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


159 


i.  There  were  some1  Romans  who  fled  to  the  citadel. 
2.  The  old  men  were  not  the  men2  to  flee.  3.  They  were  the 
only  ones3  to  await  the  approach  of  the  Gauls.  4.  Why  was  it 
that4  the  curule  magistrates  sat  in  their  ivory  chairs?  5.  So 
that  they  might  die  with  the  dignity  belonging  to  them.5 
5.  The  men,  clad  in  their  robes  of  office,6  were  very  much 
like  gods.  7.  These  old  men  did  not  deserve7  to  be  put  to 
death.  8.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  Manlius  saved  the 
Capitol.  9.  There  were  some  who8  accused  him  of  aiming  at 
sovereignty. 

♦ 

Notes: — 1.  Omit.  2.  ‘the  men  to  ’  =  el  qui  followed  by  a 
clause  of  characteristic.  3.  ‘  only  ones  to  ’  =  uni  qui.  4.  ‘  Why  was 
it  that  ’  =  quid  erat  quod.  5.  ‘  belonging  to  them  ’  =  suus.  6.  ‘  clad 
in  their  robes  of  office,’  express  by  one  word.  7.  ‘  did  not  deserve 
to  be  ’  =  digni  non  erant  qui.  8.  ‘  There  were  some  who  ’  =  erant 
qui. 

31.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  When  the  Gauls  had  made  up  their  minds1  to  attack  the 
citadel,  they  sent  one  ahead  to  try  the  way.  2.  Him2  they  all 
followed,  one  man  helping  another.  3.  They  reached  the 
summit  in  such  silence  that  not  even  the  dogs  were  aroused. 
4.  It  happened  that  there  were  some  geese  in  the  temple  of 
Juno.  5.  The  Romans,3  even  in  the  greatest  want,  had  spared 
these  because  they  are  sacred  birds.  6.  These  geese  were  so 
watchful,  that  the  Gauls  did  not  escape  their  notice  ;  but,  by 
their  screams,  they  awoke  Manlius,  a  distinguished  soldier,4 
who,  seizing  his  arms,  easily  pushed  down  the  climbing  Gauls 
with  the  boss  of  his  shield. 

Notes: — 1.  statuo.  2.  Express  by  a  relative.  3.  Subordinate 
this  sentence  to  the  previous  one  by  using  a  relative  clause.  See 
text.  4.  See  text. 


]60 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


32.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Causal  Clauses .  i.  Clauses  vjith  quod,  quia,  quoniam,  and 
quando.  —  §  540.  a  (321.  n.  3)  ;  B.  285,  286;  G.  539  ff. ;  H.  588  (516) ; 
H-B.  555’  535-  2-  b- 

2.  Clauses  with  cum  and  qui.  —  §  540.  c,  d ;  549,  535.  e  (320.  e ; 
321.  c;  326);  B.  286.  2;  283.  3.  a;  G.  586,  626;  H.  592,  598,  599 
(5*7) ;  h-b.  523, 526, 527. 

1.  Legates  were  sent  to  Camillus,  because  the  army  was 
hard  pressed  by  hunger.  2.  Since  the  Gauls  thought  this, 
bread  was  thrown  down  from  the  Capitol.  3.  The  Gauls 
were  induced  to  abandon1  the  siege,  because  they  were  weary. 
4.  Camillus  interposed,  because  the  weights  were  unjust,  5.  and 
because  the  Gallic  chief  was  insolent.  6.  He  commanded  the 
gold  to  be  removed,  because  he  had  collected  the  remnants  of 
the  army.  7.  He  ordered2  the  Gauls  to  prepare  for  battle. 
8.  The  victory  was  so  great  that  not  even3  a  messenger  was 
left  to  tell4  the  disaster.5 

Notes  :  —  1.  A  result  clause.  2.  denuntiS,  followed  by  an  object 
clause  of  purpose.  3.  ‘not  even,’  v.  n.  p.  21,  1.  5.  4.  ‘to  tell,’  a 

relative  clause  of  purpose.  5.  calamitas. 


33.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  If  a  false  charge  had  not  been  brought  against1  Camillus, 
because  he  had  celebrated  his  triumph  with  white  horses,  he 
would  not  have  withdrawn  to  Ardea.  2.  Then,  perhaps,  the 
Gauls  would  not  have  attacked  Rome,  since  they  all  feared 
Camillus,  the  famous  soldier,  exceedingly.  3.  After  his  Gallic 
victory,  he  entered  the  city  in  triumph.  4.  Since  the  city  was 
now  in  ruins,  there  were  some  who2  urged  that3  Rome  be 
abandoned,4  and  that  all  move  to  Veii.  5.  This  plan  was 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


161 


given  up,5  not  only  because  Camillus  opposed  it  strongly,6  but 
especially  because  the  people  were  moved  by  an  omen. 

Notes:  —  i.  ‘to  bring  against’  =  Infero.  2.  ‘there  were  some 
who’  =  erant  qui.  3.  Object  clause  of  purpose.  4.  Use  abl.  abs. 
and  omit  ‘and  that.’  5.  depono.  6.  Follow  idiom  in  the  text. 

XIII.  Spurius  Postumius. 

34.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Tejnporal  Clauses.  —  §  541  (321.  6.  N.) ;  G.  559. 

Clauses  with  postquam,  ubi,  etc.  —  §  543.  a  (323,  324)  ;  B.  287; 
G.  561  ff. ;  H.  602  (518);  H-B.  550,  557,  558. 

i.  The  Romans  made  war  against  the  Samnites  after  they1 
had  been  called2  by  the  Campanians.  2.  Since  the  war  lasted3 
for  nearly  fifty  years,  the  dangers  were  often  very  great. 
3.  When  Spurius  Postumius  was  consul,  he  was  led  into  an 
ambush  by  Pontius.  4.  Pontius  sent  men  to  say  to  the  Romans 
that  Luceria  was  being  besieged.  5.  As  soon  as  the  Romans 
heard  this,  they  tried  to  bring4  aid.  6.  They  chose  the  shorter 
road,  although  it  was  the  more  dangerous.  7.  When  they  had 
come  to  the  Caudine  Forks,  the  treachery  of  the  enemy  became 
clear. 

Notes: — 1.  I.e.  the  Romans.  2.  What  tense  usually  follows 
postquam  ?  3.  See  text.  4.  Imperfect  ind. 

35.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Teviporal  Clauses  (continued). 

Clauses  with  cum.  —  §  545,  546.  N.  3  (325) ;  B.  288,  289;  G.  578— 
585;  H.  600,  601  (521);  H-B.  524,  525,  550.  a  ;  551. 

1.  When  the  Romans  seek  the  road,  they  find  it  closed  by  a 
guard  of  the  enemy.  2.  When  all  hope  of  escape  is  taken 
away,  they  halt.1  3.  After  they  had  stood  in  silence  for  a  long 


162 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


time,  they  broke  out  into  complaints  against  their  leaders. 
4.  The  legions  returned  to  Rome  after  they  had  been  sent 
under  the  yoke.  5.  When  Postumius  gave  his  opinion2  in  the 
senate,  he  said  that  the  Roman  people  were  not  bound  by  the 
peace.  6.  He  urged3  them  to  surrender  him  to  the  Samnites. 
7.  The  senate  praised  Postumius,  because4  they  admired  his 
greatness  of  soul. 

Notes:  —  1.  Two  words.  2.  sententiam  dicere.  3.  hortor,  with 
ut  and  subj.  4.  Give  the  reason  as  if  on  the  authority  of  the 
senate. 

36.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  When  Postumius,  the  consul,  had  been  led  into  an  ambush 
by  Pontius,  the  leader  of  the  enemy,  the  Romans  spent  the 
night  in  silence,  looking  at  one  another,  and  unmindful  of  food 
and  sleep.  2.  Pontius,  not  knowing  what  he  ought  to  do,1 
asked  his  father.  3.  When  his  father  had  heard  that  the 
Romans  had  given  up  all  hope  of  escaping,  he  advised2  that 
either  all  should  be  put  to  death,  or  all  should  be  let  go. 
4.  This  advice  was  not  followed,3  but  all  the  Romans  were 
sent  under  the  yoke.  5.  As  soon  as  they  reached  Rome,  they 
hid  themselves  through  shame,4  each5  man  in  his  own  house. 

Notes:  —  1.  ‘what  ought  to  be  done  by  him.’  2.  moneo,  fol¬ 
lowed  by  object  clause  of  purpose.  3.  Use  accipio.  4.  Abl.  of 
cause.  5.  Note  the  order  in  the  text.  • 


XIV.  Publius  Valerius  Laevinus,  et  Pyrrhus,  rex  Epiri. 

37.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Temporal  Clauses  (continued). 

Clauses  with  antequam  and  priusquam.  —  §  551  (327);  B.  291, 
292;  G.  574-577;  H.  605  (520)  ;  H-B.  507.  4.  a-d\  550.  b\  561,  571. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION 


163 


I.  The  Tarentini  inflicted  injuries  upon  the  Roman  ambassa¬ 
dors  before  war  was  declared  against  them.  2.  After  war  had 
been  declared,1  they  asked  aid  from  Pyrrhus.  3.  Laevinus 
was  elected  consul  before  Pyrrhus  came  to  Italy.  4.  Before 
Pyrrhus’s  arrival  the  Romans  had  never  fought  with  an  enemy 
from  across  the.sea.  5.  When  the  scouts  of  Pyrrhus  had  been 
captured,  they  were  led  through  the  Roman  camp.  6.  Laevinus 
showed  them  his  army  before  he  dismissed  them.  7.  The 
scouts  reported  to  Pyrrhus  what2  the  Romans  were  doing. 

Notes: — 1.  postquam  with  perf.  ind.  =  English  pluperfect. 
2.  Indirect  question. 

38.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Temporal  Clauses  (continued). 

Clauses  with,  dum,  donee,  and  quoad.  —  §  553-556  (328) ;  B.  293  ; 
G.  571,  572;  H.  603  (519);  H-B.  507.  5;  550 .b\  559,  560. 

1.  Laevinus  said,1  “Do  not2  dismiss  the  scouts  until  they 
have  seen  my  army.”  2.  Soon  Pyrrhus  and  Laevinus  joined 
battle.  3.  When  Pyrrhus  was  already  in  retreat,  he  drove 
his  elephants  against  the  Roman  battle-line.  4.  The  Romans 
withstood  the  weight  of  their  massive  bodies  as  long  as  they 
could.  5.  After  the  horses  had  become  frightened,  they  shook 
off  their  riders.  6.  They  fought  until  night  put  an  end  to  the 
conflict.  7.  Pyrrhus  fought3  many  battles  while4  he  was  in 
Italy. 

Notes:  —  1.  inquit;  insert  in  the  quotation.  2.  noli,  with  pres¬ 
ent  infinitive.  3.  facid.  4.  See  n.  p.  2,  1.  n. 

39.  For  Written.  Translation. 

1.  After  the  Romans  had  declared  war  against  the  Tarentini 
because  they  had  inflicted  injuries  upon  their  ambassadors, 


164 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Pyrrhus,  a  descendant  of  Achilles,1  came  to  assist  the  Taren¬ 
tini.  2.  Publius  Valerius  Laevinus,  the  Roman  consul,  soon 
met  him  in  battle,2  and  almost  defeated  him.  3.  When,  how¬ 
ever,  the  king  drove  his  elephants  against  the  Roman  line,  the 
fortune  of  the  battle  was  changed.  4.  So  terrified  were  the 
horses  by  the  sight  and  the  smell  of  the  monsters,  that  they 
carried  their  riders  away  with  them  in  flight.  5.  The  infantry, 
too,3  were  thrown  into  great  confusion  ;4  but  they  stood  their 
ground5  until  night  put  an  end  to  the  conflict. 

Notes  :  —  1.  See  text.  2.  ‘  to  meet  some  one  in  battle  ’  =  proe¬ 
lium  cum  aliqu5  committere.  3.  etiam,  v.  n.  p.  28,  1.  17.  4.  ‘to 

throw  into  great  confusion  ’  —  magnopere  turbare.  5.  ‘  to  stand 
one’s  ground  ’  =  cbnsistere. 

40.  For  Oral  Translation. 

QUESTIONS. 

Direct  Questions.  —  §330-337  (210,  21 1,  212);  B.  162;  G.  450- 
459,  471  ;  H.  378-380  (351-353) ;  H-B.  231-234. 

Indirect  Questions.  — §  330.  2  ;  573—575.  a  (210.  2  ;  334) ;  B.  300; 
G.  460,  467;  H.  649.  II.  1,  2,  3 ;  650.  i,  2;  651  (529.  I,  II.  1.  N.  1, 
N.  3;  3-  0>  2);  4»  5)  ;  H-B.  537-  b,  Cy  d\  5°7-  3- 

1.  Did  Pyrrhus  treat1  the  captive  Romans  with  the  greatest 
honor?  2.  Yes,2  and  he  buried  the  slain.  3.  What  did  he 
say,  when  he  saw  the  fierce  expression  on  the  faces3  of  the 
dead?  4.  “  If  I  had4  such  soldiers,  I  could5  become  master  of 
the  world.”  5.  He  asked  his  friends  of  what  advantage4  such 
a  victory  was  to  him.  6.  Why  did  he  say  that  ?  7.  Because 

he  had  lost0  the  flower  of  his  army.  8.  Whom  did  Pyrrhus 
send  to  Rome  as  his  ambassador?  9.  Was  it  not  Cineas? 

Notes: — 1.  habed.  2.  Repeat  the  verb.  3.  Tr.  ‘expression  on 
the  faces’  by  one  word.  4  Follow  the  idiom  of  the  text.  5.  §  517. 
c  (3°8-  c) ;  B.  304.  3.  a  ;  G.  597.  3.  (a) ;  H.  583  (51 1.  N.  3) ;  H-B.  582. 
3.  a.  6.  Express  the  cause  as  a  fact,  v.  n.  p.  21,  1.  8. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


165 


41.  For  Oral  Translation. 

i.  Did  Pyrrhus  defeat  the  Romans  in  his  first  battle?1 
2.  Yes,  but  the  victory  cost  him  dear.2  3.  Did  he  not  lose 
the  flower  of  his  army  ?  4.  Who  met3  him  with  a  new  army? 

5.  That  same  Laevinus  met  him.  6.  What  did  Pyrrhus  say? 
7.  “  Is  not  my  fortune  against  the  Romans  like  that  of  Hercules 
against  the  hydra?”  8.  What  was  the  hydra?  9.  I  don’t 
know  what  it  was.4 

Notes: — 1.  Abl.  of  means.  Omit  ‘his.’  2.  ‘cost  him  dear ’  = 
magno  el  stabat;  magno  is  abl.  of  price.  3.  See  text.  4.  Not  in¬ 
dicative. 

42.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  Pyrrhus  used  to  say  that  he  did  not  know  whether  his 
arms,  or  the  eloquence  of  Cineas,  had  gained  the  more  cities 
for  him.  2.  One  day1  Cineas  asked  the  king  what  he  was 
planning  to  do  after  subduing  the  Romans.2  3.  The  king  re¬ 
plied  that  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  seize  Sicily  and  Africa 
by  force  of3  arms,  and  that  then4  he  would  give  himself  up  to 
the  pleasures  of  peace.5  4.  “  Then,”  said  Cineas,  “  what  pre¬ 
vents  your  doing6  that  now  ?  ” 

Notes: — 1.  aliquando.  2.  Abl.  abs.  3.  Omit  ‘by  force  of.’ 
4.  tum  demum.  5.  ‘  the  pleasures  of  peace  ’  =  dulce  otium.  6.  See 
text. 

43.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Gerund  and  Gerundive.  —  §  500.  2,  4;  501,  502,  503.  a  ;  504. 
a~c ;  505-«;  5°6’  5°7  (294-  b,d\  295-301);  B.  337.  7.  b.  1,  2  ;  338. 
!-5 ;  339-  !— 5 ;  G-  425-433;  H-  621,  622,  623,  624,  625-631  (541, 
542.  I-IV ;  543,  544);  H-B.  609-611,  612.  I-IV  ;  613-614. 

N.B.  —  The  gerund  with  a  direct  object  is  regular  only  in  the 
genitive  case,  and  in  the  ablative  case  without  a  preposition. 


166 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


i.  Pyrrhus  came  to  help1  the  Tarentini.  2.  He  was  desir¬ 
ous2  of  conquering  the  Romans.  3.  He  understood  the  art 
of  pleasing,  and  was  of  a  forgiving  disposition  ; 3  4.  so  that  he 
did  not  surrender  the  captives  to  his  soldiers  to  be  butchered,4 
5.  but  returned  them  without  ransom.  6.  The  senate  had  sent 
ambassadors  to  confer5  concerning  the  ransoming  of  captives, 

7.  Often  his  mildness  kept  him  from  punishing.6  8.  The 
Tarentini  learned  by  experience  7  that  he  was  their  master  rather 
than  their  ally. 

Notes  :  —  1.  auxilium  ferre  with  the  dat.  Express  the  purpose 
by  the  gen.  of  the  gerund  with  causa.  2.  cupidus.  3.  Abl.  of  char¬ 
acteristic.  4.  trucido ;  §  500.  4  (294.  d) ;  B.  337.  7.  b.  2) ;  G.  430. 
n.  1 ;  H.  622  (544.  N.  2);  H-B.  605.  2.  5.  Omit  ‘to  confer.’  6.  a, 

with  abl.  of  gerund  of  puni5.  7.  Use  abl.  of  gerund  of  experior. 

44.  For  Oral  Translation. 

1.  There  were  some  who1  complained  of  their  lot.  2.  These 
were  reported  to  Pyrrhus  for  speaking2  slightingly  of  him. 
3.  They  were  summoned  by  the  king  for  investigation.3  4.  They 
came  before 4  him  to  plead  their  cause.5  5.  He  first  asked 
them  whether  those  things  that  had  come  6  to  his  ears  were  true 
or  not.7  6.  By  confessing  their  fault,8  they  escaped  punish¬ 
ment.  7.  They  said  that  too  much  wine9  was  the  cause  of 
their  speaking  so.  8.  Pyrrhus  dismissed  them  with  a  smile. 

Notes:  —  1.  Rebel,  of  characteristic.  2.  A  causal  clause.  3.  Nom. 
of  the  gerundive,  in  agreement  with  the  subject.  4.  apud.  5.  causam 
dicere.  6.  Subj.  by  attraction.  7.  Should  this  be  necne  or  an  non? 

8.  confiteor.  9.  nimium  vini.  . 

45.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  After  his  victory  Pyrrhus  sent  Cineas  to  Rome  to  pro¬ 
pose  peace  1  on  honorable  conditions.  2.  When  he  had  been 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


167 


introduced  to  the  senate  chamber,  and  there  had  spoken  elo¬ 
quently2  concerning  the  fairness  of  the  conditions,  the  mind  of 
the  senate  seemed  to  be  leaning  towards  making  a  treaty.1 
3.  But,  influenced3  by  the  opinion  of  Appius  Claudius,  the  sen¬ 
ate  made  the  following  reply  to  Pyrrhus:4  “You  can  have  no 
peace  with  the  Romans  until  you  have  left  Italy.” 

Notes: — 1.  ‘to  propose  peace,’  ad  with  gerundive.  2.  ‘had 
spoken  eloquently,’  express  by  one  word.  3.  Lat.  id.  ‘  led.’  4.  See 
text. 

XV.  Gaius  Fabricius. 

46.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Supine.  — %  509,  510  (302,  303)  ;  B.  340.  1,  2;  G.  435,  436; 
H.  633,  635  (546,  547);  H-B.  618,  619. 

1.  Fabricius  had  come  to  ransom1  the  captives.  2.  It  was 
easy  to  see2  that  he  was  a  good  man.  3.  Since  he  was  very 
poor,3  Pyrrhus  offered  him  gold  and  gifts.  4.  Fabricius  de¬ 
clined  everything.  5.  The  next  day  an  elephant  was  brought 
near  to  frighten  Fabricius.  6.  The  monster  was  terrible  to  see. 
7.  The  beast  was  put  behind  a  curtain.  8.  This  was  easy  to 
do.  9.  At  a  given  signal  4  it  sent  forth  a  noise  dreadful 5  to 
hear.  10.  Strange6  to  say,  Fabricius  was  not  frightened. 

Notes:  —  1.  Express  the  purpose  in  six  ways.  2.  Abl.  of  supine. 
3.  Express  by  dat.  of  adj.  agreeing  with  ‘him.’  4.  Abl.  abs.  5.  hor¬ 
ribilis.  6.  mirabilis. 

47.  For  Written  Translation. 

The  Participle.  —  §  488,  489-493,  494.  a\  495,  496  (289,  290,  291, 
292);  B-  336>  337;  G.  .282,  283,  664  ff. ;  H.  640,  637,  638  (550,  549); 
H-B.  599.  a ,  b,  c;  600.  1-4  ;  602.  I,  2  ;  320,  604.  1-7. 

See  also  suggestion  12,  p.  140. 

i.  Pyrrhus  admired  Fabricius  so  much  that  he  invited  him 
to  leave  his  fatherland,  offering  him 1  a  fourth  of  his  kingdom. 


168 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


2.  When  all  hope  of  establishing  peace  was  at  an  end,2  and 
when  Fabricius,  who3  had  been  elected  consul,  had  pitched 
his  camp  near  to  that  of4  Pyrrhus,  the  king’s  physician  came 
to  him  by  night  and  offered  to  poison  5  Pyrrhus.  3.  After  the 
man  had  been  bound,6  he  was  taken  back  to  his  master  with  a 
letter7  for8  Pyrrhus.  4.  When  he  knew  all,9  the  king,  marvel¬ 
ing  at  him,  said  that  nothing  was  harder  to  do10  than  to  divert 
Fabricius  from  the  path  of  honor.11 

Notes  : —  1.  Turn  the  phrase  into  the  passive  voice,  and  use  the 
abl.  abs.  2.  Abl.  abs.  3.  Use  a  participle  instead  of  a  rel.  cl. 
4.  The  redundant  ‘  that,’  in  the  phrase  ‘  that  of,’  is  never  translated 
into  Latin.  5.  Lat.  id.—  ‘kill  by  poison.’  What  tense  of  the  infini¬ 
tive  should  be  used?  6.  Use  a  participle.  7.  litterae.  8.  ad. 
9.  Lat.  id.  =  ‘  all  these  being  known.’  10.  Abl.  of  supine.  1 1.  ‘  path 
of  honor,’  translate  by  one  word. 

48.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Infinitive  Mode. 

Tenses.  —  §  486,  584  (288,  336.  A) ;  B.  270;  G.  281,  530,  531  ; 
H.  617-620  (537);  H-B.  472,  593.  a. 

Subject  of  the  Infinitive.  —  §  397.  e  (240.  f) ;  B.  184;  G.  203.  R.  1  ; 
H.  415,  610,  612  (536);  H-B.  398. 

Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative.  —  §  459,  562.  4.  N.  (330.  A,  B. 
1-3;  272.  R.);  B.  329-331  ;  G.  526-527,  532,  533,  535;  H.  613,614 
(535-  I-ni);  H-B.  587,  589,  591,  592,  594. 

Complementary  Infinitive.  —  §  456, 457, 458  (271) ;  B.  328 ;  G.  423  ; 
PI.  607,  608  (533)';  H-B.  586.  a. 

i.  Fabricius  heard  Cineas  telling  a  story.1  2.  He  said  that 
a  certain  philosopher  lived  2  at  Athens.  3.  This  philosopher 
used  to  say  3  that  everything  must  4  have  pleasure  for  its  object. 

4.  If  the  enemy  should  do  this,  they  could  be  easily  conquered. 

5.  They  say  6  that  indulgence  was  foreign  to  the  life  of  Fabri¬ 
cius.  6.  When  the  Samnite  ambassadors  offered  him  money, 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


169 


they  could  not  move0  him.  7.  He  could  govern  his  desires. 
8.  All  men  cannot  be  like  Fabricius.7 

Notes  : —  1.  ‘  telling  a  story,’  translate  by  one  word.  2.  Present 
infinitive.  3.  ‘used  to  say,’  what  tense?  4.  See  text.  5.  ferunt. 
6.  I.e.  ‘corrupt.’  7.  §384(234);  B.  192;  G.  359;  H.  434  (391); 
H-B.  339.  c. 

49.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Infinitive  Mood  (continued). 

The  Infinitive  as  Subject.  —  §  452,  454  (270.  1.  a,  b  ;  272.  R.  2  ;  330. 
a ,  t>,  c)\  B.  325-327,  330,  332.  n.;  G.  419-422,  535;  H.  61 1,  615 
(534.  N.  1,  N.  2);  H-B.  597.  1.  a);  585. 

Personal  and  Impersonal  Construction  with  the  Infinitive.  — 
§  582.  a  (330.  a.  1,  2.  b)\  B.  332.  N.;  G.  528.  1,  2  ;  H.  61 1.  1,  2 
(534.  1);  H-B.  590.  1.  a. 

Predicate  after  Infinitive.  —  §  452.  N.  2;  458  (270.  N.  2;  271.  c)  ;  B. 
327.  2;  328.  2;  G.  420,  528;  H.  612.  1,  2  (536.  2);  H-B.  586.  b; 
590.  2. 

Historical  Infinitive. —  §  463.  N.  (275);  B.  335;  G.  647;  H.  610 
(536.  I);  H-B.  595. 

i.  To  make  headway  against1  the  Romans  was  difficult. 

2.  Pyrrhus,  therefore,2  determined  to  bring3  Sicily  beneath  his 
sway.  3.  It  is  said4  that  he  plundered  the  temple  of  Proser¬ 
pina.  4.  This  temple  was  at  Locri.5  5.  We  know  that  this 
wealth  was  placed  on  ships.  6.  The  next  day  a  storm  arose,6 
the  fleet  was  shattered,  the  ships  cast  upon  the  beach.  7.  This 
disaster  taught  him  that  there  are  gods.  8.  He  ordered  all  the 
sacred  treasure  to  be  carried  back.  9.  It  is  said  that  after 
this'  nothing  succeeded  for  him,  10.  and  that  he  fell  by  a 
dishonorable  death. 

Notes:  —  1.  ‘To  make  headway  against,’ subj.  of ‘was.’  2.  itaque. 

3.  See  text.  4.  Remember  that  the  personal  construction  is  pre¬ 
ferred.  5.  Locative.  6.  Historical  infinitives  for  all  the  verbs; 

‘  arose ’  =  coorior.  7.  posthac. 


170 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


XVI.  Gaius  Duilius. 

50.  For  Written  Translation. 

i.  It  is  said  that  Gaius  Duilius  was  the  first  to  conquer  the 
Carthaginians  in1  a  naval  battle.  2.  When  he  saw  that  the 
Carthaginians’  ships  were  the  swifter,  he  made  iron  grappling- 
hooks,2  adapted  3  to  seize  and  hold  them.  3.  In  this  way  4  the 
Romans,  who  excelled  in  strength,  took5  thirty  ships,  captured 
the  admiral’s  septireme,  and  6  sank  thirteen  others.  4.  It  is  cer¬ 
tain7  that  no  victory  was  more  welcome  to  the  Romans  than  this, 
and  that  Duilius  was  the  first  to  celebrate8  a  naval  triumph. 

Notes: — 1.  Lat.  by.  2.  Lit.  ‘hands.’  3.  ‘adapted  to’  =  utilis 
ad  with  gerundive.  4.  ad  hunc  modum.  5.  Historical  infinitive. 
6.  Omit.  7.  constat  with  infinitive.  8.  ‘  was  the  first  to  celebrate,’ 
see  text. 

51.  For  Oral  Translation. 

Substantive  Clauses  introduced  by  quod.  —  §  572  (333);  B.  299; 
G.  524,  525;  II.  588.  3  (540.  IV);  H-B.  552. 

N.B.  —  Review  the  other  varieties  of  substantive  clauses,  viz. : 
Infinitive,  Subjunctive,  and  Indirect  Questions. 

i.  It  is  established  1  that  Hannibal  escaped  the  hands  of  the 
Romans.  2.  We  know  that  he  let  himself  down  into  a  skiff. 
3.  He  feared  to  return  to  his  fatherland.  4.  That2  he  escaped 
punishment  for  losing  his  fleet  is  well  known.3  5.  He  sent  one 
of  his  friends  to  Carthage.  6.  This  friend  arrived  before  news 
of  the  disaster  reached  home.  7.  He  asked  the  senate  whether 
Hannibal  ought  to  fight  with  the  Roman  fleet.  8.  They  replied, 
“There  is  no  doubt  but  that  he  ought  to  fight.”4  9.  He  said 
that  Hannibal  had  fought  and  had  been  conquered.  10.  Thus 
he  escaped  the  cross. 

Notes:  —  1.  constat  followed  by  a  quod  clause.  2.  quod. 
3.  notum  est.  4.  See  text. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


171 


XVII.  Gaius  Lutatius  Catulus. 

52.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Itnperative  Mood.  —  §  448,  449  (269.  d,  e) ;  B.  281.  1,  2; 

G.  266,  267.  r.  ;  H.  560  (487.  1,  2);  H-B.  495,  496. 

Prohibitions.  —  §  450  (269.  a.  I,  2,  3)  ;  B.  281.  2  ;  276  ;  G.  270.  R.  2  ; 

H.  561  (488,  489);  H-B.  501.  3.  a.  1),  2). 

1.  The  consul  Catulus  shall  put  an  end1  to  the  war. 

2.  Order  him  to  besiege  Drepanum  with  three  hundred  ships. 

3.  Announce  to  him  that  a  very  large  Carthaginian  fleet  is  at 
hand.  4.  Don’t  allow2  Hanno  to  unload  his  ships.  5.  Don’t 
wait.3  6.  Straightway  lay  your  course  for  the  Aegatian  Islands. 

7.  Catulus  proposed4  the  following  conditions  of  peace: 

8.  “Vacate  all  the  islands  which  lie  between  Italy  and  Africa. 

9.  Pay  a  fixed  tribute  to  the  Roman  people  for  twenty  years.” 

Notes:  —  1.  Future  imperative.  2.  permitto.  3.  Give  this  sen¬ 
tence  in  four  ways.  4.  adfero. 

XVIII.  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus. 

53.  Formal  Indirect  Discourse. 

Definition.  — §  578,  579  (335,  336.  1);  B.  313;  G.  508.  2;  H.  641 
(522.  1,  2);  H-B.  533. 

Declarative  Sentences  in  Ittdirect  Discourse.  —  §  578-585  (336.  1, 
2.  a,  b,  c;  336.  A;  336.  B) ;  B.  313,  314,  317,  318;  G.  648,  649,  650, 
653—655 ;  H.  641-645,  617-620  (522,  523.  I;  524-526,  537);  H-B. 
533»  534-  b  2;  589,  591,  593. 

Subordinate  Clauses  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  §  580,  583.  a ,  b  (336. 
2.  b,  c);  B.  314.  1,  3;  G.  508.  2;  650;  H.  643.  1,  3  (524.  1.  1),  2.  1)); 
H-B.  534.  2. 

Tenses  of  the  Infinitive  and  Subjunctive  in  Indirect  Discourse.  — • 
§  584.  «  ;  585  (336.  A  ;  336.  B) ;  B.  317,  318 ;  G.  653,  654 ;  H.  617-* 
620,  644  (537,  525);  H-B.  572.  a,  b\  593. 


172 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


54.  For  Oral  or  Written  Translation. 

In  this  exercise  first  give  the  sentences  as  they  stand,  then  after 
dicit,  then  after  dixit. 

i.  Hannibal  was1  nine  years  old.  2.  Hannibal  swore  ever¬ 
lasting  hatred  against  the  Romans.  3.  The  second  Punic  war 
was  brought  on  2  by  this  circumstance.  4.  Hannibal,  who  was 
seeking  a  pretext  for  war,  destroyed  Saguntum,  5.  because 
Saguntum  was  in  alliance  with  the  Romans.  6.  Therefore 
ambassadors  were  sent  to  demand  Hannibal.  7.  Fabius  was 
the  chief  of  the  embassy.  8.  The  Carthaginians  will  not  give 
up3  Hannibal.  9.  They  will  carry  on  war  with  the  same  cour¬ 
age  with  which  they  accept4  it.  10.  Hannibal  crossed  the  Alps. 

Notes  :  —  1.  Bear  in  mind  that  the  infinitive  is  not  subject  to  the 
laws  of  tense  sequence.  2.  See  text.  3.  I.e.  surrender.  4.  Future 
perfect. 

55.  For  Oral  or  Written  Translation. 

Formal  Indirect  Discourse  (continued). 

Conditions  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  §  589.  I,  2.  a.  1,  2,  3.  b.  1-4 
(337.  1,  2.  a.  1,  2,  3.  b.  1-4) ;  B.  319,  320,  321 ;  G.  656-659,  595.  R.  1 ; 
596.  R-  5  5  597-  R-  4;  H.  646,  647,  648  (527.  I,  II,  III);  H-B.  534. 
I.  b ;  536. 

Questions  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  §  586,  587  (338);  B.  315; 
G.  651 ;  H.  642  (523.  II) ;  H-B.  537. 

Commands  in  Indirect  Discourse.  —  §588.  a.  N.  I,  N.  2  (339); 
B.  316 ;  G.  652;  H.  642  (523.  Ill);  H-B.  538. 

Give  the  first  five  sentences,  first  as  they  stand,  then  after  dicit, 
then  after  dixit. 

i.  Take  whichever1  pleases  you.2  2.  Give  us  whichever1 
you  desire.  3.  If  Fabius  should  be  sent  against  Hannibal, 
he  would  check  his  victorious  career.3  4.  If  he  protected  Italy 
only,  he  changed  the  plan  of  the  war.  5.  Had  there  been  a 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


173 


favorable  opportunity  4  for  a  successful  engagement,5  the  gen¬ 
eral  would  not  have  been  wanting.  6.  Do  not  ask  whether 
Fabius  deserved  his  fame.  7.  But  the  delaying  policy6  of 
Fabius  did  not  please  the  Romans.  8.  They  said,  did7  not 
Hannibal  escape  from  the  narrow  pass? 

Notes: — 1.  utrum  =  which  of  two.  2.  Dative.  3.  ‘victorious 
career,’  one  word.  4.  ‘favorable  opportunity,’  one  word.  5.  See 
text.  6.  ‘delaying  policy,’  one  word.  7.  How  is  a  fact  stated  as  a 
question  expressed  in  indirect  discourse  ? 

56.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  After  Fabius  had  shut  Hannibal  and  his  army  within1 
the  narrow  pass,  he  thought  that  they  could  never  escape. 

2.  But  Hannibal  ordered  cattle,  with  blazing  fagots  fastened  to 
their  horns,  to  be  driven  towards  the  mountains.  3.  The 
Romans,  astonished  at  the  strange  sight,2  wondered  who  were 
running  about  through  the  woods.  4.  Fabius,  suspecting3  an 
ambush,  kept4  his  men  within  their  entrenchments.  5.  Thus 
Hannibal  escaped. 

Notes: — 1.  Lat.  id.  ‘shut  in  by.'  2.  ‘strange  sight,’  one  word. 

3.  See  notes  p.  19,  1.  7 ;  p.  31,  1.  8.  4.  contineo. 

57.  For  Oral  or  Written  Translation. 

informal  indirect  discourse. 

Implied  Indirect  Discourse.  —  §  592.  1,  2,  3  (340,341);  B.  323  ;  G. 
508.  3;  628,  663.  2;  H.  649.  I  (528.  1);  H-B.  535.  1.  a;  2.  a ;  536.  a. 

Siiljunctive  of  Integral  Part  (attraction). — §  593.  a.  N.  1,  N.  2 
(342);  B.  324;  G.  629,  663;  H.  652  (529.  II);  H-B.  539. 

Alius  and  alter.  —  §  315.  a,  c  (203.  a ,  c) ;  B.  353.  2,  3;  G.  319, 
221.  r.  1 ;  H.  516.  1,  2  (459.  1);  H-B.  279.  1,  2,  3;  265. 

1.  Fabius  commanded  his  son  to  sell  that  field  which1  Han¬ 
nibal  had  spared.  2.  Minucius  brought  a  charge  against 


174 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Fabius  because 2  he  was  wasting  time.  3.  For  there  were 
two  commanders,  one  Fabius,  the  other  Minucius.  4.  Some 
thought  that  Fabius  was  cautious,  others  that  he  was  afraid. 
5.  The  commons  were  angered  because  3  Fabius  desired  to  have 
control  of  the  army.  6.  Fabius  promised4  his  assistance  if 
Minucius  should  engage  in  battle.  7.  Fabius  came  to  assist 
Minucius,  who  5  had  been  conquered  by  Hannibal.  8.  Minucius 
commanded  his  soldiers  to  call  Fabius,  who5  had  delivered 
him,  father. 

Notes:  —  1.  This  rel.  cl.  is  included  in  what  Fabius  says.  2.  I.e. 
as  Minucius  affirmed.  3.  Cf.  n.  2.  4.  ‘  promised  ’  =  ‘  said  that  he 

would  give,’  hence  implied  indirect  discourse.  5.  Rel.  cl.  with  subj. 
by  attraction. 

58.  For  Oral  Translation. 

EXPRESSIONS  OF  PLACE. 

Place  from  which.  —  §  426.  1  ;  427.  1  ;  428.  b,  e, f  (258.  «)  ;  B.  229  ; 
G.  390,  391  ;  H.  461,  462.  1,  4  (412.  I,  II.  1);  H-B.  409,  451. 

Place  to  which.  —  §  426.  2  ;  427.  2  ;  428.  b,  c  (258.  b) ;  B.  182.  1,  2  ; 
G.  337-  1-3;  H.  418.  4  (3S0.  I,  II.  1);  H-B.  385,  450. 

Place  towards  which.  —  §  428.  a,  c  (258.  b.  N.  2  ;  c.  2.  N.  1) ;  B.  182. 
3;  G-  337-  4;  H.  418.  4;  462.  3  (380.  1  ;  412.  3.  n.);  H-B.  453. 

Place  at  or  in  which.  —  §  426.  3;  427.  3;  428.  b,  d.  N.  1  (258.  c,f ); 
B.  228;  G.  385-387  ;  II.  483,  485.  1  (425.  I,  II.  2);  H-B.  436,  449. 

Place  by ,  through ,  or  over  which.  —  §  429.  a  (258,  g)  ;  B.  218.9; 
G.  389  ;  H.  476  (420.  3) ;  H-B.  426. 

Words  used  like  names  of  towns.  —  §  427.  a  ;  429.  1,  2  (258.  c.  R. ; 
d,  f.  1,2);  B.  228.  1.  b),  c)  ;  G.  385.  N.  1 ;  388;  H.  419.  1 ;  462.  4  ; 
484.  1,  2  (380.  II.  2^  1),  2);  412.  1  ;  426.  1,  2);  H-B.  449.  a;  436.  a ,  b. 
Summary.  —  §  426,  427;  II.  491.  I,  II  (427,  428). 

i.  Fabius  marched  towards  Tarentum.  2.  When  he  had 
come  to  the  city,  he  invested  it  by  a  siege.  3.  At  Tarentum 
lived  a  young  woman  whose  brother  was  in  the  army  of  Fabius, 
4.  and  whose  lover1  was  the  prefect  of  the  guard.  5.  The 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


175 


brother,  at  the  command  of  Fabius,  crossed  over  to  Tarentum, 
as  a  deserter.  6.  He  went  to  his  sister’s  house.  7.  She  was 
at  home.  8.  There  he  persuaded  the  prefect  to  betray  the 
city.  9.  Then  a  messenger  was  sent  from  the  city  to  Fabius. 
10.  The  Romans  entered  the  city  by  that  part  of  the  wall 
which  the  prefect  was  guarding. 

Note: —  1.  amans. 

59.  For  Oral  Translation. 

EXPRESSIONS  OF  TIME. 

Time  when  or  within  which.  —  §  423,  424.  <7,  c  (256,  259.  a,  c) ; 
B.  230,  231  ;  G.  393;  H.  486,  487  (429);  H-B.  439. 

Time  how  long  or  during  which.  —  §  423,  424.  c  (256,  259.  c) ; 

B.  181;  G.  336;  H.  417  (379);  H-B.  387.  II. 

Use  of  prepositions  in  expressions  of  time.  —  §  424.  a,  e  (256.  a  ; 
259.  b );  B.  181.  2;  230.  2;  G.  336,  394;  H.  487.  1,  2  (429.  1,  2); 
H-B.  439.  a\  387.  II.  a. 

Time  before  or  after  an  event.  —  §  424.  f  (259.  d) ;  B.  357.  1  ; 
G.  336.  3;  403.  4;  H.  488.  1,  2,  N.  2  (430,  n.  1.  1)  -3);  N.  3);  H-B. 
424,  387.  11.  b. 

i.  Livius  boasted  because  he  had  held  the  citadel  for  many 
months.  2.  Many  years  after,  the  son  of  Fabius  was  consul. 

3.  Fabius  wished  to  know  whether  his  son  knew1  that  he  was 
consul.  4.  Within  a  few  days  the  consul  ordered  Fabius  to 
dismount  from  his  horse.  5.  The  son  knew  who  was  consul. 

C.  F'or  many  years  Fabius  upheld  the  state  by  a  policy  of  delay.2 
7.  In  216  B.C.3  Paulus  and  Varro  were  consuls.  8.  They 
pitched  their  camp  near  Cannae.  9.  In  a  few  hours  they  drew 
up  their  battle-line.  10.  Their  army  was  cut  in  pieces.  1 1 .  Rome 
had  known4  no  such5  calamity  for  two  hundred  years. 

Notes:  —  1.  Not  ind.  2.  ‘ policy  of  delay,’ one  word.  3.  Lat.  id. 
‘in  the  538th  year  from  the  founding  of  the  city.’  Cf.  p.  17,  1.  20. 

4.  sentio.  5.  ‘  no  such  ’  =  *  not  so  great.’ 


176 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


60.  For  Written  Translation. 

i.  A  trivial  circumstance1  assisted  Fabius  in2  recovering 
Tarentum.  2.  In  that  city  was  a  young  woman  who  used  to 
receive3  the  prefect  of  the  guard  at  her  house.  3.  Though  she 
lived  at  Tarentum,  she  was  born4  at  Rome,  and  had  lived  there 
fifteen  years  before  she  went  to  Tarentum.  4.  Her  brother 
was  in  the  army  of  Fabius.  5.  Her  brother  came  to  her  by 
night,5  and  there  met6  the  prefect,  who  promised,  before  he 
went  forth  7 from  the  house,  to  betray  8  Tarentum  to  the  Romans. 
6.  Thus,9  within  a  few  hours,  Tarentum  was  recovered. 

Notes:  —  1.  See  text.  2.  ad.  3.  What  tense?  4.  nascor.  5.  noctu. 
6.  convenio.  7.  egredior.  8.  Future  infinitive  with  subj.  acc.  9.  sic. 


XIX.  Aemilius  Paulus  et  Terentius  Varro. 

61.  For  Oral  Translation. 

THE  ROMAN  CALENDAR. 

The  Year.  —  §  424.  630  (259.  e\  376);  B.  227;  G.  409,  Appen¬ 

dix;  H.  489  (431.  4);  H-B.  661.  1,  2. 

The  Month.  —  §  631.  a-d ;  424.^(376.  a-d ;  259.  e)  ;  B.  371.  1-6; 
G.  Appendix;  H.  754,  755.  n.  i,  n.  2  (641,  642,  644);  H-B.  662,  664- 
668. 

i.  Fabius  died  203 1  b.c.  2.  The  consuls  entered  upon  their 
magistracy  on  the  first  of  January.  3.  King  Numa  died 
673  B.c.2  4.  The  Salii  used  to  convey  the  sacred  shields 

through  the  city  on  the  first  of  March.  5.  The  second  Punic 
war  began  in  218  b.c.  6.  Hannibal  set  out  for  Italy  on  the 
10th  of  April.3  7.  He  reached  the  Alps  on  the  3d  of  October. 
8.  He  defeated  Scipio  at4  the  Ticinus  river,  on  the  14th  of 
November.  9.  He  defeated  Sempronius  at  the  Trebia,  on  the 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


177 


20th  of  December,  io.  Some  5 say  that  the  battle  of  Cannae6 
took  place  on  the  2d  of  August. 

Notes:  —  1.  Subtract  203  from  754  for  the  Roman  equivalent 

а. u.c.  2.  All  dates  relating  to  the  Roman  kings  are  mythical.  3.  The 
exact  dates  of  these  battles  are  uncertain.  4.  apud.  5.  quidam. 

б.  proelium  Cannense. 

62.  For  Oral  Translation. 

pronouns. 

Personal.  —  §  295  (194);  B.  242;  G.  304;  H.  500  (446);  H-B.  254, 
255>  257- 

Demonstrative.  —  §  296,  297,  298  (100-102,  195);  B.  246-249; 

G.  305-3iO  H-  505-507  (450-452);  H_B-  27i-274,  267-270. 

Reflexive.  —  §  299.  a\  300.  1,  2  (196);  B.  244;  G.  309;  H.  502- 
504  (448,  449);  H-B.  260;  262.  1,  2. 

Possessive.  —  §  302.  a,  c,  d,  e  (197) ;  B.  243  ;  G.  312  ;  H.  501  (447) ; 
H-B.  256,  258. 

Relative.  —  §  304-307.  a,  b.  N. ;  e\  308.  a-c  (197.  5-201);  B.  250, 
251 ;  G.  610  ff. ;  H.  510  (453);  H-B.  281,  282,  284.  1-6. 

Indefinite.— %  309,  310.  a;  311,  313,  314.  1,  2.  a  (202);  B.  252; 
G.  3 1 3— 31 9  ;  H.  5I2-5I5  (455-459):  H~B-  27 6- 

1.  There  were  two  consuls  at  Cannae,  the  one  Paulus,  the 
other  Varro.  2.  The  former  fell,  the  latter  returned  from  the 
great  slaughter.  3.  Was  there  any  mention  of  peace  at  Rome  ? 

4.  No  ;  even 1  Varro  was  thanked  because  he  had  not  despaired. 

5.  They  took  down  arms  from  the  very  temples.  6.  The  citi¬ 
zens  contributed  2  their  private  wealth.  7.  They  left  almost  no 
gold  for  themselves.  8.  The  tablets  3  in  the  hands  of  the  clerks 
were  hardly  sufficient.  9.  Hannibal  gave  his  captives  an 
opportunity  of  ransoming  themselves.  10.  Ten  of  those  very1 
ones  were  sent  to  Rome.  n.  No  pledge  was  asked  from  any 
one.4  12.  Each  one  swore  that  he  would  return.  13.  A 


178 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


certain  one  of  the  ambassadors  returned,  as  if  he  had  forgotten 
something. 

Notes: — i.  ipse.  2.  ‘to  contribute ’  =  in  medium  proferre. 
3.  Sc.  the  omitted  relative.  4.  quisquam. 

63.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  Some  say  that  the  battle  of  Cannae,  Rome’s  greatest 
defeat  since1  the  founding  of  the  city,  took  place  on  the  2d  of 
August;  others,  on  the  15th  of  June.  2.  So  high  was  the 
spirit  of  the  state  that  no  one  made  mention  of  peace  ;  but 
they  took  the  very  spoils  of  war  from  the  temple  walls 2  for  arms, 
and  knights  and  senators,  vying  with  each  other,3  contributed 
their  gold.  3.  The  senate,  moreover,  refused  to  ransom  some 
captives  taken  4  by  Hannibal,  saying  that  the  republic  had  no 
need5  of  citizens  who  could  be  taken  captive  with  arms  in  their 
hands. 

Notes: — 1.  post.  2.  paries,  -etis,  m.  3.  ‘vying  with  each 
other,’  certatim.  4.  Express  by  a  relative  clause.  5.  See  text. 


XX.  Tiberius  Gracchus  et  Gaius  Gracchus. 

64.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Genitive  Case. 

General  Rule.  — %  ^2  (213);  H.  437~439  (393~395)  5  H-B.  337. 
Quality.  —  §345  (215);  B.  203;  G.  365;  H.  440.  3  (396.  V); 
H-B.  355. 

Partitive. —  §  346  (216);  B.  201;  G.  367-372  ;  H.  440.  5;  441- 
444  (397-  a.  1-4  ;  c,  e);  H-B.  346.  r. 

Objective.  —  §  348  (217) ;  B.  200  ;  G.  363.  2  ;  H.  440.  2  (396.  Ill); 
H-B.  354. 

With  Adjectives.  —  §  349.  a-c  (218);  B.  204;  G.  374;  H.  450  ff. 
(399);  H-B.  354. 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


179 


Predicate  Genitive.  —  §  314.  b  (214.  1.  c) ;  B.  198.  3  ;  203.  5  ;  G.  366  ; 
IT.  447  ff.  (401  ff.) ;  H-B.  340. 

With  Verbs.  —  §  350.  a ,  b,  c,  d;  351-357  (219-222);  B.  205-212; 
G.  376-382  ;  H.  4 54-4 58  (406-409)  ;  H-B.  342-345»  347»  35°-353’ 

1.  Tiberius  Gracchus  was  the  grandson  of  Scipio  Africanus. 
2.  He  was  a  boy  of  unusual  talent.1  3.  The  mother,  Cornelia, 
was  full  of  wisdom.2  4.  She  thought  that  well-trained  children 
were  a  matron’s  chief  adornment.  5.  She  considered3  them 
of  more  value4  than  the  most  beautiful  jewels.  6.  Her  boys 
were  called  Cornelia’s  jewels.  7.  Tiberius  Gracchus  was 
elected  tribune  of  the  people.  8.  It  was  to  his  interest  to  win 
the  favor  of  the  people.  9.  He  did  not  forget  them.  10.  Some 
accused  him  of  aiming5  at  the  royal  power. 

Notes: — 1.  indoles.  2.  sapientia.  3.  habeo.  4.  Omit.  5.  Lat. 
id.  ‘  of  preparing  a  way  for  himself  to.’  Use  gen.  of  gerund. 

65.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  The  Gracchi,  sons  of  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Scipio 
Africanus,  were  boys  of  unusual  talent.  2.  Cornelia,  who  was 
desirous 1  of  educating  2  her  children  well,  called  them  her  jewels 
and  sent  them  to  school  from  childhood.  3.  One3  of  these 
boys,  Tiberius,  was  so  full  of  love  for  the  people  that  he  won 
their  favor,  and  was  elected  tribune.  4.  When  he  desired  his 
power  as  tribune  4  to  be  prolonged,  the  senate  suspected  5  that 
he  was  seeking6  the  royal  power,  and  he  was  accused  of  that 
crime.  5.  He  was  killed  by  a  mob  7  of  senators,  and  his  body 
was  thrown  into  the  Tiber.  6.  He  was  a  man  8  of  great  virtue, 
and  of  wonderful  eloquence. 

Notes:  —  1.  cupidus.  2.  Gen.  of  gerund.  3.  alter.  4.  ‘as  trib¬ 
une,’  use  an  adjective.  5.  suspicor,  -ari,  -atus.  6.  peto.  7.  turba. 
8.  Omit. 


ISO 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


66.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Dative  Case. 

General  Ricle.  —  §  361  (224);  B.  186;  G.  344;  H.  422,423  (382); 
H-B.  35S. 

Indirect  Object.  —  §  362.  a  ;  366  (225,  226) ;  B.  187  ;  G.  345,  346 ; 
II.  424  (384);  H-B.  365. 

With  Special  Verbs.  —  §  367  (227);  B.  187.  II;  G.  346;  H.  426- 
428  (385);  H-B.  362.  I— 1 1 1 ;  364.  1. 

With  Compounds.  —  §  370.  a;  371  (228);  B.  187.  Ill;  G.  347; 
H.  429  (386);  H-B.  376. 

A  Dative  rendered  from.  —  §  381  (229);  B.  188.  2.  d)  ;  G.  347.  5; 

h.  427  (385- II- 2);  H_B- 371- 

i.  Nature  gave  the  same  disposition  to  Gaius  Gracchus. 

2.  He  sought  the  tribunate  to  avenge  his  brother’s  death. 

3.  He  favored1  the  people  with  lavish  grants.  4.  He  did  not 
spare2  the  treasury.  5.  He  gave3  citizenship  to  all  Italians. 
6.  All  good  citizens  opposed  these  plans  of  Gracchus.  7.  The 
common  people  trusted  him.  8.  He  took  corn  from4  the  rich 
and  gave  it  to  the  poor. 

Notes: — 1.  fave5.  2.  parc5.  3.  confido.  4.  auferd,  followed 
by  the  accusative  of  the  thing  and  the  dative  of  the  person. 


67.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Dative  Case  (continued). 

With  Passive  Intransitives.  —  §  369.  a  ;  372  (230);  B.  187.  II.  b ; 
G.  208.  2;  346.  1  ;  H.  426.  3  (384.  5);  H-B.  364.  2. 

.  Possessor.  —  §  373  (231)  ;  B.  190  ;  G.  349  ;  H.  430  (387)  ;  H-B.  374. 

Apparent  Agent.— %  374.  a ;  375  (232.  N.,  a);  B.  189.  1,  2;  G.  355. 
R-:  3541  H.  431.  2  (388.  1);  H-B.  373.  1,  2. 

With  Adjectives.  —  §  383,  384  (234);  B.  192;  G.  359;  H.  434 
(391);  H-B.  362.  I— HI ;  339.  c. 

1.  The  consul  Opimius  was  ordered1  to  see  to  it  that  the 
republic  should  receive  no  harm.  2.  The  people  had  to  be 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


1S1 


called  to  arms  by  the  consul.  3.  Gaius2  had  the  family  ser¬ 
vants  for  a  guard.  4.  Gracchus  was  defeated 3  and  compelled 
to  flee.4  5.  A  slave  was  persuaded5  to  kill  his  master.  6.  The 
death  of  Gaius  was  like  that  of6  Tiberius.  7.  Gracchus7  had 
many  friends.  8.  One  of8  them  was  not  faithful9  to  him. 

9.  He  brought  the  tribune’s  head  to10  Opimius. 

Notes  :  —  1.  impero,  used  impersonally,  followed  by  ut  and  subj. 
2.  Lat.  id.  ‘The  family  servants  were  for  a  guard  to  Gaius.’  3.  Use 
perf.  part.  4.  2d  periphrastic.  5.  persuadeo,  used  impersonally.  Cf. 
note  1.  6.  Omit  ‘that.’  7.  Dat.  of  possessor.  8.  ex.  9.  fidelis. 

10.  When  is  to  not  a  sign  of  the  dative  ? 

68.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  After  the  death  of  Tiberius,  Gaius  Gracchus,  to  whom 
nature  had  given  the  same  character,  was  elected1  tribune. 
2.  He  pleased2  the  commons  by  many  laws  relating  to3  the 
distribution  of  corn  and  the  giving  of  the  citizenship.  3.  But 
Opimius  had  to  obey  4  the  decree  of  the  senate,  and  so5  he 
told  the  people  that  they  must  take  up 6  arms  against  Gracchus. 
4.  Gracchus  seized  7  the  Aventine  and  used  his  family  servants 
as  a  guard,  for8  he9  had  no  other  defenders.  5.  He  was  com¬ 
pelled  to  flee,  however,  and,  in  order  that  he  might  not  be 
seized,  he  persuaded  a  slave,  who  was  faithful  to  him,  to  kill 10 
him.  6.  His  body,  like  that  of  his  11  brother,  was  thrown  into 
the  Tiber. 

Notes: — 1.  creo.  2.  placeo.  3.  de.  4.  pareo.  Use  2d  peri¬ 
phrastic  impersonally.  5.  itaque.  6.  capio.  7.  Subordinate  by 
using  participle.  8.  quod.  9.  Dative  of  possessor.  10.  Object  cl. 
of  purpose.  1 1.  Omit  ‘  that  of  his.’ 

69.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Accusative  Case. 

Direct  Object.  —  §  387.  a,  b  (237) ;  B.  172  ff. ;  G.  330;  H.  404  (371) ; 
H-B.  390.  a. 


182 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Cognate.  —  §  390.  a,  r,  d  (238);  B.  176;  G.  332,  333;  H.  409 
(371.  II);  H-B.  396.  1,  2. 

Two  Accusatives ,  Person.  —  §  391,  392,  393.  a  (239.  a); 

B.  177;  G.  340;  PI.  410  (373);  H-B.  392. 

Two  Accusatives,  Person  and  Thing.  —  §  394,  395.  N.  3;  396.  a 
(239.  b.  2.  b,  c.  n.  1,  r.);  B.  178;  G.  339;  H.  411-413  (374-376); 
H-B.  393.  a,  b. 

1.  The  Romans  elected  Opimius  consul.  2.  Tiberius  Gracchus 
was  elected  tribune.  3.  He  lived  a  noble  life,1  and  died  an 
undeserved  death.1  4.  After  his  death  the  consul  inflicted 
punishment2  upon  those  who  had  sympathized  with  Gracchus. 

5.  Blossius,  a  friend  of  Tiberius,  asked  the  senate  for  pardon.3 

6.  He  valued  Gracchus  so  highly4  that  he  thought  he  ought 
to  do  whatever  Gracchus5  desired.  7.  For6  this  reason,  he 
thought  he  ought  to  be  pardoned. 

Notes: — 1.  Cognate  accusative.  2.  ‘inflicted  punishment,’ tr. 
by  one  word.  3.  venia.  4.  See  text.  5.  See  suggestion  6,  p.  139. 
6..  Lat.  ‘  because  of.’ 

XXI.  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus. 

70.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Ablative  Case. 

General  Rule.  —  §  399  (242);  B.  213;  G.  384;  H.  459  (41 1) ; 
H-B.  403. 

Separation.  —  §400,  401,  402  (243);  B.  214;  G.  390;  H.  461-466 
(414);  H-B.  408.  1,  2,  3;  410,  41 1,  412. 

Source  atid  Material.  —  §  403.  a  (244);  B.  215;  G.  395,  396; 
H.  467-470  (415);  H-B.  413,  406.  4. 

Cause.  —  §  404  (245) ;  B.  219  ;  G.  408  ;  H.  475  (416) ;  II-B.  444.  c. 
Agent.  —  §  405.  N.  1,  N.  2  (246);  B.  216;  G.  401;  H.  467,  468 
(415.  1);  II-B.  406.  1.  b. 

i.  Gnaeus  Pompey  was  born  of 1  senatorial  stock.  2.  Pompey’s 
father  was  disliked  by2  the  army  because  of  his  avarice.3  3.  A 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


183 


plot  was  made  against  him  by  Terentius.  4.  Terentius4  was 
to  kill5  him  and  others  4  were  to  sethis  tent  on  fire.  5.  Pompey, 
the  youth,  was  informed  of  the  plot.  6.  But  he  was  not  moved 
by  the  peril.3  7.  He  withdrew  from  the  tent  secretly,  and 
placed  a  strong  guard  about  his  father.  8.  Terentius  drew0 
his  sword  from  its  scabbard.7  9.  Pompey  threw  himself  into 
the  midst  of  the  lines.  10.  The  father  was  spared  8  on  account 
of  the  tears  of  his  son. 

Notes  :  —  1.  nascor,  followed  by  the  abl.  of  source.  2.  ‘  was  dis¬ 
liked  by  ’  =  ‘was  hateful  to.’  3.  Abl.  of  cause.  4.  Dat.  of  apparent 
agent.  5.  2d  periphrastic.  6.  eripio.  7.  ex  vagina,  abl.  of  sepa¬ 
ration.  8.  Use  impersonally. 

71.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  The  youthful  Pompey  was  greatly  beloved  by  Sulla, 
because  he  had  followed  Sulla’s  faction,  and  had  gathered  the 
remnants  of  his  father’s  army  that  he  might  go  to  Sulla’s 
assistance.  2.  Among  his  soldiers,  too,  because  of  his  many 
virtues,  there  was  great  affection  for  him.  3.  Temperate  in 
food  and  drink,  unwearied  1  by  exertion,  he  was  a  skilful  com¬ 
mander,  and  worthy  of 2  the  highest  praise. 

Notes  :  —  1.  Lat.  ‘  wearied  by  no.’  2.  dignus.,  with  abl.  of  cause. 

72.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Ablative  Case  (continued). 

Comparison.  —  §  406,  407.  a,  c  (247);  B.  217;  G.  398;  H.  471 
(417) ;  H-B.  416.  d. 

Manner.  —  §  412.  a,  b  (248);  B.  220;  G.  399;  II.  473.  3  (419.  Ill); 
H-B.  445.  1-3;  422. 

Accompaniment.  —  §  413.  a,  b  (248.  7) ;  B.  222  ;  G.  392  ;  H.  473.  1  ; 
474  (419.  I.  1);  H-B.  418,  419,  420. 

Means.  —  §  408,  409  (248.  8);  B.  218;  G.  401;  II.  476  (420); 
H-B.  423.  a. 


184 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


Degree  of  Difference.  —  §  414  (250);  B.  223;  G.  403;  H.  479 
(423) ;  H-B.  424. 

i.  Pompey  was  a  more  illustrious  man  than  his  father. 
2.  He,  together1  with  a  band  of2  distinguished  youth,  joined’5 
Sulla.  3.  Afterwards  he  went  to  Sicily  with  a  fleet.  4.  Carbo, 
an  enemy  of  Sulla,  was  seized  by  the  soldiers.  5.  Though  he 
begged  for  life  with  prayers  and  tears,  he  was  killed.  6.  Sthe- 
nius,  the  chief  of  a  Sicilian  state,  saved  4  his  life  by  a  frank 
speech.  7.  “You  will  act  unjustly,”  said  Sthenius,  “if  you 
punish  all  for  the  guilt5  of  one.”  8.  “Who,  pray,6  is  that 
one?”  asked  Pompey.  9.  “I,”  said  Sthenius,  “who  am  much 
more  guilty"  than  my  fellow-citizens.” 

Notes:  —  1.  Omit.  2.  Omit  ‘band  of.’  3.  Lat.  id.  ‘joined  him¬ 
self  to.’  4.  servo.  5.  ‘  for  the  guilt,’  express  in  two  ways.  6.  ‘  Who, 
pray,’  quisnam.  7.  nocentior. 

73.  For  Oral  Translation. 

The  Ablative  Case  (continued). 

Quality.  — %  415.  a  (251);  B.  224;  G.  400;  H.  473.  2  (419.  II); 
H-B.  443. 

Price.  —  §  416,  417.  b,  c  (252);  B.  225;  G.  404 ;  H.  478  (422); 
H-B.  427.  1,  2.  r. 

Specification.  —  §  418.  a  (253);  B.  226;  G.  397;  H.  480  (424); 
H-B.  441. 

Absolute.  — %  419,  420  (255);  B.  227;  G.  409,  410;  H.  489  (431); 
H-B.  421. 

1.  Pompey  fought  against  Sertorius  with  variable  success. 
2.  In  a  certain  battle,  a  man  of  immense  size  made  an  attack 
against  him.  3.  Many  rushing  upon  him  at  the  same  time,1  he 
was  wounded  in  the  thigh.  4.  He  was  deserted  by  his  fleeing 
men.  5.  He  escaped  from  his  peril,  contrary  to  his  expecta¬ 
tions,  and  at  no  great  price.2  6.  No  one  excelled  3  Sertorius  in 
courage.  7.  Sertorius  called  Metellus  an  old  woman,  because 


LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


185 


he  was  effeminate  in  his  manner  of  life.4  8.  After  Sertorius 
was  dead,  Pompey  departed  from  Spain. 

Notes:  —  i.  See  text.  2.  pretium.  3.  praecedo,  with  acc. 
4.  ‘manner  of  life,’  abl.  of  cultus. 

74.  For  Written  Translation. 

1.  Pompey  was  a  youth  of  remarkable  talent,1  and  was  skil¬ 
ful  in  war2  when  only  twenty-four  years  of  age  ;  but  he  could 
not  conquer  Sertorius,  who  excelled  3  all  his  foes  in  knowledge  4 
of  military  affairs.  2.  Spain  was  finally  recovered  by  the 
Romans  at  a  great  outlay  5  of  men  and  of  money.  3.  After  this 
war  was  finished,  Pompey  was  sent  with  a  great  fleet  to  crush 
the  pirates.  4.  No  victory  was  more  speedy  than  this,  for,  by 
scattering  his  ships  in  all  the  nooks  and  corners6  of  the  sea,  he 
drove  them  out  in  less  than  forty  days.  5.  The  war  against 
Mithridates  was  then  intrusted7  to  him,  against  whom  he  set 
out  with  the  greatest  speed. 

Notes:  —  1.  ingenium.  2.  Not  abl.  3.  praecedS,  with  acc. 
4.  scientia.  5.  sumptus.  6. ‘nooks  and  corners,’ recessus.  7.  mando. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


Before  taking  up  the  study  of  these  groups  of  kindred  words,  the  student 
will  find  it  advisable  to  learn  the  principal  rules  for  word  formation,  and  the 
meanings  and  force  of  the  most  important  prefixes  and  suffixes.  See  A., 
chap,  viii ;  H.  313-345. 


i.  AC-,  sharp,  pierce. 

acies,  edge,  battle-line, 
acer,  sharp. 

acerbus,  sharp  (to  the  taste),  bit¬ 
ter,  cruel. 

2.  AG-,  drive. 
ago,  drive. 

adig5,  drive  to,  compel. 
cog5  (co-ag5),  drive  together,  as¬ 
semble. 

exigo,  drive  out,  complete, 
fatigd,  drive  to  weariness, 
subigo,  drive  up ;  subdue, 
agito,  keep  driving,  drive  here 
and  there. 

agmen,  a  thing  driven;  army;  line 
of  march. 

3.  AL-  (AR-),  feed,  grow. 
alo,  feed. 

altus,  grown  ;  high. 

altum,  the  deep. 

alacer,  well-fed  ;  quick,  lively. 


4.  AL-,  ALI-,  other,  strange. 

alius,  another, 
alias,  another  time, 
alienus,  belonging  to  another, 
aliquis,  some  other,  some  one. 
aliquandb,  at  some  time, 
aliquantb,  somewhat,  rather, 
aliquot,  some. 

aliter,  in  a  different  manner, 
alter,  another,  the  other  (of  two), 
altercor,  quarrel. 

5.  AM-,  love. 

amicus,  friend, 
inimicus,  enemy, 
amicitia,  friendship, 
amor,  love. 

6.  AN-,  breathe. 

anima,  breath  ;  soul. 

animal,  a  breathing  thing;  animal. 

animus,  rational  spirit,  mind,  soul. 

7.  1  AR-,  fit. 
arma,  arms,  implements, 
armo,  arm,  equip. 


188 


WORD-GROUPS. 


ars,  skill  in  joining;  art,  craft, 
artus,  joints. 

8.  2  AR-,  burn ,  dry. 

ardor,  heat,  fire, 
exardesco,  burst  into  flames, 
aridus,  dry. 

g.  ARC-,  keep  off,  shut  in. 

arced,  keep  away, 
exerced,  restrain,  exercise, 
exercitus,  trained  body,  army, 
arx,  that  which  shuts  in,  citadel. 

io.  i  AV-,  mark ,  delight,  desire. 

auded,  dare, 
audacia,  boldness, 
avarus,  avaricious,  desirous, 
avaritia,  desire,  avarice, 
avidus,  eager. 

n.  2  AV-,  notice. 

audio,  hear, 
auris,  ear. 

12.  3  AV-,  blow,  waft. 
avis,  bird. 

aucupium  (avis-capid),  bird-catch¬ 
ing. 

augur,  an  interpreter  of  omens, 
augur. 

augurium,  interpretation  of  bird- 
omens. 

auspicium,  bird-gazing,  auspices. 

13.  AVG-,  grow. 

auged,  increase, 
auctor,  author. 


auctoritas,  rank,  power, 
auxilium,  increasing ;  assistance. 

14.  CAD-,  fall. 

cado  (ad-,  com-,  in-,  ob-,  re-),  fall, 
befall. 

cadaver,  dead  body, 
casus  (cadtus),  falling  ;  event ; 
accident. 

occasio,  opportunity,  occasion. 

cedo  (ad-,  com-,  de-,  re-,  sub-), 
give  place,  go. 
recessus,  retreat,  departure, 
successor,  one  following, 
successus,  a  coming  up,  advance ; 
success. 

15.  CAL-,  CLA-,  call. 

clamd,  call  out. 
clamito,  call  often, 
conclamo,  call  together, 
clamor,  a  loud  call, 
praeclarus,  very  bright,  splendid. 

16.  CAND-,  glow. 

accendo,  set  fire  to,  kindle, 
incendo,  put  fire  in. 
incendium,  fire,  conflagration. 

17.  CAP-,  take,  hold. 

capio  (ad-,  com-,  prae-,  re-),  take, 
seize  ;  hold. 

captivus,  taken,  captured, 
capto,  strive  to  take  ;  catch, 
inceptum,  thing  begun,  under¬ 
taking. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


1S9 


praecipue,  taken  before ;  espe¬ 
cially. 

princeps  (primus-capere),  fore¬ 
most. 

principium,  beginning, 
caput,  head. 

anceps  (ambi-ceps),  two-headed, 
doubtful. 

1 8.  CAV-,  watch ,  ware. 

caveo,  beware, 
cautus,  careful, 
causa,  cause, 
accusd,  call  to  account, 
accusator,  one  who  calls  to  ac¬ 
count. 

cura  (cavira),  care,  anxiety, 
curd,  care. 

incuriosus,  without  care, 
procurd,  look  after,  care  for. 

19.  CEL-,  CVR-,  strike ,  drive. 

percello,  strike  down  ;  strike  with 
consternation. 

procella,  driving  wind,  storm, 
celer,  swift, 
celeritas,  swiftness, 
celeber,  trodden,  frequented, 
clades,  destruction,  devastation. 

procul,  at  a  distance,  away, 
culter,  striking  thing  ;  knife. 

curro  (ad-,  com-,  de-,  dis-,  ob-, 
sub-),  run. 

cursus,  a  running,  course, 
concursus,  a  meeting  together, 
incursio,  a  running  into,  or  against. 


20.  CER-,  CRE-,  part,  distin¬ 
guish. 

cerno,  separate  ;  perceive, 
decerno,  decide  ;  contend, 
secretus,  separated  ;  secret, 
certus,  settled,  certain, 
certe,  certainly, 
certd,  match ;  fight, 
certamen,  that  which  decides, 
contest. 

certatim,  in  rivalry, 
crimen,  means  of  distinguishing, 
fault. 

discrimen,  that  which  parts,  sepa¬ 
ration. 

21.  COL-,  till. 

cold,  till,  inhabit, 
excold,  cultivate,  improve, 
incold,  abide,  dwell, 
incola,  an  inhabitant, 
cultus,  labor;  care,  culture. 
COldnia,  settlement. 

22.  CRV-,  raw. 

cruor,  blood, 
crudelis,  cruel, 
crudelitas,  cruelty. 

23.  CVR-,  CIR-,  curve. 

circus,  circle,  ring, 
circum,  around, 
circa,  around. 

24.  i  DA-,  give. 

do,  give;  grant, 
dedo,  give  up,  surrender. 


190 


WORD-GROUPS. 


dediti5,  surrender, 
reddo,  give  back, 
trado,  give  over,  deliver, 
donum,  gift. 
don5,  give. 

dos,  thing  given ;  dowry, 
sacerdos,  giver  of  sacrifice,  priest. 

25.  2  DA-,  put. 

-do  (ab-,  ad-,  circum-,  com-,  e-, 
per-,  pro-,  sub-),  put,  place, 
conditor,  one  who  puts  together  ; 
builder. 

proditor,  betrayer, 
mando,  put  into  the  hands  of, 
order. 

vendd  (venum-do),  put  for  sale, 
sell. 

26.  DIC-,  DIC-,  show,  point. 

dico  (ad-,  in-,  inter-,  prae-),  show 
by  words ;  say,  speak,  tell, 
edictum,  proclamation,  edict. 
(dici5),  saying,  authority. 
condiciS,  agreement,  stipulation. 
dictitS,  say  often,  maintain, 
dictator,  absolute  ruler,  dictator. 
abdicS,  disown,  disavow. 
praedicS,  make  known, 
praedicatis,  a  saying  forth,  public 
proclamation. 

index,  one  who  points  out,  wit¬ 
ness. 

indicium,  something  pointed  out; 

notice,  information, 
iudex  (ius-dex),  one  who  speaks 
the  law;  judge. 
iudicS,  pronounce  judgment. 


iudicium,  judgment. 
discS  (di-dec-scS),  learn, 
discipulus,  learner,  pupil. 
doceS,  teach. 

doctus,  one  taught;  learned  man. 
edoceS,  teach  thoroughly, 
doctrina,  teaching,  learning. 

27.  DIV-,  bright ,  shine. 

divus,  deity,  god. 
divinus,  divine. 

divinitus,  divinely,  from  heaven, 
deus,  god. 
dea,  goddess. 

Iuppiter  (Diupiter),  Jupiter. 

Ianus  (Dianus),  Janus. 
Ianiculum,hill  named  after  Janus. 
Diana  (Divana),  shining  one  ; 
Diana. 

IunS  (DivSna),  Juno. 

dies,  day,  light. 

biduum,  a  period  of  two  days, 

cottidianus,  daily. 

hodie,  to-day. 

postridie,  the  day  after. 

pridie,  the  day  before. 

diu,  all  day;  a  long  time, 
diuturnus,  of  long  duration, 
interdiu,  during  the  day,  by  day. 
quamdiu,  as  long  as  ;  how  long. 

ditissimus  (sup.  of  dis),  resplen¬ 
dent  ;  rich, 
divitiae,  riches, 
iuvenis,  young, 
iuventus,  youth. 
adiuvS,  help,  assist. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


191 


adiumentum  (adiuvamentum), 
means  of  helping,  aid. 
iucundus,  pleasant,  agreeable. 

28.  DVA-,  DVI-,  apart ,  two. 

duo,  two. 

duodecim,  twelve. 

duodeni,  twelve  each. 

dubius,  doubtful. 

dubito,  go  to  and  fro  ;  hesitate. 

duplex,  twofold. 

duplicd,  fold  double,  duplicate. 

biduum,  two  days, 
bis  (dvi-ies),  twice, 
bini,  two  apiece,  two  by  two. 
bellum  (*dvellum),  contest  be¬ 
tween  two  ;  war. 
bello,  wage  war. 
rebelld,  wage  war  again,  revolt, 
bellicbsus,  full  of  war,  warlike, 
imbellis,  unwarlike. 

29.  DVC-,  lead. 

duco  (ab-,  ad-,  com-,  de-,  e-,  in-, 
intro-,  per-,  re-,  sub-,  trans-), 
lead. 

dux,  leader. 

educo,  bring  up,  train. 

educatio,  bringing  up,  training. 

30.  ED-,  eat. 

edd,  eat. 

esca,  something  to  eat,  meat ; 
bait. 

31.  ES-,  be,  live. 

sum  (esum)  (ab-,  ad-,  de-,  in-, 
inter-,  prae-,  pr5-,  super-),  be. 


absens,  absent. 

possum  (pot-sum),  be  able,  can. 
praesens,  being  before  ;  present. 

32.  FA-,  shine,  show. 

(for),  speak,  say. 

praefor,  say  beforehand,  premise, 
infans,  that  cannot  speak;  infant, 
fabula,  thing  told,  story, 
facundus,  that  speaks  with  ease, 
eloquent. 

facundia,  eloquence, 
fama,  what  people  say,  report, 
infamis,  ill  spoken  of. 
fanum,  a  place  dedicated  by 
forms  of  speech  ;  a  temple, 
fatum,  thing  spoken  ;  fate, 
fatalis,  fateful. 

fetialis,  speaking,  negotiating  (of 
an  embassy). 

33.  FAC-,  make,  put. 

faci5  (ad-,  com-,  de-,  ex-,  inter-, 
sub-),  make,  build. 
fi5,  be  made,  become, 
interfector,  a  slayer, 
praefectus,  one  set  over,  overseer, 
facilis,  easy  to  do. 
difficilis,  hard  to  do. 
difficiliter,  with  difficulty, 
facultas,  ability,  power, 
difficultas,  difficulty,  trouble, 
facinus,  deed,  act ;  crime, 
factum,  thing  done,  act. 
profectb  (pro-facto),  for  a  fact, 
actually. 

adfectd,  strive  after,  aim  at. 
proficiscor,  set  out. 


192 


WORD-GROUPS. 


patefaci5,  lay  open,  throw  open, 
aedificd,  build,  erect  a  building, 
aedificium,  building,  edifice, 
beneficium,  good  deed,  favor, 
benefit. 

carnifex,  executioner,  hangman, 
opifex,  worker,  workman,  artisan, 
officium  (opificium),  service,  kind¬ 
ness 

pontifex  [p5ns-faci5,  one  who 
makes  a  bridge  (to  the  gods)], 
high-priest. 

sacrificium,  a  sacrifice. 

faber,  maker,  workman,  smith, 
fabrics,  make,  build,  construct. 
Fabricius,  proper  name,  cf.  Eng¬ 
lish  Smith. 

34.  FER-,  bear. 

fero  (ad-,  au(ab)-,  com-,  de-,  ex-, 
in-,  ob-,  per-,  prae-,  prd-,  re-), 
bear,  carry ;  tolerate, 
vociferor,  cry  out. 
signifer,  standard  bearer. 

forte,  by  chance, 
fortuna,  chance,  hap,  luck. 

furtum,  theft. 

furax,  given  to  stealing. 

35.  FID-,  FID-,  bind,  trust. 

fides,  trust,  confidence, 
fidelis,  faithful. 

perfidus,  promise-breaking,  faith¬ 
less. 

perfidia,  faithlessness. 


fiducia,  trust,  confidence, 
foedus,  treaty. 

36.  FLAG-,  FVLG-,  blaze. 

flamma  (flagma),  blaze. 
c5nflagr5,  burn,  be  consumed. 
fulgeS,  flash,  lighten,  gleam, 
fulmen,  lightning  flash. 

37.  FLV-,  FLVGV-,  flow. 
flu5,  flow. 

flumen,  a  flowing,  river, 
fluvius,  river, 
fluctus,  wave. 

38.  FRAG-,  break. 
frango,  break. 

refringd,  break  up,  break  open, 
fragmentum,  piece  broken  off. 
fragor,  breaking,  crash, 
naufragium  (navis-frango),  ship¬ 
wreck. 

39.  FV-,  FVD-,  pour. 

fund5,  pour. 
effundS,  pour  out. 
infundS,  pour  in,  pour  upon, 
profundd,  pour  out,  pour  forth, 
profusus,  poured  forth,  lavish, 
fons  (fovSns),  that  which  pours, 
spring. 

40.  FVG-,  flee. 

fugio  (au(ab)-,  com-,  ex-,  per-, 
prS-,  re-),  flee, 
fuga,  flight. 
fugS,  put  to  flight, 
profugus,  in  flight ;  exiled. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


193 


perfuga,  deserter, 
transfuga,  deserter. 

41.  GEN-,  GN-,  GNA-,  beget. 

gigno  (reduplicated  root),  beget, 
gens,  begetting ;  race, 
ingens,  misbegotten,  unnatural ; 
huge. 

genus,  birth,  race, 
gener,  son-in-law. 
ingenium,  inborn  nature, 
ingenuus,  free-born ;  frank,  simple, 
benignus,  kind,  good,  friendly, 
benigne,  kindly. 

nascor  (gnascor),  be  born, 
natus  (gnatus),  born;  son. 
renascor,  born  again,  grow  again. 
cognatiS,  birth  together  ;  blood 
relationship. 

42.  GES-,  carry. 

gero  (geso),  carry. 

digero,  force  apart,  separate. 

gestus,  bearing ;  posture,  gesture. 

43.  GNA-,  GNO-,  know. 

ignorS,  be  unacquainted, 
narro  (gnarrS),  make  known,  tell. 
nSsco  (gndscS),  get  knowledge  of. 
agnoscS,  recognize,  identify. 
cognoscS,  become  acquainted 
with. 

incSgnitus,  not  examined,  un¬ 
tried. 

ignosco,  not  know ;  pardon,  ex¬ 
cuse. 

notus  (gnotus),  known. 


ignotus,  unknown,  strange, 
ndbilis,  well  known  ;  famous, 
ndbilitas,  celebrity,  fame, 
ignobilis,  unknown,  obscure, 
ndmen,  means  of  knowing,  name, 
nomind,  call  by  name, 
cognomen,  family  name, 
nota,  means  of  recognition,  sign, 
mark. 

44.  GRAD-,  walk. 

gradus,  step. 

aggredior,  walk  to,  approach, 
congredior,  come  together;  meet, 
congressus,  meeting, 
digredior,  go  apart,  separate, 
egredior,  go  out,  come  forth, 
ingredior,  advance,  go  forward, 
progredior,  go  forth, 
regredior,  go  back, 
transgredior,  pass  over;  desert. 

45.  HAB-,  have. 

habeS,  have,  hold. 
adhibe5,  hold  toward;  furnish, 
exhibed,  hold  forth  ;  display, 
inhibeo,  hold  in,  restrain, 
prohibeo,  hold  before  ;  debar, 
debeo  (de-hibed),  keep  from  ;  be 
bound. 

praebeo  (prae-hibe5),  hold  forth, 
give. 

habito,  have  possession  of;  dwell, 
debilis  (de-habilis),  lame,  feeble. 

46.  I-,  go. 

e5  (stem  i)  (ab-,  ad-,  circum-,  in-, 
ob-,  per-,  praeter-,  re-,  sub-, 
trans-),  go. 


194 


WORD-GROUPS. 


aditus,  a  going  to,  approach, 
coetus  (com-itus),  a  coming  to¬ 
gether  ;  crowd, 
comitium,  place  of  assembly, 
exitus,  going  out,  departure, 
exitium,  going  out ;  destruction, 
initium,  a  going  in  ;  entrance, 
interitus,  ruin,  destruction, 
praetor  (prae-itor),  leader ; 
praetor. 

praetdrius,  of  the  leader, 
reditus,  a  going  back,  return, 
subitus,  sudden,  unexpected. 

ambid,  go  around,  go  about, 
ambitio,  going  about ;  searching 
for  favor. 

comes,  going  with,  a  companion, 
comitor,  accompany, 
iter,  going  ;  journey, 
seditio,  going  aside,  discord. 

47.  IAC-,  go,  send,  throw. 

iacio  (ab-,  com-,  de-,  e-,  in-,  inter-, 
ob-,  pro-,  re-,  sub-,  super-),  send, 
hurl. 

amicid,  throw  about, 
iaceo,  be  thrown ;  lie. 
iacto,  keep  throwing,  shower ; 
toss. 

iactatio,  a  tossing,  shaking ;  dis- 
play. 

48.  IV-,  IVG-,  bind,  yoke. 

ius,  that  which  binds;  law. 
iustus,  in  accordance  with  right, 
j  ust. 

iustitia,  justice. 


iniuria,  contrary  to  law;  injury, 
iudex,  one  who  administers  law, 
judge. 

iudico,  judge. 

iudicium,  judgment ;  court, 
iuro,  bind  oneself;  swear, 
coniuro,  swear  together,  plot, 
coniuratl,  conspirators, 
coniuratio,  conspiracy, 
iusiurandum,  oath. 

iungo,  join, 
adiungo,  join  to. 
coniungo,  join  together, 
coniunx,  one  joined ;  husband, 
wife. 

iugum,  yoke. 

quadrigae  (quadri-iugae),  team 
of  four  horses, 
iugulum,  neck. 

49.  LAB-,  slide. 

labor,  slide,  glide, 
delabor,  glide  down, 
elabor,  slip  away,  escape, 
relabor,  slide  back. 

50.  LVC-,  shine. 
lux,  light. 

praeluceo,  shine  before ;  shed 
light  upon. 

lucus,  shining  place ;  sacred 
grove. 

lumen  (luc-men),  that  which 
shines,  light. 

luna  (luc-na),  shining  one;  moon, 
inlustris  (in-luc-tris),  illumined  ; 
renowned. 

lustrd,  light  up  ;  purify. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


195 


51.  MA-,  MAN-,  measure. 

manus,  that  which  measures, 
hand. 

comminus  (com-manus),  hand  to 
hand. 

mansuetudo,  being  used  to  the 
hand,  tameness. 

mando  (manus-dare),  put  into  the 
hands  of. 

commendd,  commit  to  one’s  care, 
manumitto,  set  free. 

immensus,  not  to  be  measured, 
vast. 

mensis,  month. 

mds,  measuring  rule  of  life, 
custom. 

52.  MAN-,  MEN-,  man ,  mind , 
stay. 

maneo,  stay, 
remaned,  stay  behind, 
mens,  mind. 

mentio,  a  calling  to  mind ;  men¬ 
tion. 

moned,  make  to  think  ;  advise, 
admoneo,  bring  to  mind, 
monitus,  reminding. 

53-  MIT-,  send ,  thro7u. 

mittd  (a-,  ad-,  com-,  de-,  dl-,  e-, 
intro-,  ob-,  prae-,  pro-,  re-,  sub-, 
trans-),  send. 

demisse,  humbly,  abjectly, 
missid,  sending  ;  release. 

54.  MOV-,  MV-,  move . 
moved  (ad-,  com-,  per-,  re-), 
move. 


immotus,  unmoved, 
immobilis,  immovable, 
momentum,  movement,  motion, 
muto,  move,  alter, 
commuto,  alter  wholly, 
permuto,  change  throughout. 

55.  MV-,  shut,  fasten. 

moenia,  walls, 
munid,  fortify. 

communio,  fortify  on  all  sides, 
communis,  bound  together;  com¬ 
mon. 

murus,  wall. 

56.  0L-,  OR-,  grow,  rise. 
orior,  rise. 

coorior,  come  forth  ;  stand  up. 
exorior,  come  out ;  begin, 
orlgo,  source,  beginning, 
ordd,  weaving  ;  row,  series, 
ordind,  arrange  in  rows, 
ordior,  begin, 
exordium,  beginning. 

adolescd,  grow  up  ;  ripen, 
adulescens,  growing,  young, 
adulescentia,  youth, 
indoles,  inborn  quality,  nature. 

57-  0S-,  mouth,  face. 

OS,  mouth. 

Ostia,  sea-port  of  Rome  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber, 
ord,  use  the  mouth,  speak, 
adord,  call  upon,  entreat  ;  honor. 


196 


WORD-GROUPS. 


peroro,  speak  at  length  ;  close, 
oraculum,  means  of  speaking; 
oracle. 

oratio,  speech. 

58.  VA-,feed. 
pater,  father. 

paternus,  of  a  father,  paternal, 
patrimonium,  patrimony, 
patrius,  of  a  father,  ancestral, 
patria,  land  of  one’s  fathers, 
patrdnus,  protector,  defender, 
parricidium,  the  murder  of  a 
father. 

pastor,  one  that  feeds. 

59.  PAL-,  PEL-,  PVL-,  drive , 
scatter. 

pell5,  drive,  drive  out. 
appello,  drive  to ;  bring  near, 
compelld,  drive  together, 
expello,  drive  forth, 
perpello,  drive,  constrain. 
pr5pell5,  drive  forward, 
repello,  drive  back. 

60.  PARC-,  PLEC-,  weave ,  fold. 

amplector,  twine  around,  encir¬ 
cle. 

complector,  clasp,  embrace, 
implico,  enfold,  entwine, 
duplex,  twofold,  deceitful, 
duplico,  double. 

multiplex,  with  many  folds,  mul¬ 
tiple. 

simplex,  without  a  fold  ;  single  ; 
simple. 


supplex,  folded  down,  kneeling ; 
suppliant. 

suppliciter,  suppliantly. 
supplicium,  a  kneeling,  prayer  ; 
punishment  (criminals  being 
beheaded  kneeling). 

61.  PED-,  tread. 
pes,  foot. 

impedio,  entangle,  hinder, 
impeditus,  hindered, 
expedio,  free  the  feet ;  explain, 
oppidum  (lit.  on  the  plain),  town. 

62.  PLE-,  PLO-,  PLV-,  fill. 

pled  (com-,  ex-,  ob-,  re-),  fill, 
plenus,  full. 

locuples,  full  of  land  ;  rich, 
plerique,  very  many,  most, 
plebs,  those  that  make  the  mass, 
common  people. 

plebeius,  belonging  to  the  com¬ 
mon  people, 
plus,  fuller,  more, 
complures,  several,  very  many, 
plurimus,  fullest,  most, 
populus  (redupl.),  the  people, 
publicus  (po-pulicus),  belonging 
to  the  people, 
publico,  make  public. 

63.  POT-,  master. 

possum  (pot-sum),  be  able, 
potior,  stronger;  better;  prefera¬ 
ble. 

potius,  rather,  preferable. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


197 


compos,  having  power  over, 
potentia,  power, 
potestas,  ability, 
potior,  become  master  of. 

64.  RAP-,  RUP-,  snatch,  break. 
rapid,  snatch. 

abripio,  snatch  away,  carry  off. 
adripio,  snatch  to  oneself,  seize, 
diripio,  tear  in  pieces, 
praeripio,  take  away  before  an¬ 
other,  tear  away, 
prdripid,  snatch  forth, 
rapina,  robbery. 

rumpd,  break. 

corrumpo,  break  to  pieces,  de¬ 
stroy,  ruin. 

erumpd,  cause  to  break  forth ; 
break  out. 

interrumpo,  break  apart,  inter¬ 
rupt. 

perrumpo,  a  breaking, 
inruptio,  break  through. 

65.  REG-,  RIG-,  stretch ,  guide. 

rego,  keep  straight,  guide  ;  rule, 
corrigo,  make  straight ;  reform, 
dirigd,  place  straight,  direct, 
erigd,  raise  up,  raise, 
porrigo,  stretch  forth, 
pergd  (per-rego),  go  on,  continue, 
surgo  (sub-rego),  raise  up,  ascend, 
adsurgo,  rise  up. 

recte,  in  a  straight  line, 
regid,  direction  ;  region, 
rex,  king. 


regina,  queen, 
regius,  royal, 
regia,  royal  palace, 
regalis,  royal. 

regnum,  sovereignty;  kingdom. 

66.  SAC-,  SEC-,  SCI-,  SCID-, 

split,  divide,  distinguish. 

saxum,  (broken)stone,  rocky  frag¬ 
ment, 
seed,  cut. 
securis,  ax. 

scio,  know, 
nescid,  not  to  know, 
conscisco,  determine  in  common, 
decree. 

descisco,  withdraw,  leave, 
sciscitor,  inform  oneself  ;  ask. 

excidium,  destruction, 
rescindo,  cut  off ;  abolish. 

caedd  (scaedo),  cut  down,  slay, 
abscido,  cut  off. 
occidd,  strike  down,  kill, 
praecido,  cut  off  in  front,  cut  off. 
trucido  (trux-cido),  kill  savagely, 
butcher. 

caedes,  slaughter, 
parricidium,  the  slaying  of  a 
father. 

67.  SED-,  SID-,  sit. 
seded,  sit. 

sessor,  one  who  sits. 

Insided,  sit  in,  sit  upon  ;  hold. 
Insidiae,  sitting  against,  snare. 


198 


WORD-GROUPS. 


Insidior,  lie  in  ambush, 
obsideo,  sit  before,  be  set. 
obsidio,  siege, 
obses,  hostage,  pledge, 
praesidium,  a  sitting  before  ;  de¬ 
fence. 

sedes,  seat,  home. 

adsido,  sit  down. 
c5nsid5,  sit  together,  sit. 
cbnsessus,  assembly. 

(In  the  following  d  is  changed  to  /). 
sella,  chair. 

subsellium,  low  bench,  seat, 
solium,  official  seat. 

68.  SPEC-,  see,  spy. 

specio  (ad-,  com-,  di-,  per-,  re-, 
sub-),  look  at,  behold. 
c5nspectus,  visible,  striking, 
cbnspicuus,  visible ;  remarkable. 

spectd,  look  steadfastly  at. 
spectaculum,  sight,  spectacle, 
exspecto,  look  out  for  ;  await, 
exspectatis,  awaiting,  expecta¬ 
tion. 

species,  a  seeing,  sight  ;  appear¬ 
ance. 

speculum,  looking-glass,  mirror, 
auspicium  (avis-spicium),  exami¬ 
nation  of  birds. 

haruspex  (haru-spex),  inspector 
of  entrails,  soothsayer. 

69.  STA-,  stand,  set. 

sto  (circum-,  com-,  ex-,  prae-), 
stand. 


superadsto,  stand  over, 
constantia,  firm  standing,  con¬ 
stancy. 

status,  standing,  state. 
statuS  (com-,  in-,  re-,  sub-),  make 
stand,  set  up  ;  decree. 
Institutum,  purpose  ;  plan  ;  insti¬ 
tution. 

statua,  image,  statue, 
statura,  a  standing  upright  ; 
height. 

statiS,  standing  still ;  station, 
statim,  firmly  ;  on  the  spot. 

sisto  (redupl.)  (com-,  de-,  ex-,  ob-, 
re-,  sub-),  cause  to  stand,  sta 
tion ;  stand. 

destino,  make  fast ;  resolve  ;  ap 
point. 

obstinatus,  firmly  set,  resolute. 

70.  TAG-,  toiich,  seize. 

contingS,  touch  on  all  sides, 
intactus,  untouched,  unbroken, 
obtingo,  touch,  strike ;  fall  to 
one’s  lot. 

integer,  untouched,  whole, 
redintegro,  make  whole  again,  re¬ 
new. 

71.  TEN-,  TA-,  stretch. 

tendo  (com-,  in-,  ob-,  por-),  stretch, 
tend. 

attentus,  stretched  to,  intent 
upon. 


WORD-GROUPS. 


199 


contentio,  straining,  exertion. 

tent5,  handle  ;  try  ;  assail, 
ostentb  (obs-tent5),  keep  stretch¬ 
ing  out,  show. 

tentorium,  thing  stretched  out, 
tent. 

tene5  (ab-,  com-,  de-,  per-,  re-, 
sub-),  hold  ;  seize ;  keep, 
continuus,  joining  with  some¬ 
thing. 

continuS,  immediately, 
pertinaciter,  obstinately, 
prbtinus,  right  onward. 

72.  VEH-,  VAG-,  move,  carry. 

veho,  bear,  carry, 
vehementer,  violently,  eagerly, 
invehb,  carry  into,  bring  in. 
provehb,  carry  forward  ;  trans¬ 
port. 

transveho,  convey  across. 

via,  way,  road, 
obvius,  in  the  way,  meeting, 
obviam,  in  the  way;  towards, 
against. 

73.  VEN-,  VA-,  BA-,  go. 

venio  (ad-,  circum-,  com-,  e-,  in-, 
inter-,  ob-,  per-,  prae-,  super-), 
come  ;  occur, 
adventus,  arrival, 
adventd,  come  continually  nearer, 
approach. 

contio  (conventio),  meeting  ;  dis¬ 
course  before  a  meeting. 


eventus,  that  which  has  come 
out,  event. 

arbiter  (ad-bater),  one  that  goes 
to;  spectator;  judge. 

arbitror  (ad-batror),  hear,  behold  ; 
think. 

arbitrium  (ad-batrium),  decision, 
mastery. 

ambulo  (ambi-balo),  go  about, 
walk. 

inambulo,  walk  up  and  down. 

74.  VERT-,  turn. 

verto  (a-,  com-,  de-,  e-),  turn, 
change. 

adversus,  turned  towards,  oppo¬ 
site. 

adversum,  opposite,  against. 

adversarius,  one  turned  against, 
enemy. 

diversus,  turned  different  ways  ; 
opposite,  contrary. 

revertor,  turn  back,  return. 

transversus,  turned  across,  cross¬ 
wise. 

rursus  (re-versus),  turned  back ; 
back  ;  in  return. 

rursum  (re-versum),  same  as  rur¬ 
sus. 

universus,  turned  into  one;  whole, 
entire. 

versS,  turn  about  in  a  place; 
dwell,  live,  be. 

adversor,  be  opposite  ;  resist,  op¬ 
pose. 


200 


WORD-GROUPS. 


versus,  furrow  ;  line,  verse, 
versiculus,  little  line. 

75.  VID-,  see. 
video,  see. 

invide5,  look  at  askance;  envy, 
invidia,  envy. 
invidi5sus,  full  of  envy, 
prudentia  (pro-videntia),  foresee¬ 
ing  ;  good  sense, 
visus,  a  seeing,  sight, 
viso,  view;  go  to  see. 

76.  VIV-,  VIG-,  live. 
viv5,  live. 

convivium,  a  living  together,  a 
feast. 

vivus,  alive, 
vita,  life. 

77.  V0C-,  VAG-,  call. 
voco,  call. 


avoc5,  call  away. 

advoco,  call  one  to  a  place. 

convocd,  call  together. 

evoc5,  call  out ;  summon. 

prdvoco,  call  forth  ;  challenge. 

revocS,  call  back. 

vocitd,  wont  to  call. 

vox,  voice. 

vdciferor,  cry  out. 

vagitus,  crying. 

78.  V0L-,  V0LV-,  roll ,  twist. 

obvolvo,  wrap  round, 
volumen,  roll  of  writing,  book, 
ldrum  (vlorum),  thong  of  leather 

79.  V0L-,  wish. 
volo,  wish. 

nolo  (non  void),  be  unwilling. 
mal5  (mag-vol5),  prefer, 
benevolentia,  well-wishing, 
voluntas,  will,  desire, 
voluntarius,  willing, 
voluptas,  enjoyment,  pleasure. 


VOCABULARY» 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  THE  VOCABULARY. 


ad. . 

active. 

inf.  .... 

adv . 

adverb. 

intens.  .  .  . 

comp . 

comparative 

interrog.  .  . 

dem . 

demonstrative. 

interrogatively. 

dep . 

deponent. 

intrans.  .  . 

desid. . 

desiderative. 

M.  ...  . 

esp . 

especially. 

N.  ...  . 

dim . 

diminutive. 

num.  .  .  . 

e.g.,  exempli  gratia 

for  instance. 

obj . 

F . 

feminine. 

orig.  .  .  . 

fre1 . 

frequentative. 

P . 

put . 

future. 

pass.  .  .  . 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Greek. 

plur.  .  .  . 

imper. . 

imperative. 

posit.  .  .  . 

impers . 

impersonal. 

pron.  .  .  . 

inch . 

inchoative. 

snbst.  .  .  . 

indecl.  .... 

indeclinable. 

sup.  .  .  . 

indef.  .*.... 

indefinite. 

W.G..  .  . 

*  An  asterisk  before  a  word  means  that  it  is  not  found  in  use,  but  is 
assumed  to  account  for  some  derived  form. 

]  Derivations  from  roots  are  enclosed  in  square  brackets.  Such  deriva¬ 
tions  are  given  only  when  the  roots  are  included  in  the  list  of  roots  and  word- 
groups,  pp.  183-196. 

(...)  Secondary  etymologies  are  enclosed  in  parentheses.  Parentheses 
are  also  used  to  indicate  such  forms  in  the  vocabulary  as  are  incomplete :  if 
substantives,  they  want  the  nominative  case  ;  if  adjectives,  the  positive  degree; 
if  verbs,  the  present  system. 

—  A  dash  in  place  of  the  genitive  of  a  substantive,  or  of  one  of  the 
principal  parts  of  a  verb,  indicates  that  this  case  or  this  system  is  not  in 
classical  use. 

For  other  abbreviations  see  page  74. 


VOCABULARY 


-+0+- 


A,  abbreviation  for  Aulus ,  a  Ro¬ 
man  praenomen,  59,  26. 
a  (before  consonants),  ab  (before 
vowels  and  some  consonants), 
abs  (before  te),  prep,  with  the 
abb,  away  from ,  from ,  1,  18  ; 
9,  24  :  to  denote  the  place  from 
which  an  action  proceeds,  at , 
in,  on,  8,  27  :  of  time,  from , 
since,  after,  17,  20;  40,  1  :  of 
agency,  £/,  2,  5  ;  4,  28. 
abalieno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ab ,from  ; 
alieno,  estrange ),  alienate,  es¬ 
trange,  66,  1. 

abdico,  1, -avi,  -atus  (ab ,  from  ; 
died,  devote),  disavow,  reject : 
with  se  and  abb,  resign,  abdicate 
an  office,  18,  25.  (W.  G.  26.) 
abdo,  3,  -idi,  -itus  [ab,  away ;  2 
DA-,  jut\,  put  away,  hide,  co7i- 
ceal,  15,  3  ;  24,  6.  (W.  G.  25.) 
abduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (ab, 
away ;  duco,  lead),  lead  away, 
lead  off,  18,  9.  (W.  G.  29.) 
abeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus  (ab,  away ; 
eo,  go),  go  from,  go  aivay,  de¬ 
part,  10,  22:  retire  from,  63,  6. 
(W.  G.  46.) 


abicio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (ab,  away; 
iacio,  throw),  throw  away,  cast 
away,  1,7:  give  up,  resign,  46, 

23.  (W.  G.  47-) 
ablatus,  p.  of  aufero,  28,  21. 
abluo,  3,  -lui,  -lutus  (ab,  away ; 
lu5,  wash),  wash  away,  remove 
by  washing,  wash,  13 ,7. 
abripio,  3,  -ripul,  -reptus  (ab, 
away ;  rapid,  snatch),  snatch 
away,  carry  off,  25,  16.  (W.  G. 
64.) 

abscedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (abs, 
away ;  cedo,  go),  go  off,  with¬ 
draw,  depart,  53,  12. 
abscido,  3,  -cidi,  -cisus  (abs,  off ; 
caedd,  cut),  cut  off,  hew  off, 
62,  3.  (W.  G.  66.) 
abscisus,  adj.  (p.  of  abscido),  cut 
off,  severed,  62,  3. 
absens,  -entis,  adj.  (p.  of  absum), 
absent,  21,  17 ;  52,  7.  (W.  G.  31.) 
absolvo,  3,  -solvi,  -solutus  (ab, 
frorh  ;  solvd,  loosen),  set  free, 
release:  acquit,  8,  14. 
absorbeo,  2,  -bui,  -ptus  (ab,  away; 
sorbed,  swallow ),  swallow  down, 
66,  14. 


20+ 


VOCABULARY. 


abstineo,  2,  -tinul  (abs,  away; 
teneo,  keep),  keep  back ,  refrain, 
abstain,  21,  8  :  absent  oneself 
from,  27,  20.  (W.  G.  71.) 
abstraho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractus  (abs, 
away;  traho,  drag),  drag  away, 
18,  7. 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  afuturus  (ab, 
away;  sum,  be),  be  away  from , 
be  absent,  18,  4:  be  far  from,  be 
distant,  7,  15.  (W.  G.  31.) 
absumo,  3,  -sumpsi,  -sumptus  (ab, 
away;  sumo,  take),  take  away, 
use  up,  consume,  66,  5. 
ac,  see  atque. 

Acca,  -ae,  F.,  Acca  Larentia,  the 
foster-mother  of  Romulus  and 
Remus,  1,  15. 

accedd,  3,  -cessi,  -cessurus  (ad,  to; 
cedo,  go),  go  to,  come  to,  ap¬ 
proach,  8,  8;  35,  27:  enter  upon, 
undertake,  57,  1 :  be  added,  39, 
26.  (W.  G.  14.) 

accendo,  3,  -cendl,  -census  [ad,  to; 
CAND-,  glow],  kindle,  set  on  fire, 

33,  30 :  excite,  arouse,  18,  23  ; 

34,  16.  (W.  G.  16.) 
accensus,  p.  of  accendo,  33,  30. 
accido,  3,  -cidl  (ad,  to;  cado,/^//), 

fall  to,  come  to  pass,  befall,  hap¬ 
pen,  12,  4.  (W.  G.  14.) 
accingo,  3,  -nxl,  -nctus  (ad,  on  ; 
cingo,  gird),  gird  on,  bifid  on, 
62,  28. 

accid,  4,  -civi,  -cltus  (ad,  tv  ;  cio, 
call),  call  to,  invite,  summon, 
5,  5;  23,  22. 

accipio,  3,  -cepl,  -ceptus  (ad,  to 
oneself ;  capid,  take),  take  to 


oneself,  receive,  accept,  9,  22 ; 
12,  17;  22,  9:  admit,  take  in, 
17,  2.  (W.  G.  17.) 

acclamo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to; 
clamd,  call),  call  to,  exclaim, 
3G  IS- 

accommodo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to; 
commodo,  fit),  fit  to,  adapt,  ap¬ 
ply,  54,  7- 

accurro,  3,  -cucurri  or  -curri,  -cur¬ 
sum  (ad,  to;  currd,  run),  run 
to,  hasten  to,  1,  11.  (W.  G.  19.) 

accusator,  -oris,  m.  (accusd,  ac¬ 
cuse),  accuser,  prosecutor ,  plain¬ 
tiff,  18,  2.  (W.  G.  18.) 

accusd,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (orig.  =  ad 
causam  provocare),  call  to  ac¬ 
count,  blame,  accuse,  2,  4.  (W. 
G.  18.) 

acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  [ac-,  sharp],  sharp, 
piercing,  active,  eager,  brave, 
37,4.  (W.  G.r.) 

acerbe,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[acerbus  (ac-,  sharp),  bitter ], 
bitterly :  severely,  cruelly,  65, 
19.  (W.  G.  1.) 

acetum,  -I,  n.  [ac-,  sharp],  vine¬ 
gar,  66,  1 1. 

Achilles,  -is,  m.,  Achilles,  the 
hero  of  Homer’s  Iliad  and  of 
the  Trojan  War,  25,  4. 

acies,  -el,  F.  [ac-,  sharp],  sharp 
edge ,  point :  line  of  battle,  7,  1 ; 
8,  24:  battle,  engagement ,  47, 
15;  53,  (W.  G.  1.) 

acriter,  adv.,  comp,  acrius,  sup. 
acerrime  (acer,  sharp),  sharply , 
fiercely,  12,  12;  48,  18. 


VOCABULARY. 


205 


Actiacus,  adj.  (Actium,  Actium ), 
of  Actium,  68,  6. 

Actium,  -I,  N.,  Actium,  a  town 
and  promontory  of  Epirus,  66, 
16. 

actus,  P.  of  agd,  59,  14. 
ad,  prep,  with  acc.,  to:  of  motion 
and  direction,  to,  towards,  1, 
11  ;  1,  13:  of  place,  at,  beside, 
near,  4,  22;  7,  8;  29,  13:  of 
time,  till,  until,  30,  6:  of  pur¬ 
pose,  for,  in  order  to,  2,  5 ; 

2,  20  ;  4,  21;  8,  24  :  according 
to,  5,  24;  51,  7:  ad  postremum, 
finally,  14,  8. 

adactus,  P.  of  adigd,  19,  2r. 
adamo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  inten¬ 
sive  ;  amo,  love),  fall  in  love 
with,  desire  eagerly,  17,  25. 
addled,  3,  -dixi,  -dictus  (ad,  to; 
dico,  speak),  award,  adjudge, 
give  assent,  18,  17.  In  augural 
lang.,  be  propitious,  favor,  11, 
10.  (W.  G.  26.) 

addo,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  [ad,  to ; 
2  DA-,  put\,  put  to,  join ,  add, 

3,  75  9,  4-  (W.  G.  25.) 
addued,  3,  -duxl,  -ductus  (ad,  to ; 

duco,  lead),  lead  to,  bring  to, 
23,  19:  induce,  persuade,  21, 
21:  draw,  ptil l,  24,  19.  (W.  G. 
29.) 

ademptus,  P.  of  adimo,  23,  16. 
adeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  (ad,  to;  eo,  go), 
go  to,  come  to,  draw  near,  15, 
9:  enter  on,  63,  16.  (W.  G.  46.) 
adeo,  adv.  (ad,  to;  eo,  thither, 
that  point),  thus  far,  to  such  a 
degree,  so  far,  38,  12:  so,  so 


much,  9,  1 1 ;  16,  4:  so  very, 
29,  29:  indeed,  51,  4. 
adfecto,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of 
adficio,  do  to),  strive  after,  pur¬ 
sue,  aim  at,  22,  13.  (W.  G.  33.) 
adferd,  adferre,  attuli,  adlatus 
(ad,  to;  ferd,  bring),  bring,  fetch, 
carry,  17,  21;  21,  23:  vim 
adferre,  offer  violence  to,  15,  2. 
(W.  G.  34.) 

adficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (ad,  to ; 
facid,  do),  do  to,  treat,  31,  21: 
affect,  afflict,  51,  17.  (W.  G.  33.) 
adfinis,  -e,  adj.  (ad,  near  to; 
finis,  end),  adjoining.  As 
subst.,  M.  and  F.,  relation  by 
marriage,  49,  6. 

adfirmo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  firmd,  strengthen), 
strengthen  ;  assert,  4,  27. 
adflictus,  adj.  with  comp.  (P.  of 
adfligd,  throw  down),  cast  down, 
miserable,  wretched,  39,  21 ;  71, 

!5-  _ 

adfligd,  3,  -Ixl,  -Ictus  (ad,  at; 
fllgo,  strike),  dash  at,  overthrow : 
damage,  shatter,  37,  n. 
adflo,  1,  -avl,  —  (ad,  on;  flo, 
blow),  blow  on:  blow  towards, 

37,  9- 

adhibed,  2,  -ul,  -itus  (ad,  towards; 
habed,  hold),  hold  toward: 
summon,  invite,  56,  19  :  con¬ 
sult,  2,  17.  (W.  G.  45.) 
adhortatio,  -onis,  f.  (adhortor,  en¬ 
courage),  encouragement,  exhor¬ 
tation,  51,  27. 

adicid,  3,-iecI,-iectus  (ad ,to;  iacio, 
throw),  throw  to  :  add,  45,  22. 


206 


VOCABULARY. 


adigo,  3,  -egi,  -actus  (ad,  to; 
ago,  drive),  drive,  urge :  bind 
by  oath ,  19,  21.  (W.  G.  2.) 
adimd,  3,  -emi,  -emptus  (ad,  to 
oneself ;  emo,  take),  take  away, 
deprive  of,  23,  16. 
adipiscor,  3,  adeptus,  dep.  (ad, 
to;  apiscor,  reach),  arrive , 
reach :  get,  obtain,  11,4;  41,  2. 
aditus,  -us,  m.  [ad,  to ;  1-,  go ], 
going  to,  approach,  access,  63, 
19.  (W.  G.  46.) 

adiumentum,  -I,  n.  (for  adiuva- 
mentum  ;  adiuvo,  assist),  means 
of  helping,  aid,  assistance,  46,  8. 
(W.  G.  27.) 

adiungo,  3,  -unxi,  -unctus  (ad, 
to ;  iungo,  join),  join  to,  add, 
annex,  12,  21.  (W.  G.  48.) 
adiuvo,  1,  -iuvl,  -iutus  (ad,  with¬ 
out  force ;  iuvo,  help),  help, 
aid,  35,  22.  (W.  G.  27.) 
adlatus,  P.  of  adfero,  68,  16. 
adlicid,  3,  -lexi,  -lectus  (ad,  to 
oneself ;  lacio,  draw),  allure , 
attract,  persuade,  14,  8. 
adligo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to; 

ligo,  bifid),  bind  to,  62,  29. 
adloquor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (ad,  to ; 
loquor,  speak),  speak  to,  address, 
12,  16;  18,  19. 

administro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad, 
upon ;  ministrS,  attend),  man¬ 
age,  control,  rule ,  direct,  11,4. 
admirandus,  adj.  (P.  of  admiror), 
to  be  wondered  at,  admirable, 
wonderfid,  47,  25. 
admiratio,  -onis,  f.  (admiror,  won¬ 
der  at),  admiration,  8,  15. 


admiror,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (ad,  at; 
mlror,  regard  with  wonder),  re¬ 
gard  with  wonder,  admire,  24, 
14:  be  astonished,  28,  15. 

admitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (ad,  to; 
mitt5,  send),  send  to,  let  go :  ad¬ 
mit,  70,  8.  (W.  G.  53.) 

admodum,  adv.  (ad,  up  to;  mo¬ 
dus,  limit),  to  the  proper  limit: 
fully,  very,  28,  4. 

admoneo,  2,  -ul,  -nitus  (ad,  to ; 
moneo,  give  warning),  bring  to 
mind,  admonish,  warn,  48,  9. 
(W.  G.  52.) 

admoveo,  2,  -movi,  -motus  (ad, 
to  ;  moveo,  move),  move  to,  move 
towards,  bring  near,  28,  9;  32, 
19.  (W.  G.  54.) 

adolesco,  3,  -olevl,  -ultus  (ad, 
up;  olesco,  grow),  grow  up, 
come  to  maturity,  1,  16.  (W.  G. 
56.) 

adoperio,  4,  -erui,  -ertus  (ad, 
over  ;  operiS,  cover),  cover,  cover 
over,  8,  18. 

adopts,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to 
oneself ;  optS,  take  by  choice ), 
take  by  choice,  select,  adopt,  63, 

12, 

adorno,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  for ; 
orno,  prepare),  provide,  furnish, 
equip,  5,  9. 

ad5ro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to;  orS, 
speak),  entreat,  implore,  honor , 
worship,  44,  24.  (W.  G.  57.) 

adquiro,  3,  -qulslvl,  -qulsltus  (ad, 
besides  ;  quaerS,  ask),  get  in  ad¬ 
dition,  obtain  besides,  acquire , 

13,  10. 


VOCABULARY. 


207 


adripid,  3,  -ipul,  -eptus  (ad, 
to  oneself ;  rapio,  snatch ), 
snatch,  grasp,  seize,  18,  20.  (W. 
G.  64.) 

adsequor,  -I,  -secutus,  dep.  (ad, 
up  to  ;  sequor,  follow),  follow 
up,  overtake,  39,  16. 
adsido,  3,  -edl,  —  (ad,  upon ; 
sido,  sit),  take  a  seat,  sit  down, 
55,12.  (W.  G.  67.) 
adsum,  adesse,  adfui  (ad,  at; 
sum,  be),  be  at,  be  near,  be  pres¬ 
ent,  20,  16;  32,  1:  assist,  aid, 
68,  3.  (W.  G.  31.) 
adsumd,  3,  -sumpsi,  -sumptus 
(ad,  to  oneself ;  sumo,  take),  take 
to  o)ieself  receive,  12,  13. 
adsurgo,  3,  -surrexi,  -surrectus 
(ad,  up ;  surgo,  rise),  rise  up, 
rise,  43,  25.  (W.  G.  65.) 
adulescens,  -entis,  adj.  (p.  of 
adolesco,  grow),  growing, 
young.  As  subst.,  M.  and  F., 
a  youth,  2,  6.  (W.  G.  56.) 
adulescentia,  -ae,  f.  (adulescens, 
young),  youth,  39,  24.  (W.  G. 
56.) 

adulor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  fawn  upon, 
flatter ,  26,  30. 

adultus,  adj.  (p.  of  adolescd, 
grow),  grown  up,  mature,  1,16. 
advenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (ad, 
to;  venio,  come),  come  to,  ar¬ 
rive  at,  18,  13  :  draw  near,  10, 
20;  31,  14.  (W.  G.  73.) 
advento,  1,  — ,  —  (intens.  of 
advenio),  advance,  press  for¬ 
ward,  approach,  61,  29.  (W.  G. 

73-) 


adventus,  -us,  m.  [ad,  to;  ven-, 

come],  coming,  approach,  20, 
18 :  arrival,  34,  21.  (W.  G.  7 3.) 
adversarius,  adj.  (adversus,  op¬ 
posed),  opposite,  hostile.  As 
subst.,  m.,  an  opponent,  58,  6. 

(W.  G.  74.) 

adversor,  1,  -satus,  dep.  (ad¬ 
versus,  opposed),  resist,  with¬ 
stand,  oppose,  44,  6.  (W.  G.  74.) 
adversus,  adj.  with  sup.  (p.  of 
advertd,  turn  to),  turned  to¬ 
wards,  in  front,  facing,  25,  19; 
37,  9  :  unfavorable,  47,  7.  (W. 

G.74.) 

adversus  or  adversum,  adv.  and 
prep,  with  acc.  (ad,  towards, 
against ;  verto,  turn)  opposite : 
against,  3,  17;  8,  23.  (W.  G. 
74-) 

advocatio,  -onis,  f.  (advocS,  sum¬ 
mon),  summoning  as  counsel : 
venire  in  advocationem,  to  act 
as  counsel,  68,  8. 
advocatus,  -I,  m.  (advoco,  sum¬ 
mon),  one  called  to  aid,  adviser, 
advocate,  68,  4. 

advoco,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad,  to; 
voco,  call),  call,  summon,  13, 
1 7;  15,  2.  (W.  G.  77.) 
aedificium,  -I,  n.  (aedifico,  build), 
building,  house,  64, 1.  ( W.  G.  33.) 
aedifico,  1,  -avl,  -atus  [*  aedifex, 
builder,  fr.  aedis,  dwelling; 
FAC-,  make\,  build,  construct, 
10,  1 1 ;  11,  6.  (W.  G.  33.) 
aedilis,  -is,  M.  (aedis,  dwelling), 
commissioner  of  buildings, 
aedile,  50,  18. 


208 


VOCABULARY. 


aedis  or  aedes,  -is,  f.  [aid-,  burn , 
orig.  a  hearth],  dwelling  of  the 
gods,  temple ,  4,  9  :  in  plur.,  a 
house ,  5,  16  ;  12,  16. 

Aegates,  -um,  f.,  the  Aegates 
islands  off  the  western  coast 
of  Sicily,  near  which  the  Ro¬ 
mans  won  a  great  naval  battle, 
241  B.C.,  32,  10. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  ill,  sick, 
feeble,  48,  6. 

aegre,  adv.  comp,  aegrius,  sup. 
aegerrime,  painfully,  unwill¬ 
ingly,  44,  18. 

aegritudo,  -dinis,  f.  (aeger,  sick), 
sickness,  vexation,  3,  9. 
aegroto,  1,  -avi,  —  (aegrotus, 
sick) ,  be  sick,  47,  26. 

Aegyptus,  -I,  f.  Egypt,  the  coun¬ 
try  about  the  mouth  of  the 
Nile,  66,  2. 

Aemilius,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  dis¬ 
tinguished  Roman  gens  ;  espe¬ 
cially  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  con¬ 
sul  216  B.C.,  37,  2. 
aemulatio,  -onis,  f.  (aemulor, 
rival),  rivalry,  emulation,  corn- 
petition,  52,  2. 

aequalis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
(aequus,  equal),  equal,  like, 
even.  As  subst.  M.,  contem¬ 
porary,  comrade ,  59,  28. 
aeque,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(aequus,  equal),  equally,  in  like 
r^anner,  just  as,  46,  23. 
aequitas,  -atis,  F.  (aequus,  even), 
uniformity,  evenness:  fairness, 
kindness,  9,  18;  27,  17. 
aequo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (aequus, 


equal),  make  equal,  equalize, 

34,  17- 

aequus,  adj.,  even,  level:  favor¬ 
able,  kind,  fair,  reasonable , 
honorable,  26,  25  :  undisturbed, 
calm,  70,  5. 

aerarium,  -I,  n.  (aerarius,  of  cop¬ 
per),  part  of  the  temple  of  Sat¬ 
urn  at  Rome,  in  which  the 
public  treasure  was  kept,  the 
treasury,  19,  20. 

aes,  aeris,  N.  copper,  bronze, 
money:  aes  alienum,  debt,  50, 

23* 

aestas,  -atis,  F.  [aid-,  burn],  sum¬ 
mer,  70,  22. 

aestivus,  adj.  (aestas,  summer), 
of  summer,  summer,  47,  27. 

aetas,  -atis,  f.  (for  aevitas  fr. 
aevum,  age),  life  of  man,  age, 
old  age,  life,  time  of  life,  2,  7; 
15,  12;  38,  22;  50,  15. 

Aetnaeus,  adj.,  Aetnaean,  of 
Aetna,  22,  24. 

Africa,  -ae,  F.,  Libya,  the  Cartha¬ 
ginian  territory ;  sometimes 
used  of  the  continent,  32,  16. 

Africanus,  adj.  African,  53,  18. 
As  subst.  M.  refers  to  P.  Corne¬ 
lius  Scipio  Africanus,  the  con¬ 
queror  of  Hannibal,  39,  23. 

ager,  agri,  m.  [ag-,  drive],  field, 
farm,  estate, pasture,  34,  6;  16, 
16:  territory,  2,  4;  9,  20:  the 
open  country,  45,  29. 

aggredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep.  (ad, 
to;  gradior,  step),  approach  : 
fall  upon,  attack,  32,  II.  (W. 

G.  44.} 


VOCABULARY. 


209 


agitd,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of  ago, 

move),  set  in  violent  motion , 
move,  urge,  22,  2 :  consider, 

11,  14.  (W.  G.  2.) 

agmen,  -inis,  n.  [ag-,  drive,  lead), 
that  which  is  driven,  multitude  : 
army  on  the  march,  column ,  35, 
17;  43,  9:  march,  57,  2.  (W. 

G.  2.) 

agnosco  (adgn-),  3,  -novi,  -nitus 
(ad,  to  oneself ;  (g)noscd,  get 
knowledge  of),  recognize,  2,  8. 

(W.  G.  43  ) 

ago,  3)  egl,  actus  [ag-,  drive, 
lead),  lead,  drive,  13,  6;  13, 
35;  25,  12:  conduct,  4,  18: 
chase,  pursue,  aim  at,  32,  5  : 
act,  do,  perform,  manage,  6,  6 : 
25,  10  ;  54,  24  :  discuss,  speak, 
treat,  6,  23:  pass,  spend,  69,  27: 
gratias  agere,  thank,  29,  24 : 
nihil  agis,  it  is  of  no  use,  you 
cannot  succeed,  48,  18:  actum 
est,  it  is  all  over  with ,  all  is 
lost,  59,  18.  (W.  G.  2.) 
Agrippa,  -ae,  M.,  Menenius  Agrip¬ 
pa,  16,  19. 

aio,  v.  defect.,  say  yes,  assent,  say, 

12,  16. 

ala,  -ae,  F.,  wing,  21,  9. 
alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  adj.  [1  ai.-, 
feed),  well-fed ;  lively,  quick, 
nimble,  43,  19.  (W.  G.  3.) 
Alba,  -ae,  F.  (albus,  white).  Alba 
or  Alba  Longa,  ' the  long  white 
city,'  an  ancient  city  of  Latium, 

O  2 

Albanus,  adj.  (Alba),  Alban,  of 
Alba,  8,  20.  As  subst.  M.,  an 


inhabitant  of  Alba,  1,  1  ;  6, 

1 9' 

albus,  adj.  white,  ig,  25. 
alea,  -ae,  F.,  game  with  dice,  die, 

52,  16. 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander  the 
Great,  the  Macedonian  king  and 
conqueror,  50,  13. 

Alexandrea,  -ae,  f.,  Alexandria, 
the  capital  of  Egypt,  founded 
by  Alexander  the  Great  332  b.c., 
66,  18. 

alias,  adv.  (alius,  other),  at  another 
time,  some  other  time,  iO,  3; 
66,  7.  (W.  G.  4.) 
alienus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(alius,  other) ,  of  another,  foreign, 
strange,  29,  10.  (W.  G.  4.) 
aliquam,  adv.  [ali-,  some  or 
other),  in  some  degree,  some- 
w hat :  aliquamdiu,  for  a  while, 
for  some  time,  49,  8. 
aliquamdiu,  see  aliquam, 
aliquando,  adv.  [ali-,  some  or 
other ;  quando,  when),  at  some 
time  or  other,  once,  46,  7;  49, 
1 1 :  at  length,  finally,  68,  24. 
(W.  G.  4.) 

aliquantd,  adv.  (aliquantus,  some, 
a  little),  by  some  little,  in  a 
degree,  somewhat,  26,  13.  (W. 

G.  4.) 

aliquantum,  -I,  n.  (aliquantus, 

some,  a  little),  some,  a  consider¬ 
able  amount,  7,  13. 
aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  pron.  adj. 
indef.  [ali-,  some  or  other  ;  qui, 
who),  some ,  any,  12,  24  ;  48,  8. 
aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid,  pron. 


210 


VOCABULARY. 


subst.  indef.  [ali-,  some  or 
other ;  quis,  who ],  some  one , 
any  one ,  39,  14.  (W.  G.  4.) 

aliquot,  indef.  num.  indecl.  [ali-, 
other ;  quot,  how  many],  some, 
several,  a  number,  49,  28.  (W. 
G.  4.) 

aliquotiens,  adv.  [ali-,  other ; 
quotiens,  how  often],  several 
ti?nes,  61,  24. 

aliter,  adv.  [ali-,  other],  in  an¬ 
other  manner ,  differently.  — 
With  atque,  ac,  quam,  or  ut, 
otherwise  than ,  69,  22. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  adj.  pronoun  [al-, 
ALI-,  other],  another,  other,  dif¬ 
ferent,  10,  14  ;  15,  17  ;  39,  9  ; 
67,  14 :  alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  . 
another,  4,  7;  7,  7.  (W.  G.  4.) 

Allia,  -ae,  F.,  river  Allia,  a  small 
stream  near  Rome,  made  fa¬ 
mous  by  the  defeat  of  the 
Romans  by  the  Gauls  390  b.c., 
20,  12. 

Alliensis,  -e,  adj.  (Allia),  of  the 
Allia,  20,  14. 

aid,  3,  alui,  altus,  or  alitus  [1  al-, 
feed],  feed,  support,  sustain, 
5,  8.  (W.  G.  3.) 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.,  the  Alps,  50,  2. 

alter,  -tera,  -terum,  gen.  alterius, 
dat.  alteri,  pronom.  adj.  [al-, 
ALI-,  other],  the  second,  the 
other,  7,  18;  ii,  29;  22,  1: 
alter  .  .  .  alter,  one  .  .  .  another, 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other  (of  two), 
7,  21;  11,  26;  13,  1 1 ;  23,  10. 
(W.  G.  4.) 

altercor,  i,-atus,  dep.  (alter,  an¬ 


other,  of  two),  dispute,  wrangle , 

45,  7-  (W.  G.4.) 
alteruter,  -utra,  -utrum,  gen. 
alterutrius,  pronom.  adj.  [1 
AL-,  other],  one  or  the  other, 
one  of  two,  65,  24. 
altum,  -I,  N.  (altus,  high),  height, 
depth  :  the  deep,  the  sea,  52,  28. 
(W.  G.  3.) 

altus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[p.  of  aid,  feed,  1  al-],  nour¬ 
ished :  high,  lofty,  10,  25  ;  14, 
13.  (W.  G.  3.)‘ 

alveus,  -i,  m.,  hollow,  cavity : 

trough,  boat,  1,  7. 
amans,  -antis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  amo,  love),  fond, 
loving,  67,  29. 

ambio,  -ire,  -Ivl  and  -ii,  -itus 
(ambi-,  around ;  ed,  go),  go 
around,  go  about:  entreat,  28, 
19.  (W.  G.  46.) 

ambitio,  -onis,  f.  (ambio,  go 

around),  going  about:  esp.  of 
candidates  for  office,  the  solicit¬ 
ing  of  votes  :  ambition,  42,  16. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

amb5,  ambae,  ambd,  num.  adj., 
both,  11,  30;  37,  5. 
ambuld,  i,-avi, -atus  [am- (ambi-), 
about ;  BA-,  go],  walk,  take  a 
walk,  19,  3.  (W.  G.  73.) 
amicio,  4,  — ,  -ictus  (am-  (ambi-), 
about;  iacio,  throw),  throw 
around,  wrap  about :  cover,  22, 
22.  (W.  G.  47.) 

amicitia,  -ae,  f.  (amicus,  friend), 

friendship,  alliance,  59,  28.  (W. 
G.  5.) 


VOCABULARY. 


211 


amicus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(amo,  love),  loving,  friendly, 
kind,  49,  7.  (W.  G.  5.) 

amicus,  -I,  m.  (amicus,  loving), 
loved  one,  friend,  25,  22.  (W. 

G<  5-) 

amitto,  3,  -isl,  -issus  (ab,  away ; 
mitto,  send),  send  away  :  lose, 
16,  10.  (W.  G.  53.) 

amnis,  -is,  M.,  river,  63,  22. 

amor,  -oris,  m.  (amd,  love),  love, 
8,  3.  (W.  G.  5.) 

amphora,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  a/Mpopebs), 
amphora,  large  oblong  vessel 
for  liquids,  with  a  handle  on 
each  side,  wine-jar,  42,  21  (v. 
notes  fig.  23,  p.  120). 

amplector,  3,  -exus,  dep.  (am-, 
on  both  sides ,  around ;  plecto  , 
weave),  twine  around,  embrace , 
8,  ii:  surround,  12,  5.  (W.  G. 
60.) 

amplio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (amplus, 
large),  widen,  extend,  enlarge, 

54,  J4- 

amplius,  indecl.  adj.  and  adv. 
(comp,  of  amplus  and  ample), 
more,  55,  2. 

amplus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[am-  (ambi-),  around;  PLE-, 
PLV-,  fiU\  large  extent,  great, 
ample,  32,  4. 

amputo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [am- 
(ambi-),  around,  off ;  putb,  cut], 
cut  around,  cut  away,  cut  off, 
45,  2. 

Amulius,  -I,  M.,  Amulius,  son  of 
Proca, king  of  Alba, grandfather 
of  Romulus  and  Remus,  1,1. 


anceps,  -cipitis,  adj.  [an-  (ambi-) 
on  both  sides ;  cap-,  in  caput, 
head],  two-headed:  double: 
doubtful,  hazardous,  uncertain, 
31,  14.  (W.  G.  17.) 
ancile,  -is,  N.,  small  oval  shield, 
the  sacred  shield  that  fell  from 
heaven  during  the  reign  of  Nu- 
ma,  5,  18  (v.  notes,  fig.  2,  p.  82). 
ancilla,  -ae,  F.,  maid-servant, 
handmaid,  14,  25. 

Ancus,  -i,  m.,  Ancus  Marcius,  the 
fourth  king  of  Rome,  9,  16. 
angor,  -oris,  m.,  strangling : 
anguish,  62,  II. 

angustia,  -ae  (sing,  very  rare)  ; 
and  angustiae,  -arum,  f., 
(angustus,  narrow),  narrow¬ 
ness,  2,  21 :  narrow  pass,  defile, 
34,  3  :  difficulty,  33,  26. 
anima,  -ae,  f.  [an-,  breathe ;  cf. 
animus],  air  :  breath  :  life,  60, 
7.  (W.  G.  6.) 

animadverto,  3,  -tl,  -sus  (animus, 
attention;  advertd,  turn  to), 
give  attention  to,  attend  to,  con¬ 
sider,  observe,  1,  14  ;  50,  12: 
censure,  inflict  punishment, 
punish,  42,  3  ;  44,  5. 
animal,  -alis,  n.  [an-,  breathe], 
living  being,  animal,  21,  6. 
(W.  G.  6.) 

animus,  -i,  m.  [an-,  breathe ;  cf. 
anima],  rational  soul :  intellect, 
mind,  27,  7  :  heart,  feeling, 
nature,  dispositiori,  2,  11  ;  13, 
12  ;  26,  9:  courage,  spirit,  7,  3; 
9,  20  >  33,  4  :  movere  animum, 
arouse  anger ,  7,  30.  (W.  G.  6.) 


212 


VOCABULARY. 


annalis,  -is,  m.  (annalis,  of  a 
yea?-;  sc.  liber,  book),  reco?'d 
of  eve?its,  annals,  15,  7. 
annona,  -ae,  f.  (annus,  year), 
year’s  produce,  58,  18. 
annus,  -I,  m.,  year,  5,  24. 
anser,  -eris,  m .,  goose,  21,  7. 
ante,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc.: 
adv.,  before,  8,  12:  followed  by 
quam,  soo?ier  than,  before,  53, 
13  :  prep,  before ,  53,  26. 
antea,  adv.  (ante,  before;  ea, 
these  things),  before,  previously, 
41,  26. 

antecedo,  3,  -cessi,  —  (ante, 
before;  cedo,  go),  go  before, 
precede,  36,  12. 

anteeo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  ii,  —  (ante, 

before  ;  eo  ,go),  go  before ,  pre¬ 
cede,  57,  3. 

antequam,  see  ante,  71,  4. 
Antiochus,  -i,  M.,  Antiochus,  sl 
philosopher,  Cicero’s  teacher 
at  Athens,  79  b.c.,  58,  10. 
antiquus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (ante,  before),a?icie?it,  15,7. 
Antonius,  -i,  m.,  C.  Antonius 
Hybrida ,  Cicero’s  colleague  in 
his  consulship,  63  B.C.,  59,  19. 
Marcus  A?itonius,  Mark  An¬ 
tony,  one  of  the  second  Trium¬ 
virate,  43  B.C.,  61,  18. 
anulus,  -i,  M.,  ring,  finger-ring, 
3,  24  (v.  notes,  fig.  19,  p.  1 1 5). 
anus,  -us,  F.,  old  woman,  15,  8  ; 
45,  10. 

anxius,  adj.  (cf.  angustus),  anx¬ 
ious,  troubled,  2,  11  ;  17,  19. 
aper,  apri,  m.,  wild  boar,  35,  13. 


aperid,  4,  -erui,  -ertus,  open,  u?i- 
cover,  3,  8 ;  35,  9 ;  43,  26  : 
disclose,  reveal,  27,  1. 

aperte,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(apertus,  u?icovered),  openly, 
??ianifestly,  41,  17. 

apertus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  aperid,  uncover),  un¬ 
covered,  open,  6,  1. 

Apollonia,  -ae,  f.,  Apollonia,  an 
important  town  in  Illyria,  63, 

13- 

Apollonius,  -T,  m.,  Apollonius  Mo¬ 
lo??,  a  celebrated  rhetorician  of 
Rhodes,  49,  16. 

appareo  (adp-),  2, -ui, -iturus  (ad, 
to;  pared,  be  at  hand),  appear , 
be  evident ,  be  appare??t,  23,  14. 

apparitor  (adp-),  -oris,  m.  (appa¬ 
reo,  appear),  serva?it,  lictor ,  24, 
17. 

appellatio  (adp-),  -onis,  f. 
(appello,  address ),  addressi?ig , 
?tame,  67,  18. 

appello  (adp-),  1,  -avi,  -atus  [ad, 

to;  pel-,  drive),  address :  call 
by  ?ia?ne,  term,  name,  5,  2.  (W. 

G-  59-) 

Appenninus,  adj.  (sc.  mons),  the 
Apennmes,  the  range  of  moun¬ 
tains  running  through  Italy, 
54,  20. 

Appius,  -I,  M.,  Appius,  a  Roman 
praenomen  especially  common 
in  the  Claudian  gens,  17,  24; 
27,  19. 

applaudo  (adp-),  3,  -si,  -sus  (ad, 
upo?i ;  plaudd,  strike ),  strike 
upon,  applaud,  71,  21. 


VOCABULARY. 


213 


applico  (adp-),  i,  -avl  or  ui,  -atus 
(ad,  to  ;  plied,  fasten) ,  join,  con¬ 
nect:  apply ,  direct. 

appono  (adp-),  3,  -posui,  -positus 
(ad,  7iear;  pono,  put),  put  at, 
place  by,  set  before,  15,  13;  66,8. 

apprehendo  (adp-),  3,  -di,  -hen- 
sus  (ad,  upon ;  prehendo,  lay 
hold),  seize,  take  hold  of,  30,  21. 

approbo  (adp-),  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ad, 
for;  probd,  test  as  good),  assent 
to,  favor ,  22,  10:  make  evident, 
prove ,  38,  22. 

appropinquo  (adp-),  1,  -avl,  -atus 
(ad,  to  ;  propinquo,  draw  near), 
cotne  near,  approach,  3,  18;  35, 
1 1. 

Appuleius,  -i,  m.,  Z.  Appuleius, 
tribune  of  the  plebs  391  B.c., 
19,  27. 

apte,  adv.  with  sup.  (aptus, fitted), 
closely  fitting:  suitably,  rightly, 
10,  22. 

aptus,  adj.  fitted:  fit,  suitable, 

36,  23. 

apud,  prep,  with  acc.,  with,  14, 
20:  at,  33,  7:  by,  near,  20,  12: 
in  the  presence  of,  before,  8,  7: 
among,  6,  21;  14,  8:  at  the 
house  of,  47,  28:  in  the  works 
of  55,  26. 

Apulia,  -ae,  F.,  Apulia ,  a  country 
in  southeastern  Italy,  23,  7. 

aqua,  -ae,  F.,  water,  1,  9. 

aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle,  10,  20:  statid- 
ard  of  a  legion,  64,  9  (v.  notes, 
fig.  6). 

aquilifer,  -feri,  m.  [aquila,  eagle; 
FER-,  carry ],  eagle  bearer,  stand¬ 


ard  bearer,  51,  23  (v.  notes,  fig. 
12). 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar,  5,  7;  32,  19. 
arbiter,  -tri,  m.  [ad,  to  ;  ba-,  go], 
spectator,  hearer ,  witness,  6,  8. 

(W.  G.  73-) 

arbitrium,  -T,  n.  (arbiter,  judge), 
judgment,  decision  :  authority, 
power,  51,  7:  ad  arbitrium,  ac¬ 
cording  to  one's  pleasure,  51,7. 
(W.  G.  73.) 

arbitror,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (arbiter, 

judge),  testify,  depose:  believe, 
think,  66,  6.  (W.  G.  73.) 
arceo,  2,  -cui,  —  [arc-,  make 
secure ],  shui  up,  enclose:  keep 
away,  1,  18.  (W.  G.  9.) 
arcesso,  3,  -Ivi,  -Itus  (intens.  of 
accedo,  come  to),  cause  to  co7ne, 
call,  send  for,  invite,  8,  24;  26, 
14. 

Ardea,  -ae,  f.,  Ardea,  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium,  14,  18. 
ardor,  -oris,  m.  [2  ar-,  burn], 
burning,  fire:  ardor,  enthusi¬ 
asm,  zeal,  38,  12.  (W.  G.  8.) 
argenteus,  adj.  (argentum,  silver), 
silver,  made  of  silver,  29,  n. 
argentum,  -I,  n.,  silver,  silver- 
plate,  29,  28. 

Argos,  N.  (only  nom.  and  acc.), 
usually  in  the  form  Argi,  -orum, 
m.,  Argos,  the  capital  of  Argo¬ 
lis,  a  district  in  northeastern 
Peloponnesus,  30,  16. 
aridus,  adj.  [2  ar-,  dry],  dry, 
arid,  parched,  33,  27.  (W.  G.  8.) 
arma,  -drum,  N.  [i  ar-,  fit],  im¬ 
plements,  instruments :  arms, 


214 


VOCABULARY. 


weapons ,  4,  9;  7,  2;  jg,  16. 
(W.  G.  7.) 

armatus,  adj.  with  sup.  (p.  of 
armd,  arm),  armed,  equipped  in 
arms,  16,  13;  24,  2.  As  subst. 
M .,  armed  men,  soldiers,  ig,  10; 

25,  14- 

Armenia,  -ae,  f.,  Armenia,  46,  19. 

armilla,  -ae,  f.  (armus,  shoulder, 
arm),  bracelet,  armlet,  3,  24. 

armd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [1  ar -,  fit], 
fit  with  weapons,  ar?n,  2,  2. 

(W.  G.  7.) 

Arpinum,  -I,  n.,  Arpinum,  Ci¬ 
cero’s  birthplace,  about  fifty 
miles  southeast  of  Rome,  57,  8. 

ars,  artis,  f.  [i  ar-,  fit],  practi¬ 
cal  skill,  art,  11,  11  :  learning, 
studies,  accomplishments,  39, 
24:  cunning,  stratagem,  36,  4. 
(W.  G.  7.) 

artus,  -uum,  M.plur.  [1  ar-,  join], 
joints,  48,  7.  (W.  G.  7.) 

arx,  arcis,  f.  [arc-,  shut  in],  cas¬ 
tle,  citadel,  fortress,  3,  20  ;  20, 
18.  (W.  G.  9.) 

as,  assis,  m.  one,  unity:  as,  the 
unit  of  money,  originally  one 
pound  of  copper,  but  gradually 
reduced  to  half  an  ounce,  with 
a  value  of  a  little  less  than  one 
cent,  42,  17. 

ascendo  (adsc-),  3,  -scendl,  -scen- 
sus  (ad-,  up  to ;  scandd,  climb), 
mount,  climb,  ascend,  21,  14. 

Asia,  -ae,  F.,  Asia,  usually  applies 
to  Asia  Minor,  sometimes  to 
the  continent,  12,  26. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  (ab,  with¬ 


out ;  spes,  hope),  without  hope: 
adverse,  hostile,  cruel,  56,  20. 
asperitas,  -atis,  f.  (asper,  rough), 
unevenness,  roughness  :  sharp¬ 
ness,  66,  11. 

aspernor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (ab, 
from;  spemor,  remove),  disdain , 
reject,  despise,  55,  27. 
aspicio,  (adsp-),  3,  -exi,  -ectus 
(ad,  at ;  specio,  look),  look  at, 
look  uj on  :  examine,  observe, 
43,  24.  (W.  G.  68.) 
aspis,  -idis,  F.,  asp,  viper,  66,  24. 
astutia,  -ae,  f.  (astutus,  adroit), 
adroitness,  shrewdness,  31,  9. 
asylum,  -I,  n.  (Gr.,  &<rv\ov,  place 
of  refuge),  place  of  refiige, 
asylum,  3,  8. 

at,  conj.,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
2,  6;  17,  3  :  on  the  contrary, 
32,  8, 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.,  Athens,  the 
famous  Grecian  city,  the  capital 
of  Attica  29,  4. 

atque  or  (before  consonants)  ac, 
conj.  (ad,  in  addition  to ;  -que, 
a?id),  and,  and  what  is  more, 
as  well  as,  together  with,  5,  17; 
11,  2;  15,  20;  28,  6:  with 
words  implying  comparison,  as, 
than,  12,  7. 

atqui,  conj.,  but  somehow,  but  yet, 
however,  and  yet,  11,  13. 
atrociter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (atrdx,  savage),  fiercely, 
cruelly,  60,  5. 

atrox,  -ocis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  savage,  fierce ,  wild,  cruel, 

8,  6  ;  53,  24. 


VOCABULARY. 


215 


attentus  (adt-),  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (p.  of  attendo,  attend 
to),  atte7itivc ,  intent,  15,  20. 

(W.G.71.) 

attonitus  (adt-),  adj.  (p.  of  at¬ 
tono,  thimder  at),  thunder¬ 
struck,  stunned:  astou?ided,  34, 

1. 

Attus,  -I,  M.,  praenomen  of  Attus 
Navius,  see  Navius,  11,  9. 
auctor,  -oris,  m.  [avg-,  grow], 
promoter,  producer :  author, 
cause,  29,  23.  (W.  G.  13.) 
auctoritas,  -atis,  f.  (auctor, 
author),  origination :  authority, 
n,  9.  (W.  G.  13.) 

(auctus),  adj.  (p.  of  augeo,  in¬ 
crease),  abundant,  ample,  9,  6. 
aucupium,  -I,  n.  [auceps,  bird- 
catcher :  fr.  avis,  bird ;  cap-, 
take] ,  bird  catching,  fowling, 
69,  29.  (W.  G.  12.) 
audacia,  -ae,  f.  (audax,  bold), 
daring,  courage,  valor,  boldness, 
16,  12  :  audacity,  presumption, 
insolence,  10,  1 1  ;  39,  20.  (W. 
G.  10.) 

audeo,  2,  ausus  [for  avided,  1. 
AV-,  mark,  desire],  venture, 
dare,  4,  n;  44,  23.  (W.  G.  10.) 
audio,  4,  -Ivl  or  -ii,  -Ttus  [2  av-, 
mark,  notice],  hear,  3,  7  :  as¬ 
sent  to,  12,  18.  (W.  G.  11.) 
auditus,  p.  of  audio,  22,  6. 
aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatus 
(ab,  away;  fero,  carry),  take 
away,  bear  off,  remove,  carry 
away,  4,  24;  5,  19;  21,  26. 
(W.  G.  34.) 


aufugio,  3,  -fugi,  —  (ab,  away  ; 
fugio,  flee),  flee  away,  run 
away,  7,  14.  (W.  G.  40.) 
augeo,  2,  auxi,  auctus  [avg-, 
increase],  increase,  augment, 
spread,  6,  15;  34,  12.  (W.  G. 
r3-) 

augur,  -uris,  m.  and  f.,  seer, 
augur,  11,  10.  (W.  G.  12.) 
augurium,  -I,  m.  (augur,  augur), 
observance  of  omens,  divination, 
augury,  2,  19:  augurium  agere, 
to  try  the  omens ,  11,  13.  (W.  G. 
12.) 

Augustus,  -I,  m.,  A ugustus,  the 
cognomen  given  to  Octavius 
Caesar  as  emperor,  67,  8. 
augustus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (augeo,  increase),  con¬ 
secrated :  majestic,  noble,  4,  28. 
aulaeum,  -I,  n.,  curtain ,  28,  10. 
Aulus  -I,  M.,  Aulus,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  59,  26. 
aureus,  adj.  (aurum,  gold),  of 
gold,  golden,  37,  26. 
auris,  -is,  f.  [2  av-,  mark,  notice], 
ear,  26,  18.  (W.  G.  11.) 
aurum,  -I,  n.,  gold,  21,  21. 
auspicium,  -I,  n.  [auspex,  augur  ; 
avis,  bird ;  SPEQ-,  see],  divina¬ 
tion  by  the  flight  of  birds, 
augury  from  birds,  2,  17.  (W. 
G.  12  and  68.) 
ausus,  p.  of  audeo,  44,  23. 
aut,  conj.,  or:  aut  .  .  .  aut, 
either  ...  or,  23,  25  ;  32,13. 
autem,  conj.  adversative,  post¬ 
positive,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
however,  29,  16  ;  31,  8  :  more- 


216 


VOCABULARY. 


over,  in  addition ,  5,  20 :  intro¬ 
ductory,  now ,  9,  23. 
auxilium,  -i,  n.  [avg-,  grow], 
help,  assistance,  support,  8,  24  ; 
20,  6  :  plur.  auxiliary  troops, 
53,21.  (W.  G.  13.) 
avaritia,  -ae,  f.  (avarus,  covetous ), 
inordinate  desire,  greed,  avarice, 
42,  25.  (W.  G.  10.) 
avarus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[1  AV-,  delight,  desire ],  grasp¬ 
ing,  eager,  covetous ,  29,  20.  (W. 
G.  10.) 

Aventinus,  -I,  m.  (sc.  m5ns),  the 
Aventine,  the  most  southern  of 
the  seven  hills  of  Rome,  13,  1. 
Aventinus,  adj.,  of  the  Aventine, 
on  the  Aventine,  13,  1. 
aveo,  2,  — ,  — ,  defective  ;  imper. 

ave,  hail,  in  salutation,  68,  11. 
Avernus,  adj.  (with  or  without 
lacus),  Avernus,  a  lake  near 
Cumae,  22,  22. 


baculum,  -!,  n.  [ba-,  go],  stick, 
staff,  zvalking-stick,  14,  13. 
Baiae,  -arum,  f.,  Baiae,  a  favorite 
watering-place  of  the  Romans 
on  the  coast  of  Campania,  22, 
21. 

barba,  -ae,  f.,  beard,  20,  27. 
barbarus,  adj.  with  comp.  (Gr., 
(idpfiapos),  of  strange  speech  : 
barbarous,  savage.  As  subst., 
the  barbarian,  45,  5. 
bellicosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 


averto,  3,  -tl,  -sus  (ab,  away ; 
verto,  turn),  turn  away,  avert, 
11,  29;  29,  2  ;  31,  9.  (W.  G. 
74-) 

avidus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[1  AV-,  7?iark,  delight ],  longing 
eagerly,  desirous,  eager,  50,  6. 
(W.  G.  10.) 

avis,  -is,  F.,  [3  AV-,  blow,  waft], 
bird,  21,  8  :  omen,  11,  10.  (W. 
G.  12.) 

avocd,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (a,  away; 
voco,  call),  call  off,  call  away, 
60,  16.  (W.  G.  77.) 
avolo,  1,  -avl,  -atiirus  (a,  away; 
void,  fly),  fly  away :  hasten 
away,  14,  23. 

avunculus,  -I,  m.  (dim.  of  avus), 

7naternal  uncle,  uticle,  63,  11. 
avus,  -I,  M.  [i  AV-,  77iark,  delight], 
grandfather,  ancestor,  2,  1 ; 

57,  9- 


sup.  (bellicus,  of  war),  warlike , 
give7i  to  fighting,  9,  9.  (W.  G. 
28.) 

bello,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (bellum,  war), 
wage  war,  carry  on  war,  52, 
10.  (W.  G.  28.) 

bellum,  -I,  n.  [old  dvellum,  dva-, 

apart,  two],  war,  co7iflict,  3,  16. 
(W.  G.  28.) 

belua,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  wild  beast, 
mo7ister,  25,  15. 

bene,  adv.  with  comp,  melius, 


VOCABULARY. 


217 


sub.  optime  (bonus,  good),  well , 
22,  8;  67,  23:  successfully ,  33, 
20. 

beneficium,  -I,  n.  [bene,  well; 
FAC-,  do],  favor ,  benefit,  kind¬ 
ness,  service,  23,  26.  (W.  G.  33.) 
benevolentia,  -ae,  f.  (benevolus, 
friendly),  good-will,  kindness, 
friendship,  14,  7.  (W.  G.  7 9.) 
benigne,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (benignus,  kind),  in  a 
friendly  manner,  kindly,  courte¬ 
ously,  14,  6.  (W.  G.  41.) 
benignus,  adj.  [bene,  well;  gen-, 
born],  well  born :  kind,  pleas¬ 
ing,  friendly,  46,  22.  (W.  G.  41.) 
bibliotheca,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  /3 ijSXto- 
drjKv),  library,  room  for  books, 
54,  I?* 

bibo,  3,  bibi,  — ,  drink ,  43,  4. 
Bibulus,  -T,  M.,  Z.  Calpurnius 
Bibidus,  consul  with  Julius 
Caesar,  59  b.c.,  50,  25. 
biduum,  -I,  N.  (bi-,  two;  dies,  days), 
period  of  two  days,  two  days, 
46,  30.  (W.  G.  27.) 
bini,  -ae,  -a,  num.  distr.  [dvi-, 
two],  two  by  two,  two  to  each, 
27,  27.  (W.  G.  28.) 
bis,  adv.  num.  [dvi-,  two],  twice, 
59,  2.  (W.  G.  28.) 
blanditia,  -ae,  f.  (blandus,  bland), 
caressing,  flattery,  14,  7. 


Blosius,  -i,  M.,  C.  Blosius  Cuma¬ 
nus,  a  philosopher  and  friend 
of  Tiberius  Gracchus,  42,  3. 
bona,  -orum,  n.  (bonus,  good), 
goods,  property,  41,  15. 
bonus,  adj.,  comp,  melior,  sup. 
optimus,  good,  morally  good, 
23,  9;  28,  18:  brave,  29,  21. 
As  subst.,  boni,  M.,  the  better 
classes,  the  aristocracy,  41,  8. 
b5s,  bovis,  M.  and  f.  (Gr.,  fiovi), 
ox,  bull,  cow,  13,  2. 
bracchium,  -I,  n.  (Gr.,  ppayLuv), 
fore-arm,  lower  ar?n,  55,  17. 
brevi,  adv.  (abl.  of  brevis,  short), 
in  a  little  while,  soon,  45,  27. 
brevis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  short,  brief,  32,  12. 
Britanni,  -drum,  m.,  the  inhabit¬ 
ants  of  Britain,  51,  18. 
Brundisium,  -T,  N.,  Brundisium, 
a  sea-port  in  Calabria,  in  south¬ 
ern  Italy,  52,  17. 

Brutus,  -T,  m.,  Brutus,  a  surname 
of  the  Junian  gens.  Mention 
is  made  of  :  1 .  M.  f  unius  Bru¬ 
tus,  who  conspired  against 
Caesar,  55,  2  ;  2.  D.  f  unius 
Brutus  Albinus,  killed  by  An¬ 
tony,  43  B.C.,  63,  17. 
bulla,  -ae,  F.,  bubble :  the  bulla,  an 
amulet  worn  by  free-born  chil¬ 
dren,  1 1,18  (v.  notes,  fig.  5,  p.  88). 


C 


C.,  abbreviation  for  Gaius,  a  Ro-  dead  body,  corpse,  carcass,  60,  8. 

man  praenomen,  28,  2.  (W.  G.  14.) 

cadaver,  -eris,  n.  [cad-,  fall],  cado,  3,  cecidi,  casurus  [cad-, 


218 


VOCABULARY. 


fall],  fall,  7,  7:  die,  be  slain, 
4,  4-  (W.  G.  14.) 

caecitas,  -atis,  f.  (caecus,  blind), 
blindness,  27,  20. 

caedes,  -is,  f.  [for  *  scaedes, 
sc  id-,  split,  cut],  cutting  down: 
killing,  murder,  slaughter,  8, 
16;  20,  29.  (W.  G.  66.) 

caedd,  3,  cecidi,  caesus  [for 
scaedd,  scid-,  split,  cut],  cut, 
hew:  kill,  8,  10:  vanquish , 
cut  to  pieces,  destroy,  20,  12; 
37,  10.  (W.  G.  66.) 

caelestis,  -e,  adj.  (caelum,  sky), 
from  heaven,  of  the  heavens , 
heavenly,  10,  23. 

Caelius,  -I,  m.  (sc.  m5ns),  the  Cae¬ 
liani  hill,  one  of  the  hills  of 
Rome,  9,  4. 

caelum,  -I,  n.,  sky,  heaven,  heav¬ 
ens,  4,  9 :  air,  climate,  22,  18. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Caesar,  a  family 
name  of  the  famous  Julian 
gens.,e.g.,  C.fulius  Caesar,  the 
great  dictator,  47,  10. 

Caieta,  -ae,  f.,  Caieta,  a  town  and 
harbor  in  Latium,  22,  21. 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  loss,  injury, 
misfortune,  calamity,  disaster, 
61,  14. 

callidus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  practised,  expert :  crafty , 
cunning,  13,  7. 

Calpurnia,  -ae,  f.,  Calpurnia,  wife 
of  Julius  Caesar,  55,  5. 

calvitium,  -I,  n.  (calvus,  bald), 
baldness,  a  bald  spot,  56,  23. 

Calvus,  -I,  M.,  C ■  Licinius  Alacer 
Calvus,  an  orator  and  poet, 


who  lampooned  Julius  Caesar, 
56,  1 7- 

calvus,  did).,  bald,  hairless,  56,  23. 

Camillus,  -I,  m.,  Camillus,  family 
name  of  the  Furian  gens,  re¬ 
ferring  especially  to  AT.  Furius 
Camillus,  the  conqueror  of 
Veii,  19,  1. 

Campani,  -orum,  m.,  the  inhabit¬ 
ants  of  Campania. 

Campania,  -ae,  f.,  Campania,  a 
district  of  Italy,  22,  17. 

Campanus,  adj.,  Campanian,  be¬ 
longing  to  Campania,  40,  4:  as 
subst.,  a  Campanian,  22,  16. 

campus,  -i,  M.,  plain,  field,  4,  22. 

Caninius,  -I,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
C.  Caninius  Rebilus,  consul  for 
a  few  hours  in  45  B.C.,  63,  3. 

canis, -is,  m.  and  f.  [ca x-, watch], 
dog,  21,  5. 

Cannae,  -arum,  f.,  Cannae,  town 
in  Apulia,  where  Hannibal  de¬ 
feated  the  Romans  in  216  b.c., 

37,  5- 

cano,  3,  cecini  —  [can-,  make  a 
musical  sound],  make  music , 
sing,  5,  23  :  receptui  canere,  to 
sound  a  retreat ,  34,  21. 

cantus,  -us,  M.  [can-,  make  mu¬ 
sic],  singing,  song :  note,  69,  27. 

capesso,  3,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -iturus  (de- 
sid.  of  capio,  take),  seize  eagerly, 
lay  hold  of:  strive  to  reach, 
resort  to,  betake  oneself  to,  7, 
12. 

capillus, -i,  M.  (caput,  head),  hah 
of  the  head,  hair,  38,  23. 

capio,  3,  cepi,  captus  [cap-,  take], 


VOCABULARY. 


219 


take  in  hand ',  take  up ,  seize,  6, 
26:  take  captive,  1,  20:  capture, 
occupy,  take  possession  of,  g,  5; 
16,  3:  suffer,  be  subjected  to,  41, 
20  :  receive,  50,  22.  (W.  G.  17.) 
Capitolinus,  adj.,  of  the  Capitol, 
Capitoline,  40,  28. 

Capitolium,  -I,  n.  (caput,  head), 
the  Capitol,  temple  of  Jupiter  at 
Rome,  the  hill  on  which  the 
Capitol  stood,  3,  22;  21,  19. 
capra,  -ae,  f.,  she-goat :  Caprae 
palus,  the  Goafs  Pool ,  the  place 
in  the  Campus  Martius  where 
Romulus  disappeared,  4,  22. 
captivus,  adj.  [cap-,  take],  taken 
prisoner,  captive,  25,  18.  As 
subst.  M.  and  F.,  a  captive,  12,  2. 
(W.  G.  17.) 

capto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
capio),  strive  to  seize,  catch  at: 
watch  for ,  50,  16.  (W.  G.  17.) 
Capua,  -ae,  F.,  Capua,  a  large  and 
wealthy  city  of  Campania,  22, 
26. 

Capulus,  -I,  M.  (capi5,  take),  that 
which  is  grasped,  handle,  hilt, 
64,  15  (v.  notes,  fig.  29). 
caput,  -itis,  N.  [cap-,  take],  head, 
8,  18:  life,  28,  27:  capital,  22, 
26:  extremity,  top,  14,  13.  (W. 

G.  17.) 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  family  name  of 
C.  Papirius  Carbo,  43,  29. 
career,  -eris,  M.,  prison,  jail,  10, 
10  (v.  notes,  fig.  4). 
carnifex,  -ficis,  m.  [card,  flesh  ; 
FAC-,  make],  executioner,  hang¬ 
man,  70,  17.  (W.  G.  33.) 


carpentum,  -I,  N.,  carriage,  char¬ 
iot,  10,  20;  13,  20  (v.  notes, 
fig.  7,  p.  90). 

Carthaginiensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Car¬ 
thage,  Carthaginian.  As  subst. 

M. ,  a  Carthaginian,  32,  12. 
Carthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage,  a 

great  city  in  northern  Africa, 
22,  27. 

carus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 

dear,  precious,  beloved,  17,  14. 
casa,  -ae,  F.,  small  house,  cottage, 
hut,  1,  15. 

Casca,  -ae,  M.,  C.  Servilius  Casca, 
one  of  Caesar’s  assassins,  55, 
16. 

Cassius,  -I,  m.,  gentile  name  of  C. 
Cassius  Longinus.  See  Longi¬ 
nus,  55,  2. 

castigo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [castus, 
pure ;  AG-,  drive],  set  right, 
correct,  punish,  45,  n. 
castrum,  -i,  N., fortified  place,  cas¬ 
tle,  fort:  plur.  castra,  -drum, 

N. ,  military  camp,  14,  19. 
casus,  -us,  m.  [cad-,  fall],  fall, 

7,  8  :  misfortune,  calamity,  fate, 
destruction,  56,  4.  (W.  G.  14.) 
catena,  -ae,  f.,  chain,  fetter,  59,  4. 
Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  family  name  of 
L.  Sergius  Catiline,  who  made 
a  dangerous  conspiracy  against 
the  Roman  government  in  63 
B.C.,  58,  25. 

Cato,  -onis,  m.  (catus,  sagacious), 
name  of  a  famous  family  of  the 
Porcian  gens,  e.g.,  M.  Porcius 
Cato  Uticensis,  56,  29. 

Catullus,  -i,  m.,  family  name  of 


220 


VOCABULARY. 


C.  Valerius  Catullus ,  one  of 
the  greatest  lyric  poets  of 
Rome,  56,  18. 

catulus,  -I,  m.  (dim.  of  catus,  cat), 
young  animal,  whelp,  puppy, 
cub,  1,  13. 

Catulus,  -i,  M.,  family  name  of 
Q.  Lutatius  Catulus,  political 
opponent  of  Pompey,  45,  19. 
See  also  Lutatius,  31,  22. 

Caudinus,  adj.,  of  Caudium.  Fur¬ 
culae  Caudinae,  the  Caudine 
Forks,  23,  13. 

causa,  -ae,  f.  [cav-,  watch\,  cause, 
reason,  motive,  occasion,  3,  16; 
47,  3:  excuse,  pretext,  32,  21: 
lawsuit,  case,  8,  15:  situation, 
condition ,  13,  6  :  abl.  causa  with 
preceding  gen.,  for  the  purpose 
of,  on  account  of,  18,  4  ;  41,  4. 
(W.  G.  18.) 

cautus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  caveo,  take  care),  careful, 
wary,  cautious,  34,  11.  (W.  G. 
18.) 

caveo,  2,  cavi,  cautus  [cav-, 
watch'],  be  on  one's  guard,  take 
care,  beware ,  37,  17.  (W.  G.  18.) 

cedo,  3,  cessi,  cessus  [cad-,  fall], 
withdraw,  retire,  60,  28  :  sub¬ 
mit  to,  yield,  52,  30.  (W.  G.  14.) 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  adj.  with 
sup.  [cel-,  drive],  frequented, 
thronged:  renowned,  famous, 
57,  15-  (W.  G.  19.) 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  [cel-,  drive],  swift, 
fleet,  quick,  3,  27;  45,  30.  (\V. 
G.  19.) 


celeritas,  -atis,  f.  (celer,  swift), 
swiftness,  speed,  quickness,  36, 
27.  (W.  G.  19.) 

celeriter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (celer,  swift),  quickly, 
swiftly,  immediately,  30,  25. 
celo,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  hide  from,  con¬ 
ceal,  keep  secret,  12,  15. 
cena,  -ae,  F.,  dinner,  principal 
meal,  55,  30. 

cend,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  (cena,  dinner ), 
dine,  take  a  meal,  14,  20:  eat , 

29,  13- 

censeo,  2,  censui,  census,  tax, 
estimate:  resolve,  decree,  decide, 
39,  li¬ 
censor,  -5ris,  M.  (cf.  censed,  esti¬ 
mate),  censor,  a  Roman  magis¬ 
trate,  29,  27. 

census,  -iis,  m.  (censed,  estimate), 
registering  of  citizens  and  prop¬ 
erty  by  the  censors,  census,  12,22. 
centiens,  num.  adv.  (centum, 
hundred),  hundred  times,  66,  4. 
centum,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  hun¬ 
dred,  4,  17. 

centuria,  -ae,  f.  (centum,  hun¬ 
dred),  division  of  a  hundred, 
century,  4,  19. 

centurio,  -onis,  m.  (centuria,  centu¬ 
ry),  commander  of  a  century , 
captain,  centurion,  22,  6. 

Ceres,  -eris,  F.,  Ceres,  daughter  of 
Saturn,  goddess  of  agriculture, 
22,  19. 

cerno,  3,  crevi,  cretus  [cer-,  cre-, 
part],  separate,  part:  dis¬ 
tinguish,  see,  perceive,  17,  1. 
(\V.  G.  20.) 


VOCABULARY. 


221 


certamen,  -inis  (certo,  contend ), 
decisive  contest ,  struggle ,  battle , 
4,  i:  contest ,  match,  i,  17.  (W. 
G.  20.) 

certatim,  adv.  (certo,  struggle), 
in  rivaliy,  zealously,  eagerly, 
11,  26.  (W.  G.  20.) 
certe,  adv.  with  comp,  (certus, 
assured),  really,  surely,  cer¬ 
tainly,  36,  7.  (W.  G.  20.) 
certo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (certus,  as¬ 
sured),  match,  fight:  combat, 
compete,  vie,  43,  20.  (W.  G.  20.) 
certus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  cern5),  settled,  certain  : 
sure,  true,  definite,  fixed,  speci¬ 
fied,  trustworthy,  5,  13  ;  32, 
16  :  with  facio,  informed,  as¬ 
sured,  63,  19.  (W.  G.  20.) 
cervix,  -Icis,  f.,  neck,  62,  2. 
cesso,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of  cedo, 
go  away),  delay,  cease  from, 
stop :  do  nothing,  be  idle,  rest, 
38,  4;  40,  23. 

ceterum,  adv.  (acc.  n.  sing,  of 
ceterus,  the  other),  for  the  rest : 
but,  17,  23. 

(ceterus),  adj.,  other,  remainder, 
35,  15.  As  subst.  M.,  the  others, 
all  the  rest,  14,  26. 
charta,  -ae,  f.,  leaf  of  the  Egyptian 
papyrus,  paper,  69,  4. 
Chrysogonus,  -I,  m.,  L.  Cornelius 
Chrysogonus,  a  freedman  of 
Sulla,  58,  5. 

cibus,  -I,  M.,  food,  victuals,  17,  2. 
cicatrix,  -Icis,  F.,  scar,  cicatrice, 

68,  7. 

cicer,  -eris,  n.,  chick-pea,  57,  10. 


Cicerd,  -5nis,  m.  (cicer,  chick-pea ), 
a  Roman  family  name  of  the 
Tullian  gens,  especially  M. 
Tullhis  Cicero,  the  renowned 
orator,  106-43  B,c,>  r3- 

Cineas,  -ae,  M.,  Cineas,  the  friend 
of  King  Pyrrhus  of  Epirus,  26, 

2  5- 

cingo,  3,  -xi,  -inctus,  go  around, 
surround :  beset,  besiege,  35,  21. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  L.  Cornelius 
Cinna,  consul  86-84  B.c.,  48, 

23- 

circa,  adv.  and  prep.,  a  later  form 
for  circum,  6,  1.  (W.  G.  23.) 

circum,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  acc. 
(acc.  of  circus),  around,  round 
about,  all  around,  6,  1  :  near, 
among,  3,  5.  (W.  G.  23.) 

circumaro,  1,  -avl,  —  (circum, 
arouiid ;  aro,  plough),  plough 
around ,  16,  17. 

circumdo,  1,  -dedi,  -datus  [cir¬ 
cum,  around ;  2  DA-,  put], 

place  around,  cause  to  surround: 
enclose ,  surround,  10,  12;  43,  6. 
(W.  G.  25.) 

circumeo,  -Ire,  -Ivl  or  -il,  cir- 
cumitus  (circum,  around ;  e5, 
go),  go  around:  visit,  27,  13. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

circumfundo,  3,  -fudi,  -fusus  (cir¬ 
cum,  around ;  fundo,  pour) 
pour  around :  surround :  pass. 
crowd  around,  22,  9. 

circumsto,  1,  -stetl,  —  (circum, 
around;  sto,  stand),  sta7id 
arou7td,  24,  2  :  surrou7id,  7,  10. 

(W.  G.  69.) 


222 


VOCABULARY. 


circumvenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus 
(circum,  around ;  venio,  come), 
come  around ,  encircle,  sur¬ 
round,  8,  27.  (W.  G.  73.) 
circus,  -I,  M.  [cvr-,  curve],  circle, 
race-course,  circus,  11,  5.  (W. 
G.  23.) 

citatus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  cito,  rouse),  quick,  rapid, 
in  haste,  at  full  speed,  14,  23. 
civicus,  adj.  (civis,  citizefi),  of 
citizens,  civil,  civic,  49,  15. 
civilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  (civis, 
citizen ),  of  citizens,  civil,  civic, 
42,  23. 

civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  [ci-,  rest,  lie], 
citizen,  6,  1 1. 

civitas,  -atis,  F.  (civis,  citizen ), 
citizenship,  41,  6 :  the  state, 

6,  I. 

clades,  -is,  f.  [cel-,  strike],  de¬ 
struction,  misfortune,  disaster, 
30,  11  :  defeat,  21,  28.  (W.  G. 
19.) 

clam,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc., 
secretly,  privately ,  without  the 
knowledge  of  others,  43,  5. 
clamito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
clamo,  call),  cry  aloud,  bawl, 
call  loudly,  4,  6.  (W.  G.  15.) 
clamo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [cal-,  call], 
call,  cry  out ,  shout,  55,  15.  (W. 
_G.  15.) 

clamor,  -5ris,  m.  [cal -,  call],  loud 
call,  shrieking,  shouting,  11, 
24  ;  18,  8.  (W.  G.  15.) 
clandestinus,  adj.  (clam,  secretly), 
secret,  hidden,  concealed,  10,  10. 
clangor,  -oris,  m.  [cal-,  call], 


sound,  clang,  noise:  scream, 
10,  21  :  cackling,  21,  9. 

clarus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[cal-,  call],  clear,  bright,  shin¬ 
ing,  60,  18  :  loud,  24,  22 : 

famous,  glorious,  eminent ,  49, 
17- 

classis,  -is,  f.  [cal-,  call],  class, 
12,  23  :  fleet,  30,  5. 

Claudius,  -I,  M.,  Claudius,  name 
of  a  famous  Roman  gens,  esp. 
Appius  Claudius,  the  wicked 
decemvir,  17,  25:  Appius 

Claudius  Caecus  who  refused 
to  make  peace  with  Pyrrhus, 
27,  19. 

claudo,  3,  -si,  -sus,  close,  shut,  15, 
6 :  shut  in,  imprison,  confine, 

23,  24- 

clausula,  -ae,  f.  (claudo,  close), 
close,  conclusio n,  71,  20. 

clausus,  adj.  (p.  of  claudo),  closed, 

shut,  6,  1. 

clemens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.,  mild,  calm,  gentle, 
merciful,  66,  28. 

clementer,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (clemens,  mild),  mildly , 
with  forbearance,  i?iercifully, 
56,  9- 

dementia,  -ae,  f.  (clemens,  mild), 
moderation,  mildness,  forbear ■ 
a  nee,  mercy,  26,  10. 

Cleopatra,  -ae,  f.,  Cleopatra,  the 
famous  queen  of  Egypt,  66,  2. 

cliens,  -entis,  m.,  personal  de¬ 
pendent,  client,  18,  I. 

clivus,  -I,  m.  [CLI-,  lean],  decliv¬ 
ity,  slope,  hill,  40,  28. 


VOCABULARY. 


223 


Clodius,  -I,  m.,  another  form  of 
Claudius ,  gentile  name  of  P. 
Clodius  Pulcher ,  Cicero’s  dead¬ 
liest  foe,  60,  24. 

Clusinus,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Clusium,  16,  4.  As  subst.  m., 
an  inhabitant  of  Clusium, 

20,  5. 

Clusium,  -i,  N.,  Clusiiwi,  an  an¬ 
cient  city  of  Etruria,  Porsenna’s 
capital,  20,  4. 

Cn.,  abbreviation  for  Gnaeus,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  45,  21. 

coactus,  P.  of  c5go,  45,  10. 

Cocles,  -itis,  M.,  one-eyed,  surname 
of  Horatius,  who  defended  the 
bridge  against  Porsenna’s 
army,  16,  9. 

(coepio),  3,  coepi,  coeptus,  begin, 
commence,  1,  19. 

coerceo,  2,  -cui,  -citus  (com-,  com¬ 
pletely  ;  arceo,  enclose ),  enclose 
on  all  sides,  restrain,  repress, 
hold  in  check,  control,  54,  21. 

coetus,  -us,  m.,  for  coitus  [com-, 
together ;  I-,  go],  coming  to¬ 
gether:  assemblage,  crowd, 

company,  24,  5.  (W.  G.  46.) 

cogitatio,  -onis,  F.  (cogito,  think), 
thinking:  thought,  design,  plan, 
project,  10,  25  ;  60,  16. 

COgitd,  2,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  inten¬ 
sive ;  agito,  move  violently), 
consider  thoroughly,  ponder : 
intend,  plan ,  67,  20. 

cognatio,  -onis,  F.  (c5gnatus,  kin¬ 
dred),  blood-relatiotiship,  kin¬ 
dred,  40,  24.  (W.  G.  41.) 

c5gndmen,  -inis,  n.  (com-,  with , 


added ;  (gnomen),  name),  sur¬ 
name,  16,  9.  (W.  G.  43.) 
cognomind,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  (cogno¬ 
men,  surname),  furnish  with  a 
surname,  surname,  67,  8. 
cdgndsco,  3,  -gnovi,  -gnitus  (com-, 
intensive;  (g)nosco,  know),  be¬ 
come  acquainted  with,  ascer¬ 
tain,  learn,  1,  6  ;  26,  8:  perf. 
tenses,  know,  26,  7.  (W.  G. 
43-) 

COgd,  3,  coegi,  coactus  [com-, 
together ;  AG-,  drive],  drive  to¬ 
gether,  collect :  force,  drive, 
compel,  18,  26;  45, 10.  (W.  G.  2.) 
Collatia,  -ae,  F.,  Collatia,  a  Sabine 
town  near  Rome,  14,  24. 
Collatinus,  -i,  m.,  family  name  of 
Z.  Tarquinius  Collatinus,  hus¬ 
band  of  Lucretia,  14,  19. 
collis,  -is,  m.,  hill,  5,  1. 
collum,  -i,  N.,  neck,  63,  24. 
cold,  3,  colui,  cultus  [col-,  till], 
till,  cidtivate :  esteem,  practise, 
cherish,  4,  30:  honor,  worship, 
5,  2.  (W.  G.  21.) 
colonia,  -ae,  F.  (coldnus,  husband¬ 
man),  colony,  settle?nent,  40,  1 5. 
(W.  G.  21.) 

columba,  -ae,  f.,  dove,  pigeon, 
63,  23. 

com-,  prep.  =  cum,  used  only  in 
composition. 

comburo,  3,  -ussi,  -ustus,  hern 
up,  consume ,  56,  12, 
comes,  -itis,  M.  and  f.  [com-, 
with;  I-,  go],  companion,  asso¬ 
ciate,  comrade,  26,  10.  (W.  G. 
46.) 


224 


VOCABULARY. 


comitas,  -atis,  f.  (cdmis,  kind), 

courtesy ,  kindness,  good-fellow¬ 
ship,  43,  5. 

comitatus,  -us,  m.  (comitor,  join 
as  a  companion),  escort,  train, 
68,  4. 

Comitium,  -I,  n.  [com-,  together ; 
I-,  go] ,  the  Comitium,  place  of 
assembly,  the  place  next  the 
Forum  where  the  elections 
were  held,  16,  17.  (W.  G.  46.) 
comitor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (comes, 
companion),  join  as  an  attend¬ 
ant,  accompany,  attend,  53,  23. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

commeatus,  -us,  m.  (commeo,  go 

and  come),  going  to  and  fro : 
leave  of  absence,  18,  12:  pro¬ 
visions,  stores,  32,  1. 
commendo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 
completely ;  mando,  intrust), 
commit  for  protection,  intrust, 
40,  21 :  commend,  ask  favor  for, 

68,  4-  (W.  G.  51.) 
commigro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (com-, 
with ;  migro,  go),  remove,  mi¬ 
grate,  10,  19. 

comminus,  adv.  (com-,  with ; 
manus,  hand),  in  close  contest, 
hand  to  hand,  30,  23.  (W.  G. 

51*) 

committo,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (com-, 
together ;  mitt5,  send,  let  go), 
bring  together,  unite :  engage 
in,  begin,  25,  10:  intrust,  com¬ 
mit,  62,  7  :  give  occasion,  cause , 
48,  13.  (W.  G.  53.) 
commode,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (commodus,  with  due  meas¬ 


ure),  duly,  properly,  well,  com¬ 
pletely,  71,  19. 

commodus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (com-,  with  ;  modus,  meas¬ 
ure),  with  due  measure,  full : 
suitable,  fit,  agreeable,  55,  30. 

commoved,  2,  -movi,  -motus 
(com-,  intensive ;  moved,  move), 
move,  shake :  disturb,  arouse , 
excite,  20,  10.  (W.  G.  54.) 

communio,  4,  -ivi,  -itus  (com-,  on 
all  sides  ;  munid,  fortify),  for¬ 
tify  on  all  sides,  intrench ,  37,  6. 
(W.  G.  55.) 

communis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
[com-,  together ;  MV-,  bind~\, 
common,  general,  universal,  50, 
21.  (W.  G.  55.) 

communiter,  adv.  (communis, 

common),  together ,  in  common, 
jointly,  12,  26. 

commuto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 

completely;  muto,  change ),  alter 
wholly,  change  entirely :  ex¬ 
change,  change,  49,  3.  (W.  G. 
54-) 

comd,  3,  c5mpsi,  comptus  (com-, 
together ;  emo,  take),  arrange, 
dress,  adorn,  71,  I. 

compar,  -paris,  adj.  (com-,  with  ; 
par,  equal),  like,  equal ,  3,  9. 

comparatio,  -onis,  f.  (comparo, 
prepare ),  preparing :  gaining, 
acquisition,  17,  19. 

1  compard,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 
completely;  paro,  prepare),  pre¬ 
pare,  make  ready,  furnish,  11, 
1 :  gain,  get,  secure ,  41,  3. 

2  compard,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (compar, 


VOCABULARY. 


225 


like),  bring  together  as  equals , 
match ,  compare ,  2,  8. 

1  compello,  3,  -puli,  -pulsus 
(com-,  together ;  pello,  drive), 
drive  together :  compel,  force, 
impel ,  1, 21;  46,  21.  (W.  G.  59.) 

2  compell5,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (1  com¬ 
pello,  urge),  accost :  reproach, 
rebuke,  41,  12. 

comperio,  4,  -peri,  -pertus  [com-, 
thoroughly ;  per-,  try],  obtain 
knowledge  of,  find  out,  learn, 
27,  3°- 

(compes,  -pedis),  f.,  sing,  only 
ddA.,  fetter,  shackle,  chain,  59,  4. 

compilo,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  plunder, 
rob,  pillage,  29,  26. 

complector,  3, -plexus,  dep.  [com-, 
together;  PLEC-,  weave],  clasp, 
embrace,  10,  24.  (W.  G.  60.) 

compleo,  2,  -evl,  -etus  [com-,  in¬ 
tensive,  completely  ;  PLE -,  fill], 
fill  up,  fill  fill,  32,  7. 

comploratio,  -onis,  f.  (complord, 
bewail),  loud  complaint,  lamen¬ 
tation,  8,  1. 

complures,  -a,  or  -ia,  gen.  -ium, 
adj.  [com-,  intensive;  plus, 
more,  fr.  PLE-,  PLV-,  full],  more 
than  one,  not  a  few,  many,  10,  8. 
(W.  G.  62.) 

compono,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (com-, 
together ;  pdno,  put),  bring  to¬ 
gether  :  adjust,  settle,  calm , 
appease,  46,  28. 

compos,  -potis,  adj.  [com-,  com¬ 
pletely ;  pot-,  master],  master 
of,  powerful  over ,  67,  13.  (W. 
G.  63.) 

compositum,  -I,  N.  (compono,  ar¬ 


range),  agreement,  compact,  n, 

27. 

comprehendo,  3,  -dl,-hensus  (com-, 
together,  completely ;  prehendo, 
seize),  bind  together :  seize,  30, 
19  :  arrest,  capture,  41,  24. 
comprimo,  3,  -pressi,  -pressus 
(com-,  together ;  prem5,  press), 
press  together,  compress :  re¬ 
strain,  put  down,  check,  subdue, 
58,  26. 

compulsus,  p.  of  compello,  1,  21. 
concedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (com-, 
completely  ;  cedd,  go),  go  away, 
withdraw,  20,  I :  concede,  allow , 
grant,  23,  29.  (W.  G.  14.) 
concidd,  3,  -cidl,  —  (com-,  to¬ 
gether ;  cado, fall), fall  together: 
be  slain,  fall,  perish,  60,  9.  (W. 
G.  14.)  ' 

concilio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (concilium, 

meeting),  bring  together,  unite, 
reconcile :  procure,  win,  obtain, 
4,  13;  40,  14:  cause,  bring 
about,  28,  21. 

concipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (com-, 
together  ;  capid,  take),  take  hold 
of,  take  in:  imagine,  conceive, 
11,  12.  (W.  G.  17.) 
concitatus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  concito),  rapid,  swift: 
roused,  18,  23. 

concito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  citd,  move),  put  in 
quick  motion,  rouse,  urge,  incite, 
8,  24 :  cause,  occasion,  32,  20. 
conclamo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  to¬ 
gether,  or  intensive;  clamo, 
call  oict),  cry  out  together ,  shout, 
7,8.  (W.G.  i5>) 


226 


VOCABULARY. 


concoquo,  3,  -coxi,  -coctus  (com-, 
together ;  coquo,  boil),  digest, 

17,  7* 

concordia,  -ae,  f.  (concors,  of  the 

same  mind),  agreeing,  together , 
union,  har7nony,  concord,  16, 19. 
concupiscd,  3,  -cupivi,  -Itus,  inch, 
(com-,  forcibly :  cupio,  desire ), 
long  for,  aspire  to,  strive  after , 
50,  6. 

concurro,  3,  -curri,  or  -cucurri, 
-cursus  (com-,  together ;  curro, 
run),  run  together,  assemble: 
meet,  meet  in  battle,  contend,  7, 

3  ;  45,  3-  (W.  G.  19.) 
concursus,  -us,  m.  (concurro,  run 

together),  running  together, 
crowd,  mob,  18,  8  :  attack,  7,  4. 
(W.  G.  19.) 

condemno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 
together ;  damno,  convict),  con¬ 
vict,  condem7i,  find  guilty,  8,  7. 
condicio,  -onis,  F.  [com-,  together ; 
DIC-,  show,  poi7it~\,  agreeme7it, 
conditio7i,  terms,  26,  25.  (W.  G. 
26.) 

conditor,  -oris,  m.  (condd,  build), 
maker,  builder,  foimder,  2 1 ,  30. 
(W.  G.  25.) 

condd,  3,  -did!,  -ditus  [com-,  to¬ 
gether;  2  DA-,  put\ ,  put  together, 
found,  establish,  build,  2,  15  : 
lay  up,  put  away .  conceal,  15, 
25.  (W.  G.  25.) 

conduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (com-, 
together;  duco,  draw),  draw 
together,  asse7nble :  co7itribute  to, 
serve,  42,  16.  (W.  G.  29.) 

confectus,  p.  of  cdnficid,  46,  1. 


confero,  conferre,  contuli,  con¬ 
latus,  brhig  together,  collect,  17, 
1 5 ;  54,  1 7:  devote,  apply, 

bestow,  62,  8  :  se  conferre,  to 

betake  07ieselfi  go,  14,  5.  (W.  G. 

34-) 

ednfessid,  -onis,  f.  (confiteor,  con- 
fess),  confession ,  acknowledg¬ 
ment,  26,  16. 

confestim,  adv.,  hnmediately, 
forthwith,  27,  20. 

conficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (com-, 
completely ;  facid,  make),  make 
ready,  7nake,  7,  29  :  complete , 
acco77iplish,  settle,  close,  finish, 
10,  15  ;  46,  1:  destroy,  kill,  7, 
24  :  grhid,  masticate,  17,  3.  (W. 
G.  33-) 

confidentia,  -ae,  f.  (confidens, 

bold),  confidence,  assurance, 
bohhiess,  15,  20. 

ednfiteor,  2,  -fessus,  dep.  (com-, 

co7npletely ;  fateor,  co7ifess), 
ack7iowledge,  c07ifess,  34,  22. 

conflagro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 
completely  ;  flagrd,  bur 71),  burn, 
be  consumed,  9,  14.  (W.  G.  36.) 

confligo,  3,  -flixi,  -flictus  (com-, 
together ;  fligd,  strike),  come 
into  collision :  conte7id,  fight, 
12,  10. 

conflo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  to¬ 
gether  ;  fid,  blow),  blow  to¬ 
gether :  accumtilate,  bring  to¬ 
gether,  50,  23  :  effect,  cause, 
arouse,  34,  5. 

conflud,  3,  -fluxi,  —  (com-,  to¬ 
gether;  Hub,  flow),  fiow  together: 
gather ,  assemble ,  53,  22. 


VOCABULARY. 


227 


confodio,  3,  -fodi,  -fossus  (com-, 
completely  ;  fodio,  dig),  dig  up: 
transfix ,  stab ,  47,  18. 
confugio,  3,  -fugi,  —  (com-, 
together  ;  fugio,  flee),  flee,  flee 
for  refuge ,  take  refuge,  3,  4.  (W. 
G.  40.) 

congredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep.  (com-, 
together ;  gradior,  co?ne),  come 
together,  meet:  fight,  33,  18.  (W. 
G.  44.) 

congressus, -us,  m.  [com-,  together  ; 
GRAD-,  walk'],  meeting,  inter¬ 
view,  conference,  6,  9.  (W.  G. 
44-) 

congruo,  3,  -ui,  — ,  coincide,  agree, 

2,  10. 

conicio,  3,  -iecl,  -iectus  (com-, 
together ;  iacid,  throw),  throw 
together ,  unite :  throw,  thrust, 
put,  place,  hurl,  1,  7;  18,  27; 

43,  9-  (W.  G.  47.) 
coniungd,  3,  -iunxi,  -iunctus  (com-, 
together  ;  iungo,  join),  co?mect, 
join,  unite,  10,  13.  (W.  G.  48.) 
coniunx  or  coniux,  -iugis,  m.  and 
F.  [com-,  together  ;  IVG-,  bind], 
married  person,  spouse,  husband, 
wife,  1,  15.  (W.  G.  48.) 
coniuratio,  -onis,  F.  (coniurd, 
swear  together),  uniting  in  an 
oath,  alliance,  plot,  conspiracy , 
42,  26.  (W.  G.  48.) 
coniuratus,  adj.  (p,  of  coniuro) 
bound  together  by  an  oath,  allied. 
Plur.  M.  as  subst.,  conspirators, 
55,  12.  (W.  G.  48.) 
coniuro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  to¬ 
gether;  iuro,  swear),  swear 


together:  form  a  conspiracy, 
15,  5-  (W.  G.  48.) 
conlatus,  p.  of  confero,  17,  15. 
conlaudo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  alto¬ 
gether  ;  laudo,  praise),  praise 
highly,  extol,  35,  3. 
conlectus,  p.  of  conligo,  21,  25. 
conlega,  -ae,  m.,  colleague,  asso¬ 
ciate,  37,  7, 

conligo,  3,  -legi,  -Iectus  (com-, 
together;  lego,  gather),  gather, 
collect,  assemble ,  21,  25. 
conloco,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  to¬ 
gether ;  loco,  place),  set  right, 
arrange:  station,  settle,  place, 
45,  3°  :  g*ve  *n  marriage,  30,  2. 
conloquium,  -I,  n.  (conloquor, 
talk),  conversation,  confere7ice, 

6,  5  5  24,  5- 

conloquor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (com-, 
together ;  loquor,  talk),  talk, 
confer,  28,  9. 

conor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  undertake, 
endeavor,  attempt,  try,  55,  18. 
conqueror,  3,  -questus,  dep. 
(com-,  altogether ;  queror,  com¬ 
plain),  complain,  bewail,  la¬ 
ment,  14,  6. 

conquiro,  3,  -qulslvl,  -quisitus 
(com-,  intensive,  earnestly, 
eagerly;  quaero,  seek),  seek  for , 
hunt  up,  search  out:  procure , 
collect,  30,  12. 

consaluto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-, 
intensive,  cordially;  saluto,  sa¬ 
lute),  greet,  salute  cordially, 

44,  2i. 

conscendo,  3,  -end!,  -ensus  (com-, 
intensive,  actively ;  scando, 


228 


VOCABULARY. 


climb),  mount,  ascend :  embark 
on  ship,  52,  26. 

conscientia,  -ae,  f.  (cdnscid,  be 

conscious ),  knowledge,  conscious¬ 
ness,  59,  13. 

conscisco,  3,  -scivi,  -scitus  (com-, 
intensive  ;  seised,  approve ),  ap¬ 
prove  of  decree:  adjudge,  ap¬ 
propriate :  with  mortem  sibi, 
to  commit  suicide,  18,  28.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

conscribo,  3,  -Ipsi,  -Iptus  (com-, 
together ;  scrlbd,  write),  write 
gether,  enroll,  enlist,  levy,  10,  7. 
conscriptus,  -I,  m.  (p.  of  conscri- 
bd),  one  enrolled,  esp.  in  the 
phrase  patres  (et)  conscripti, 
referring  to  the  senate,  67,  14. 
consecro,  1,  -avl,  -at us  (com-,  en¬ 
tirely;  saerd,  consecrate),  dedi¬ 
cate,  devote,  consecrate,  5,  7. 
consensus,  -us,  m.  (consentio, 
agree),  unanimity,  co?icord, 
agreement,  consent,  21,  15;  45, 

23- 

consentid,  4,  -sensi,  -sensus 
(com-,  together ;  sentid,  feel), 
agree,  accord :  conspire,  42,  2. 
consequor,  3,  -secutus,  dep. 
(com-,  intensive,  sharply;  se¬ 
quor,  follow),  follow,  follow  up, 
pursue  :  overtake,  reach ,  7,  19: 
obtain,  win,  get,  11,  2. 
consero,  3,  -serui,  -sertus  (com-, 
together;  serd ,  twine),  connect , 
entwine,  join,  4,  2  :  with  ma¬ 
num,  manus,  fight  hand  to 
hand,  7,  6. 

conservo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (com-,  in¬ 


tensive  ;  servo,  keep),  keep  safe, 
preserve,  save,  60,  15. 
consessus,  -us,  M.  [com-,  together; 
SID-,  sit],  convention,  meeting, 
asse?nbly,  27,  31.  (W.  G.  67.) 
considero,  1,  -avl,  -atus,  look  at 
closely,  regard  attentively,  2,  7. 
consido,  3,  -sedi,  sessus  [com-, 
together ;  SID-,  sit] ,  sit  togeth¬ 
er,  take  seats,  7,  1.  (W.  G.  67.) 
consilium,  -I,  n.  (cf.  cdnsuld,  con¬ 
sult),  council,  deliberative  as¬ 
sembly:  counsel,  deliberation, 
4,  18  :  plan,  purpose ,  design, 
26,  30  :  prudence,  wisdom,  coun¬ 
sel,  60,  12. 

consisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitus  (com-, 
completely;  sistd,  stand),  stand 
still :  stand,  halt,  take  a  stand, 
21,  12;  34,  1.  (W.  G.  69.) 
consobrinus,  -I,  m.  (com-,  with, 
associated  with  ;  soror,  sister), 
mother's  sister’s  son,  first  cousin, 
40,  23. 

consolor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (com-,  com¬ 
pletely  ;  sdlor,  comfort),  en¬ 
courage,  cheer:  comfort,  soothe, 
console,  17,  16. 

conspectus,  -us,  M.  [com-,  togeth¬ 
er ;  SPEC-,  see],  seeing,  sight , 
view,  4,  24.  (W.  G.  68.) 
conspicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectus 
(com-,  together  ;  specio,  look  at), 
look  at  attentively,  perceive,  see, 
8,  13.  (W.  G.  68). 
conspicuus,  adj.  (cf.  conspicio), 
visible,  apparent :  distinguished, 
remarkable,  70,  21.  (W.  G.68.) 
conspiro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (com-,  to- 


VOCABULARY. 


229 


gether ;  splr5,  blow),  blow  to¬ 
gether:  plot ,  conspire,  17,  1. 
c5nstanter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (constans,  firm),  firmly, 
constantly,  resolutely,  70,  8. 
constantia,  -ae,  f.  (constans, 
firm),  steadiness,  firmness,  c o fi¬ 
st  ancy,  15,  20  ;  64,  24.  (W.  G. 
69.) 

c5nstat,  see  constd. 
consterno,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  con¬ 
found,  dismay,  terrify,  4,  5. 
constituo,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (com-,  in¬ 
tensive,  firmly ;  statuo,  set), 
put,  place,  5,  1 :  arrange,  draw 
up,  37,  8:  assign,  select,  ap¬ 
point,  4,  20  :  manage,  a  din  bl¬ 
ister,  64,  20  :  determine,  re¬ 
solve,  decide ,  33,  1 5.  (W.  G.  69.) 
consto,  1,  -stiti,  -staturus  (com-, 
together ;  st5,  stand),  agree, 
accord,  be  consistent  with,  41, 
13:  be  certain,  be  established, 
be  known,  15,  24;  55,  24:  be 
composed  of,  consist  of,  29,  11. 
(W.  G.  69.) 

cdncuctudo,  -inis,  F.  (consuetus, 

accustomed),  custom,  habit, 

35,  8. 

consul,  -illis,  M.  (cf.  consulo,  con¬ 
sult),  consul,  17,  20. 
consularis,  -e,  adj.  (consul),  of  a 
consul,  of  consular  rank,  41,  8. 
As  subst.,  an  ex-consul,  37,  22. 
consulatus,  -us,  m.  (consul),  of¬ 
fice  of  consul,  consulship,  47, 

_23' 

consulo,  -lui,  -ltus,  deliberate, 
take  counsel:  inquire  of,  ask 


advice,  consult,  15,  27;  31,  12: 
take  measures,  resolve,  deter¬ 
mine,  56,  13. 

contemno,  3,  -tempsi,  -temptus 
(com-,  intensive,  utterly;  tem¬ 
no,  despise),  esteem  lightly,  con¬ 
temn,  despise,  disdain,  36,  19. 
contemptor,  -5ris,  M.  (contemptus, 
despised),  he  who  disregards , 
contemner,  despiser,  29,  20. 
contendo,  3,  -di,  -tus  (com-,  in¬ 
tensive,  tight ;  tendo,  stretch), 
draw  tight,  strain:  march  rap¬ 
idly,  hasten,  13,  18:  ask,  en¬ 
treat,  49,  9.  (W.  G.  71.) 
contentio,  -onis,  F.  [com-,  intens.; 
ten-,  stretch],  effort,  exertion, 
struggle,  41,  7:  contest,  strife, 
dispute,  2,  16.  (W.  G.  71.) 
contineo,  2,  -tinul,  -tentus  (com-, 
together ;  teneo,  hold),  hold 
together :  shut  in,  keep ,  repress, 
restrain,  6,  11 ;  46,  5  :  include, 
contain,  69,  20.  (W.  G.  71.) 
contingd,  3,  -tigi,  -tactus  (com-, 
intensive,  on  all  sides ;  tango, 
touch),  touch,  reach:  happen , 
come  to  pass,  fall  to  the  lot  of, 
25,  22.  (W.  G.  70.) 
continuo,  adv.  (continuus,  join¬ 
ing),  immediately,  forthwith, 
directly ,  50,  16.  (W.  G.  71.) 
continuus,  adj.  [com-,  intensive, 
on  all  sides ;  ten-,  stretch, 
reach],  joining,  uninterrupted, 
continuous,  71,  10.  (W.  G. 

7 1;) 

contid,  -onis,  F.  [for  conventio,  fr. 
com-,  together ;  VEN-,  come], 


230 


VOCABULARY. 


gathering ,  meeting ,  assembly,  4, 

21.  (W.  G.  73.)  ' 

contra,  adv.  and  pr$£>.  with  acc. : 
adv.,  opposite,  face  to  face :  on 
the  contrary :  prep.,  against,  in 
the  face  of,  contrary  to,  20,  8  ; 

22,  15. 

contraho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractus  (com-, 

together ;  traho,  draw),  draw 
together,  collect,  assemble,  49, 
26. 

contrarius,  adj.  (contra,  over 
against ),  lying  over  against, 
contrary,  opposite,  51,  25. 

contubernalis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  (com-, 
together;  taberna,  hut),  tent- 
companion,  43,  1  :  comrade , 

companion ,  68,  19. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  insult,  abuse, 
reproach,  65,  21. 

conubium,  -i,  n.  (com-,  together ; 
nubo,  marry),  marriage,  wed¬ 
lock:  right  of  marriage,  3,  6. 

convalesco,  3,  -lui,  — ,  inch.,  re¬ 
cover,  regain  health, grow  strong, 
12,  18. 

convenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (com-, 
together ;  venio,  come),  come 
together,  assemble,  3,  1 1  :  meet, 
address,  accost,  68,  1.  (W.  G. 
73-) 

converto,  3,  -ti,  -sus  (com-,  inten¬ 
sive,  completely  ;  verto,  turn), 
turn  around,  turn :  attract,  fix, 
rivet,  draw,  direct,  3,  13  ;  20, 
26.  (W.  G.  74.) 

convinco,  3,  -vici,  -victus  (com-, 
completely ;  vinco,  conquer), 
overcome,  convict,  54,  11. 


convivium,  -i,  n.  [com-,  together ; 
vi v-,  live],  meal  in  company, 
social  feast,  banquet,  14,  23  (v. 
notes,fig.20,p.n6).  (W.G.76.) 
convoco,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (com-,  to¬ 
gether  ;  voco,  call ),  call  together, 
assemble,  summon,  40,  18.  (W. 
G.  77.) 

coorior,  4,  -ortus,  dep.  (com-,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  orior,  rise),  come  forth, 
arise,  4,  23. 

cophinus,  -i,  m.  (Gr.,  ic6<pivos), 

basket,  51,3. 

copia,  -ae,  f.  (co-  opia ;  com-,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  ops,  wealth ),  abun¬ 
dance,  plenty,  54,  16.  Plur., 
forces ,  troops,  31,  14:  copiam 
facere,  to  give  an  opportunity, 

39,  7- 

copiose,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(copiosus,  rich),  copiously,  abu?i- 
dantly :  at  length,  fluently,  48, 

T5- 

coram,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl. 
(com-,  with  ;  os,  face),  in  the 
presence  of,  before  the  eyes,  before, 

36,  5- 

Cornelia,  -ae,  F.,  1.  Cornelia, 
daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus 
and  mother  of  the  Gracchi, 

40,  1.  2.  Cornelia,  daughter  of 
Anna  and  wife  of  Caesar,  48,  23. 

Cornelius,  -i,  m.,  Cornelius,  name 
of  a  distinguished  gens  to  which 
belonged  many  of  the  noblest 
families  of  Rome,  e.g.  Scipio, 
Sulla,  etc. 

corneus,  adj.  (cornu,  horn),  of 

horn,  29,  12. 


VOCABULARY. 


231 


cornu,  -us,  n.,  horn,  33,  28. 
corona,  -ae,  f.,  garland ,  wreath, 
49,  x5  (v-  ^otes,  fig.  24,  p.  125). 
corpus,  -oris,  N.,  body ,  7,  22 :  dead 
body,  13,  23. 

corrigo,  3,  -rexi,  -rectus  (com-, 
intensive  ;  rego,  keep  straight ), 
make  straight:  improve ,  reform, 
correct,  8,  23;  54,  6.  (W.  G.  65.) 
corrumpo,  3,  -rupi,  -ruptus  (com-, 
intensive  ;  rumpd,  break),  de¬ 
stroy,  ruin :  corrupt,  bribe,  28, 
19.  (W.  G.  64.) 

corvus,  -I,  m.  [cal-,  call),  raven, 
68,  11  :  grappling-iron,  30,  19. 
COS,  cotis,  F. ,  flint-stone,  whetstone, 

11,  14. 

cottidianus,  adj.  [cottidie  (quot, 

how  many  ;  dies,  day)],  of  every 
day,  daily :  usual,  ordinary, 
C 0771771 071,  66,  7;  69,  15.  (W.  G. 

27.) 

Crassus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 
M.  Licinius  Crassus,  surnamed 
Dives  because  of  his  wealth, 
one  of  the  first  triumvirate,  60 
B.c. ;  killed  by  the  Parthians 
53  B-c->  50,  26. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  freque7tt, 
repeated,  69,  27. 

credo,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  [crat-, 
faith  ;  DA-,  put) ,  put  faith  in, 
trust:  believe,  suppose,  thi7ik, 

4,  25. 

crem5, 1,  -avi, -atus,  burn,  consume 
by  fire,  47,  22. 

Cremona,  -ae,  f.,  Cremo7ia,  a 
town  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  on  the 
59,  7- 


creo,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  bring  forth, 
make :  choose,  appoi7it,  elect, 

5,  9- 

crepitus,  -us,  m.  (crepo,  rattle), 
rattli7ig,  creaking,  clashi7tg,flap- 
pi7ig,  21,  10. 

cresco,  3,  crevi,  cretus  (inch.  fr. 
cred,  7nake),  come  into  bemg, 
sprmg  up :  rise ,  grow,  flourish, 
increase,  9,  3. 

crimen,  -inis,  n.  [cer-,  cre -,part), 
charge,  accusation,  19,  25.  (W. 
G.  20.) 

criminor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (crimen, 

judgment),  accuse  of  crime, 
complai7i  of,  de7iomice,  34,  13. 
crinis,  -is,  M.,  hair,  4,  1 1 ;  7,  30. 
crucio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (crux,  cross), 
put  to  the  rack,  torture,  torment, 

65,  7- 

crudelis,  -e,  adj.  (crudus,  raw), 
U7ifeeling,  cruel,  severe,  64,  23. 
(W.  G.  22.) 

crudelitas,  -atis,  f.  (crudelis, 

cruel),  severity ,  cruelty,  bar¬ 
barity,  41,  27.  (W.  G.  22.) 
crumena, -ae,  f.,  money-bag, purse, 

69,  9- 

eruor,  -oris,  M.  [CRV-,  raw),  gore, 
blood,  18,  22.  (W.  G.  22.) 
crux,  -ucis,  F.,  gallows,  cross,  31, 
19. 

crystallinum,  -i,  n.  (sc.  vas,  vase), 
crystalline  vase,  6g,  24. 
crystallinus,  adj.,  of  crystal,  crys¬ 
tal,  69,  18. 

cubiculum,  -i,  n.  (cubo,  recline), 
r 00771  for  reclmmg,  bed-cha77i- 
ber,  43,  5. 


232 


VOCABULARY. 


cubo,  i,  cubui,  -itum,  lie  down, 
re clme,  lie  sick,  48,  IS- 
culpa,  -ae,  F.,  fault,  error,  blame, 
guilt,  26,  17. 

culter,  -trl,  m.  [cel-,  strike'],  knife, 
butcher's  knife,  15,  3  (v.  notes, 
fig.  9,  p.  96).  (W.  G.  19.) 
cultus,  -us,  M.  [COL-,  till],  labor, 
care  :  style ,  luxury ,  refine7?ient, 
70,  21.  (W.  G.  21.) 
cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with,  to¬ 
gether  with ,  in  the  company  of, 
at  the  same  time  with,  accompa¬ 
nied  by,  and,  3,  12;  3,  14  ;  4, 
23;  23,  2. 

cum,  conj.,  of  time,  when,  at  the 
time  when,  after,  while,  as  long 
as,  whenever,  1,  19;  4,  21  :  of 
cause,  since,  inasmuch  as,  1,  13; 
3,  4:  of  concession,  thoitgh,  al¬ 
though,  40,  23 :  cum  .  .  .  turn, 
both  . . .  and,  while . . .  especially , 
42,  14. 

Cumae,  -arum,  F.,  Cicmae,  an  an¬ 
cient  Greek  city  on  the  coa.st 
of  Campania,  22,  25. 
cunctatio,  -onis,  f.  (cunctor,  de¬ 
lay),  delay,  hesitation,  34, 
10. 

cunctator,  -5ris,  m.  (cunctor,  de¬ 
lay),  delayer,  loiterer,  lingerer, 
34,  1 1 :  name  given  to  Fabius 
Maxinms  because  of  his  delib¬ 
erate  war  policy,  33,  15. 
cunctor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  delay r 
linger,  hesitate,  13,  24. 
cuniculus,  -I,  m.,  rabbit :  mine, 
excavation,  19,  23. 
cupiditas,  -atis,  F.  (cupidus,  desir¬ 


ous),  longing,  desire,  ambition, 
26,  29;  60,  15. 

Cupid,  3,  -Ivl,  -Itus,  long  for,  de¬ 
sire,  wish,  17,  19  ;  46,  3- 

cur,  adv.  interrog.,  why  ?  where¬ 
fore  ?  for  what  reaso7t  ?  3,  8. 

cura,  -ae,  f.  [for  *cavira,  fr.  cav-, 
watch],  trouble,  care,  diligence, 
atte7itio7i,  58,  26. 

Cures,  -ium,  F.,  Cures,  the  an¬ 
cient  chief  town  of  the  Sabines, 

5,  4- 

curia,  -ae,  f.,  cu7'ia,  one  of  the 
ten  divisions  into  which  each 
of  the  three  tribes  of  patricians 
was  divided,  4,  20:  se7iate-house, 
place  of  77ieeti7ig  of  the  se7iate, 
13,  18. 

Curiatius,  -I,  m.,  Curiatius,  gen¬ 
tile  name  of  the  three  Alban 
brothers  who  fought  against 
the  Horatii,  6,  23. 

curo,  i,  -avl,  -atus  (cura,  care), 
care  for,  atte7id  to :  have  done, 
C077ima7ui,  see  to,  47,  22.  (W.  G. 
18.) 

cursus, -us,  m.  [cel-,  cvr -,  drive], 
naming,  7,  22  :  course,  march, 
voyage,  5,  24;  32,  10.  (W.  G. 
I9-) 

curulis,  -e,  adj.  (currus,  chariot), 
of  a  chariot :  curule,  20,  20  : 
sella  curulis,  curule  chair,  offi¬ 
cial  chair,  5,  9.  (See  notes, 
fig.  1,  p.  81). 

custodia,  -ae,  f.  (custds,  guard), 
watch,  gtcard,  protection,  43, 

6. 

custodio,  4,  -Ivl,  -Itus  (custds, 


VOCABULARY. 


233 


guard),  watch ,  keep ,  defend ,  Cyrus,  -I,  m.,  Cyrus  the  Great ,  the 
'  guard,  5,  22.  founder  of  the  Persian  empire, 

custos,  -odis,  M.  and  F.,  guard,  died  529  B.C.,  55,  26. 
watch,  defender,  21,  5. 

D 


Daci,  -orum,  M.,  the  Dacians,  a 
people  living  on  the  northern 
bank  of  the  Danube,  54,  21. 
damno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (damnum, 
hurt,  loss),  adjudge  guilty,  con¬ 
demn,  doojti,  19,  27;  56,  3:  capite 
damnare,  to  condemn  to  death, 
70,  13- 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  from :  of 
place  and  motion,  from,  down 
from,  out  of,  21,  19:  of  cause, 
because  of,  according  to,  63,  5: 
of  relation,  about,  in  respect  to, 
concerning,  over,  1 1 ,  6;  14,  21; 
63,  7- 

dea,  -ae,  f.  (deus,  god),  goddess, 
6,  5.  (W.  G.  27.) 
debeo,  2,  -ul,  -it us  (de,  from  ; 
habeo,  have,  hold),  withhold: 
owe,  be  due ,  24,  1 1 :  ought,  must, 
should,  13,  8.  (W.  G.  45.) 
Jebilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  (de, 
not;  habilis,  manageable),  lame, 
disabled,  59,  2.  (W.  G.  45.) 
decedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (de, 
from  ;  cedd,  go),  go  away,  de¬ 
part,  withdraw,  13,  23  :  die, 
»7,  r5.  <W.  G.  ,4.)  ’ 
decem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  ten,  17, 
21. 

December,  -bris,  -bre,  adj.,  of  the 
tenth :  the  tenth  month  (from 
March),  December,  63,  3. 


decem  viri  or  decemviri,  -iim  or 

-drum,  M.,  commission  of  ten 
men ,  decemviri :  the  compilers 
of  the  Twelve  Tables,  17, 

21. 

decennis,  -e,  adj.  (decern,  ten; 
annus,  year),  of  ten  years,  19, 
18. 

deceptus,  p.  of  decipio,  46,  11. 
decerno,  3,  -crevi,  -cretus  (de, 
fro??i  ;  cemd,  separate),  decide, 
deter7?iine,  decree,  vote,  2,  17  ; 
41,  19.  (W.  G.  20.) 

Decimus,  -i,  m.,  Decimus,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  63,  17. 
decimus,  adj.  (decem),  tenth,  20, 
*3- 

decipid,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (de, 
away  ;  capio,  take,  catch),  catch, 
deceive,  cheat,  46,  11. 
declaro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  inten¬ 
sive ;  claro,  make  clear),  dis¬ 
close,  reveal:  at:7iounce ,  declare, 
41,  17. 

decretus,  p.  of  decemo,  56,  25. 
decurro,  3,  -cucurri  or  -curri, 
-cursus  (de,  dow7i  ;  curro,  ruii), 
ru7i  dow7i,  mm,  hasten,  40,  28. 
(W.  G.  19.) 

decus,  -oris,  N.,  grace,  honor: 
sple7idor:  orna77ic7it,  ador7i7nent, 

12,  24. 

decutio,  3,  -cussi,  -cussus  (de, 


234 


VOCABULARY. 


from  ;  quatio,  shake),  shake  off, 
strike  down,  strike  off,  14,  13. 
dediticius,  -T,  adj.  (deditus,  sur¬ 
rendered),  surrendered.  As 
subst.,  prisoner  of  war,  65,  29. 
deditio,  -onis,  F.(ded5,  surrender), 
giving  up,  surrender,  20,  10. 
(W.  G.  24.) 

deditus,  adj.  (p.  of  dedo,  sur¬ 
render),  given  up,  surrendered: 
engaged  in  ;  lanae  deditus,  en¬ 
gaged  in  spinning,  14,  25. 
dedo,  3,  -did!,  -ditus  [de,  away ; 
2  DA-,  puf\,  give  away,  give  up, 
surrender,  10,  1.  (W.  G.  24.) 
deduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (de, 
from,  down ;  duco,  lead),  lead 
down,  lead  away:  conduct , 
escort,  acco?npany,  lead,  7,  26 ; 
18,15.  (W.  G.  29.) 
defatigatio,  -onis,  f.  (defatigd, 
de,  utterly ;  fatigo,  weary), 
weariness,  fatigue,  exhaustion, 
43,  1 7- 

defendo,  3,  -di,  -sus  (d e,from,  off; 
*  fendo,  ward,  strike),  ward  off, 
repel:  defend,  guard,  1,  20  ; 

17,  12. 

defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  (de, 

down,  from  ;  fero,  bear),  bring 
away,  take,  carry,  carry  down, 
remove,  27,  21;  47,  20:  report, 
bring  word,  submit,  announce, 
26,  14;  51,  1  :  deliver,  confer, 
give,  offer,  38,  24  ;  63,  22.  (W. 
G.  34-) 

deficio,  3,  -feci, -fectus  (d l,  from; 
facio,  make),  withdraw,  revolt, 
desert:  leave ,  abandon ;  be 


wanting,  fall  short,  fail,  become 
weak,  17,  4;  26,  20.  (W.  G.  33.) 
deflecto,  3,  -flexi,  -flexus  (de, 
from;  flecto,  bend),  trans. 
bend  aside,  divert :  intrans. 
turn  aside,  deviate,  45,  13. 
deformitas,  -atis,  f.  (defdrmis, 
misshapen),  ugliness,  deformity, 
56,  24. 

defunctus,  p.  of  defungor,  51,  30. 
defungor,  3,  -functus,  dep.  (de, 

completely ;  fungor,  perform), 
have  done  with,  perform,  finish : 
die ,  51,  30. 

degd,  3,  degl,  —  (de,  along,  by  ; 
ago,  drive),  of  time,  spend, pass, 
40,  29. 

dehonesto,  1,  -avi,  —  (de,  away 
from;  honesto,  honor),  disgrace, 
dishonor,  5g,  11. 

deicio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (de,  down  ; 
iacio,  throw),  throw  down,  hurl 
down,  bring  down,  11,  29  ;  13, 
19;  21,  14.  (W.  G.  47.) 
dein,  see  deinde,  34,  5. 
deinceps,  adv.  [dein,  next ;  cap-, 
take\ ,  one  after  another,  in  suc¬ 
cession,  6,  14. 

deinde  or  dein,  adv.,  then,  next, 
thereafter,  hereafter,  1,  16  ;  1, 
17  5  2,  23  ;  9,  6. 

delabor,  3,  -lapsus,  dep.  (de, 
down,  from  ;  labor,  glide,  slip), 
fall,  sink,  glide  down,  descend, 
5,  17.  (W.  G.  49.) 
delecto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  away  ; 
laciS,  allure),  allure,  attract, 
delight,  please,  44,  10. 


VOCABULARY. 


235 


delectus,  adj.  (p.  of  deligo, 

choose ),  picked,  choice,  select, 

35,  ii* 

deleo,  2,  -evl,  -etus,  erase,  blot 
out:  destroy,  io,  8. 

deliberabundus,  adj.  (delibero, 
consider),  pondering,  reflecting, 

14,  ii. 

delibero,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  thor¬ 
oughly ;  libro,  balance),  weigh 
well,  consider  maturely,  deliber¬ 
ate,  24,  7* 

deliciae,  -arum,  f.  (cf.  delecto), 

delight,  pleasure,  charm,  lux¬ 
ury,  38,  12. 

deligo,  3,  -legi,  -lectus  (de,  out 
from ;  lego,  gather),  choose, 
pick  out,  11,  22. 

deligo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  thor- . 
oughly ;  ligo,  bind),  tie,  bind 
fast,  33,  28. 

deliro,  1,  —  ,  — ,  be  crazy ,  be 
deranged,  15,  17. 

demigro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (d from; 
migro,  depart),  migrate,  move, 
depart,  16,  6. 

demisse,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (demissus,  Aw),  low :  ab¬ 
jectly  htimbly ,  44,  1.  (W.  G.  53.) 

demitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (de, 
down :  mitto,  send),  send  down, 
let  down,  let  fall,  5,  11;  28, 

1 2  •  thrust ,  put,  6q,8.  (W.  G.  53.) 

denarius,  adj.  (deni,  by  tens),  con¬ 
taining  ten  each :  worth  ten 
{asses).  As  subst.  (sc.  num¬ 
mus),  a  silver  coin  worth  origi¬ 
nally  ten,  afterwards  sixteen 
asses  =  about  16  cents,  69,  9. 


denego,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  utterly; 
negd,  refuse),  reject ,  refuse,  say 
no,  49,  8. 

denique,  adv.,  and  thereafter,  at 
last,  at  length,  finally,  ig,  22  : 
in  fact,  in  a  word,  71,  10. 

dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth,  17,  3. 

denudo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (de,  utterly; 
nud5,  lay  bare),  lay  bare,  strip, 
19,  11. 

denuntio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (d e,from; 
nuntio,  declare),  declare,  an¬ 
nounce,  order,  comniand,  21, 
26;  53,  28. 

denuo,  adv.  (de,  from ;  novd, 
new,  beginning),  once  more, 
anew,  again,  15,  18. 

depereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus  (de,  utter¬ 
ly;  pereo,  perish),  perish,  die, 
35,  23. 

depdnd,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (de-, 
away ;  p5no,  put),  lay  away, 
put  aside,  set  down,  61,  30: 
put  aivay,  give  up,  19,  5. 

deposed,  3,  -poposci,  —  (de,  in¬ 
tensive;  posed,  demand),  de¬ 
mand,  18,  1. 

deprecor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (d b,from, 
away ;  precor,  pray),  avert  by 
prayer,  deprecate,  44,  2  :  pray, 
plead,  offer  a  plea,  42,  4  : 
pray  for,  intercede  in  behalf 
of  49,  7* 

deprehendo,  3,  -di,  -hensus  (de, 
from;  prehendo,  take),  take 
away,  seize,  intercept,  capture, 
56,  9  :  discover,  surprise,  14, 
24. 

deprimo,  3,  -pressi,  -pressus  (de, 


236 


VOCABULARY. 


down ;  premo,  press),  press 
down,  weigh  down  :  sink,  32,13. 
derideo,  2,  -si,  -sus  (de,  down,  to 
scorn  ;  rideo,  laugh),  laugh  to 
scorn,  scoff  at,  deride,  15,  13. 
descendo,  3,  -dl,  -ensus  (de,  down  ; 
scandd,  climb),  descend,  come 
down,  5,  1 1 :  go  down,  come 
down,  go,  13,  8  :  dismount,  36, 
14. 

descisco,  3,  -Ivi,  -Itus  (de,  from  ; 
scisco,  distinguish,  separate), 
withdraw,  revolt  from,  desert, 
40,  13.  (W.  G.  66.) 
descrlbd,  3,  -IpsI,  -Iptus  (de, 
down;  scribo,  write),  write 
down :  mark  off,  define,  divide, 
fix,  5,  24. 

desero,  3,  -rul,  -rtus  (de,  un- ; 
ser5,  bifid),  leave,  forsake,  aban¬ 
don,  7,  9;  45,  4. 

desiderium,  -I,  n.  (cf.  desidero, 

long  for),  longing,  ardent  de¬ 
sire,  grief,  61,  4:  want,  need, 

2°,  3. 

desilio,  4,  -ilul,  -ultus  (de,  down  ; 
salio,  leap),  leap  down,  dis¬ 
mount,  1  6,  14;  36,  18. 
desipib,  3, — ,  —  (de,  from, with¬ 
out;  sapid,  be  wise),  be  silly, 
act  foolishly,  15,  12. 
desisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitus  (dd,  from  ; 
sistd,  stand),  leave  off,  cease, 
desist  from,  20,  7.  (W.  G.  69.) 
desperatid,  -onis,  f.  (despero,  be 
hopeless),  hopelessness,  despair. 
despero,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (de,  nega¬ 
tive  ;  sperd,  hope),  be  hopeless, 
despair  of,  38,  19. 


despondeo,  2,  -spondl,  -sponsus 
(de,  from  ;  spondeo,  promise), 
promise,  pledge:  promise  in 
marriage,  7,  28. 

destino,  1,  -avl,  -atus  [de,  inten¬ 
sive;  STA-,  stand\  make  fast , 
bind:  resolve,  purpose,  design, 
plan,  27,3;  54, 1 5-  (W.  G.  69.) 
destringo,  3,  -inxl,  -ictus  (de, 
from,  off ;  stringo,  strip),  strip 
off :  of  a  sword,  draw,  43,  7. 
desum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  (de, 
away;  sum,  be),  be  absent,  fail, 
be  wanting,  3,  2.  (W.  G.  31.) 
desumo,  3,  -umpsl,  —  (d e,from  ; 
sumo,  take),  take,  choose :  take 
upon  oneself,  assume,  30,  1. 
detego,  3,  -exl,  -ectus  (de,  nega¬ 
tive,  un- ;  tego,  cover),  uncov¬ 
er,  expose,  57,  3. 

deterred,  2,  -ul,  -itus  (de,  from  ; 
terred,  frighten),  frighten  off: 
deter,  restrain,  hinder,  11,  8. 
detestor,  i,-atus,  dep.  (de,  down, 
against ;  testor,  bear  witness), 
curse,  denounce,  19,  7. 
detineo,  2,  -tinul,  -tentus  (de, 
from,  off;  tened,  hold),  keep 
back,  delay,  detain,  52,  6.  (W. 

_G.  71.) 

detraho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractus  (de, 
off;  trahd,  dr  aid),  draxv  off, 
take  off,  pull  down,  take  away, 
take  down,  23,  30;  38,  28. 
detrimentum,  -I,  n.  (deterd,  rub 
away),  that  which  is  worn 
away :  loss,  harm,  damage,  33, 
27. 

deturbo,  i,-avl,  -atus  (de,  down  ; 


VOCABULARY. 


237 


turbo,  move  confusedly ),  beat 
down ,  overthrow ,  throw  down , 

21,  13. 

deuro,  3,  -ussi,  -ustus  (de,  down , 
completely ;  urS,  burn),  burn 
up,  consume,  destroy,  15,  14. 
deus,  -I,  M.  [div-,  bright,  shine J, 
god,  deity,  4,  24.  (W.  G.  27.) 
deverto,  3,  -ti,  —  (de,  away ; 
verto,  turn),  turn  away,  turn 
aside,  betake  oneself,  38,  11. 
(W.  G.  74.) 

devictus,  p.  of  devincS,  47,  3. 
devinco,  3,  -vici,  -victus  (de,  utter¬ 
ly;  vincS,  conquer),  overcome , 
subdue,  conquer  completely,  21, 
28. 

devolo,  1,  — ,  -aturus  (de,  down  ; 

\o\§,  fly),  fly  down,  64,  4. 
dexter,  -tera,  -terum,  and  -tra, 
-trum,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
the  right,  58,  29. 

dextra, -ae,  f.  (dexter,  sc.  manus), 

the  right  hand,  40,  25. 
diadema,  -atis,  n.  (Gr.,  SidS^/ux), 
royal  crown,  diadem,  40,  22. 
Diana,  -ae,  f.  [for  Divana,  div-, 
bright],  Diana,  Italian  goddess 
of  light  and  of  the  moon;  iden¬ 
tified  with  the  Greek  Artemis, 
goddess  of  the  chase,  12,  25. 
(W.  G.  27.) 

(dicio),  -onis,  F.  [Die-,  show'],  do¬ 
minion,  sovereignty,  authority, 
27,  1.  (W.  G.  26.) 
died,  3,  dixi,  dictus  [dic-,  show], 
say,  speak,  tell,  5,  10:  declare, 
assert,  15,  10  :  appoint,  ig,  27: 
name,  call,  13,  26  :  causam 


dicere,  to  plead  a  case,  58,  23': 
ius  dicere,  to  pronounce  judg¬ 
ment,  70,  13.  (W.  G.  26.) 
dictator,  -oris,  M.  (dicto,  dictate), 
dictator,  chief  magistrate  with 
unlimited  power,  21,  16.  (W.  G. 
26.) 

dictatura,  -ae,  f.  (dictator,  dicta¬ 
tor'),  office  of  a  dictator,  dictator¬ 
ship,  67,  17. 

dictito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (intens.  of 
dlcS,  say),  say  often,  maintain, 
assert,  40,  16.  (W.  G.  26.) 
dictum,  -I,  n.  [dic-,  show],  re¬ 
mark,  saying,  word,  44,  25 : 
command,  12,  18. 
dies,  gen.  die!  or  die,  m.,  some¬ 
times  F.  in  the  singular  [di-, 
shine],  day,  civil  day,  5,  25;  8, 
29:  time,  30,  6:  in  dies,  day  by 
day,  54,  15.  (W.  G.  27.) 
difficilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (dis-,  negative ;  facilis, 
easy),  hard,  difficult,  trouble¬ 
some,  perilous,  27,  4.  (W.  G. 

33-) 

difficiliter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (difficilis,  difficult),  with 
difficulty,  29,  1.  (W.  G.  33.) 
difficultas,  -atis,  F.  (difficilis,  diffi¬ 
cult),  difficulty,  distress,  want, 
scarcity,  need,  58,  18.  (W.  G. 

33-) 

digero,  3,  -gessi,  -gestus  (dis-, 
apart ;  gerS,  carry),  force  apart, 
distribute,  divide,  17 ,7.  (W.  G. 
42.) 

dignitas,  -atis,  F.  (dignus,  worthy), 
worth,  merit :  authority,  distine- 


238 


VOCABULARY. 


tion,  rank ,  reputation ,  honor , 

ii,  I ;  52,  4. 

dignus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
worthy,  deserving ,  36,  21. 
digredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep.  (dis-, 
apart ;  gradior,  walk),  go  apart, 
separate,  depart,  15,  24.  (W.  G. 
44-) 

digressus,  p.  of  digredior,  15,  24. 
diligenter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (diligens,  industrious ),  in¬ 
dustriously,  assiduously,  dili¬ 
gently,  58,  2. 

diligentia,  -ae,  f.  (diligens,  care- 
fid),  attentiveness ,  earnestness, 
faithful  care,  39,  26. 
diligo,  3,  -lexi,  -lectus  (dis-, 
apart ;  lego,  choose),  single  out, 
esteem,  love,  43,  13. 
dimicatio,  -5nis,  f.  ffimico,  fight), 
fight,  struggle,  encounter,  64,  8. 
dimico,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (dis-,  inten¬ 
sive  ;  micd,  move  to  and  fro), 
fight,  struggle,  4,  4. 
dimissus,  p.  of  dimittd,  44,  16. 
dimitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (dis-, 
apart ;  mitto,  send),  send  dif¬ 
ferent  ways,  send  forth,  49,  22: 
dismiss,  let  go,  disband,  release, 
send  away,  23,  26  ;  25,  9  ;  26, 
_22;  44,  16.  (W.  G.  53.) 
dirigo,  3,  -rexi,  -rectus  (dis-,  in¬ 
tensive ;  reg5,  lay  straight),  ar¬ 
range,  send,  aim,  steer,  52,  28. 
(W.  G.  65.) 

dirimo,  3,  -emi,  -emptus  (dis-, 
apart ;  emo,  take),  take  apart, 
separate  :  end,  settle,  61,  II. 
diripio,  3,  -ui,  -eptus  (dis-,  apart; 


rapio,  seize),  tear  asunder,  tear 
in  pieces :  lay  waste,  ravage, 
pillage, plunder,  45,  16;  59,  17. 
(W.  G.  64.) 

dirud,  3,  -rui,  -rutus  (dis-,  in  dif¬ 
ferent  directions ;  ruo,  clash, 
hurl),  tear  asunder,  overthrow , 
destroy,  9,  2. 

discedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (dis-, 
apart ;  cedo,  go),  go  apart,  scat¬ 
ter :  go  away,  depart,  45,  25  : 
march  away,  19,  22;  33,  22. 

discipulus,  -i,  m.  (disco,  learn), 
learner,  disciple,  follower,  57, 
18.  (W.  G.  26.) 

discd,  3,  didici,  —  [dic-,  show], 
learn,  become  acquainted  with, 
57,  16:  learn  how,  66,  5.  (W.  G. 
26.) 

discordia,  -ae,  F.  (discors,  inhar¬ 
monious),  disunion ,  dissension, 
discord,  17,  9. 

discordo,  1,  -avi,  —  (discors,  in¬ 
harmonious  ;  dis-,  divided ;  cor, 
heart),  be  at  variance,  differ, 
quarrel,  17,  1. 

discrimen,  -inis,  N.  [dis-,  apart ; 
CER-,  CRE-,  separate ],  that  which 
parts,  interval :  crisis,  danger, 
41,  21:  decisive  battle ,  33,  14. 
(W.  G.  20.) 

discurrd,  3,  -curri  and  -cucurri, 
-cursus  (dis-,  in  different  direc¬ 
tions ;  curro,  run),  run  different 
ways,  3,  15:  run  to  and  fro, 
wander,  roam,  34,1.  (W.  G.  19.) 

discutio,  3,  -cussi,  -cussus  (dis-, 
apart ;  quatid,  shake),  dash  to 
pieces,  shatter :  put  an  end  to, 


VOCABULARY. 


239 


thwart ,  dispel ,  remove ,  22,  5; 

26,  17. 

disertus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  dissero,  set  in  order),  skill¬ 
ful,  clever,  fluent,  eloquent,  58, 

12. 

dispensator,  -oris,  m.  (dispenso, 

pay  out),  steward,  treasurer, 
paymaster,  69,  11. 
dispicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectus  (dis-, 
apart ;  specio,  see),  discern,  per¬ 
ceive,  distinguish,  60,  21.  (W.  G. 
68.) 

displiceo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (dis-,  nega¬ 
tive  ;  placeo,  please),  displease, 
be  unsatisfactory,  50,  27. 
dispono,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (dis-, 
apart ;  p5nd,  put),  place  here 
and  there ,  arrange ,  dispose,  45, 

26. 

dispositus,  p.  of  dispdnd,  45,  26. 
disputo,  1, -avi,  -atus  (dis-,  inten¬ 
sive;  putd,  think),  argue,  dis¬ 
cuss,  converse,  explain,  48,  1 5. 
dissensio,  -onis,  F.  (dissentio,  dif¬ 
fer),  difference  of  opinion,  dis¬ 
sension,  strife,  discord,  47,  10. 
dissero,  3,  -rui,  -rtus  (dis-,  here 
and  there,  in  order ;  serd,  ar¬ 
range),  examine,  argue,  speak, 

27,  17. 

dissimilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (dis-,  not,  un-;  similis, 
like),  unlike,  dissimilar,  differ¬ 
ent,  6,  18. 

dissimilitudo,  -inis,  f.  (dissimilis, 

unlike),  unlikeness,  difference, 

29,  19. 

dissimulo,  1,  -avi-  -atus  (dis-, 


not ;  simuld,  make  like),  make 
unlike:  hide,  conceal,  3,  10. 
dissipo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (dis-,  apart; 
*  supo,  throw),  spread  abroad, 
scatter:  waste,  squander,  41, 
18. 

dissuaded,  2,  -suasi,  -suasus  (dis-, 
apart,  from ;  suaded,  persuade), 
advise  against,  dissuade,  oppose , 

27,  22. 

distraho,  3,  -axi,  -actus  (dis-, 
apart;  trahd,  draw),  pull 
asimder,  divide,  8,  30:  separate, 

7,  ii- 

distribuo,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (dis-, 
apart;  tribud,  grant),  divide , 
distribute,  apportion ,  4,  20. 
diu,  adv.  comp,  diutius,  sup. 
diutissime,  all  day :  long,  a 
long  time ,  8,  20.  (W.  G.  27.) 
diuturnus,  adj.  with  comp,  (diu, 
a  long  time),  of  long  duration, 
lasting,  long,  9,  10.  (W.  G.  27.) 
diversus,  adj.  with  sup.  (p.  of 
diverto,  turn  different  ways), 
turned  different  ways :  opposite, 
contrary,  different ,  8,  30;  56, 
11.  (W.  G.  74.) 

divido,  3,  -visi,  -visus  [dis-,  apart; 
VID-,  see],  divide,  part :  distrib¬ 
ute,  share,  apportion,  19,  26 ; 

68,  18. 

divinitus,  adv.  (divinus,  divine), 
from  heaven,  by  divine  influ¬ 
ence,  4,  10.  (W.  G.  27.) 
divinus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(divus,  god),  of  a  god,  of  a  deity, 
divine,  15,  10.  (W.  G.  27.) 
divitiae,  -arum,  f.  (dives,  rich), 


240 


VOCABULARY. 


wealth ,  riches ,  17,  19.  (W.  G. 
27.) 

divus,  adj.  [div-,  shine],  of  a 
deity:  deified ,  65,  29.  (W.  G.  27.) 

do,  1,  dedi,  datus  [1  DA-,  give], 
hand  over,  give  up,  pay,  sur¬ 
render,  27,  9 :  give,  grant , 

intrust ,  1,  15;  5,  8:  pannit, 
allow ,  9,  8:  poenas  dare,  to  suf¬ 
fer  punishment ,  31,  9  :  finem 
dare,  to  make  an  end,  25,  17. 
(W.  G.  24.) 

doceo,  2,  -ui,  -ctus  [dic-,  show], 
cause  to  know,  teach,  show,  in¬ 
struct,  5,  12  ;  40,  I.  (W.  G.  26.) 

doctrina,  -ae,  f.  (for  doctorina, 
fr.  doctor,  teacher),  teaching, 
instruction,  learning,  40,  9 : 
erudition,  wisdom,  57,  20.  (W. 
G.  26.) 

doctus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  doceo,  teach),  learned, 
skilled,  trained,  48,  3.  (W.  G. 
26) 

dolor,  -oris,  M.,  pain,  suffering, 
48,  14  :  grief,  sorrow,  18,  19. 

dolose,  adv.  (doldsus,  crafty), 
craftily,  deceitfully,  3,  24. 

dolus,  -i,  m.  (cf.  Gr.,  56\os, 
trick),  device,  artifice:  deception , 
cunning,  19,  23. 

domicilium,  -T,  n.  (domus,  house), 
habitation,  dwelling,  10,  26. 

dominatio,  -6nis,  f.  (dominor,  be 

lord),  ride,  dominion,  suprem¬ 
acy,  50,  6. 

dominatus,  -us,  m.  (dominor,  be 

lord),  ride,  command,  sover¬ 
eignty,  tyranny,  62,  10. 


dominor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (dominus, 

lord,  master),  be  lord,  have 
dominion,  rule,  59,  14. 
dominus,  -i,  m.  (cf.  domd,  tame, 
master),  master, possessor,  ruler, 
lord,  4,  30  ;  41,  25. 
domo,  1,  -ui,  -itus,  domesticate, 
tame :  vanquish ,  subdue,  11,  5. 
domus,  gen.  -iis  or  -i,  f.,  house, 
dwelling-house,  building,  9,  14: 
home,  7,  26:  domi,  at  home, 
9,  9- 

donativum,  -i,  n.  (dono,  give), 

largess,  gift,  68,  19. 
donee,  conj.,  as  long  as,  while: 
until,  16,  12. 

dono,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ddnum,  gift), 
give  as  a  present,  bestow ,  confer, 
11,  18.  (W.  G.  24.) 
donum,  -i,  n.  [i  da-,  give],  gift, 
present,  27,  13.  (W.  G.  24.) 
dormio,  4,  -ivi,  -itus,  sleep,  12,  5. 
dorsum,  -i,  n.,  or  dorsus,  -i,  m., 
back,  of  a  beast  of  burden  : 
ridge,  clijf,  range,  54,  20. 
dos,  dotis,  F.  [1  da-,  give],  mar¬ 
riage  portion,  dowry,  29,  30. 
(W.  G.  24.) 

Drepanum,  -i,  n  ,  Drepanum,  a 
town  on  the  western  coast  of 
Sicily,  31,  24. 

dubito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (dubius, 

doubtful),  waver  in  opinion,  be 
indoubt:  hesitate,  64,16.  (W.G. 
28.) 

dubius,  adj.  [dva-,  apart,  two], 
moving  two  ways:  doubtful, 
uncertain,  15,  17.  (W.  G.  28.) 
duco,  3,  -uxi,  -uctus  [dvc-,  lead], 


VOCABULARY. 


241 


lead,  conduct ,  guide ,  24,  16  ; 
65,  1  :  marry ,  48,  23:  construct , 
make,  12,  22  :  draw ,  protract, 
prolong,  34,  13:  consider,  think, 
regard,  68,  18  :  conduct,  mar¬ 
shal,  46,  30.  (W.  G.  29.) 

Duilius,  -i,  M.,  Duilius,  name  of 
a  Roman  gens,  e  g  ,  C.  Duilius, 
the  famous  conqueror  of  the 
Carthaginians,  260  B.c.,  30,  17. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  sweet:  agreeable,  pleasant, 
27,  9. 

dum,  conj.,  while,  2,  11  :  until, 
12,  18:  provided  that,  if  only, 

43,  i.  With  modo  often  written 
dummodo. 

dummodo  or  dum  modo,  conj., 
provided,  if  only,  49,  10. 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  num.  adj.  [dva-, 
two],  two,  6,  14.  (W.  G.  28.) 


e,  prep,  with  abl.,  from,  see  ex, 
4,  24. 

eburneus,  or  eburnus,  adj.  (ebur, 
ivory),  of  ivory,  20,  21. 
ecquid,  adv.  interrog. :  direct, 
at  all,  55,  9  :  indirect,  whether, 

15,  *4- 

edictum,  -I,  N.  (edicd,  declare,  pro¬ 
claim),  proclamation,  edict,  61, 
30.  (W.  G.  26.) 

edo,  3,  edi,  esus  [ed-,  eat],  eat, 
47,  27.  (W.  G.  30.) 
edo,  3,  -did!,  -ditus  [ex,  out,  forth  ; 
2  DA -,  put],  give  out,  raise,  put 
forth,  71,  20:  bear,  produce, 


duodecim,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (duo, 
two  ;  decern,  ten),  twelve,  2, 19. 
(W.  G.  28.) 

duodeni,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  distr. 
(cf.  duodecim,  twelve),  twelve 
each,  twelve  apiece,  59,  8.  (W. 
G.  28.) 

duplex,  -ids,  adj.  [dva-,  two; 
PLEC-,  fold],  twofold,  double, 
65,  18.  (W.  G.  28  and  60.) 
duplico,  1,  -avT,  -atus  (duplex, 
twofold),  double,  g,  3.  (W.  G. 
28  and  60.) 

dux,  ducis,  M.  and  F.  [dvc-,  lead], 
leader,  guide :  commander, 
general,  3,  21.  (W.  G.  29.) 
Dyrrachium,  -I,  N.,  Dyrrachium, 
a  coast  town  of  Illyria,  the 
landing-place  of  those  coming 
from  Italy,  52,  21. 

E 

1,  6:  publish,  declare,  tell,  64, 
28  :  show,  exhibit,  50,  20 :  per¬ 
form,  52,  25.  (W.  G.  25.) 
edoceo,  2,  -cul,  -ctus  (ex,  thorough¬ 
ly;  doce5,  teach),  teach  thorough¬ 
ly,  instruct,  30,  11.  (W.  G.  26.) 
educatib,  -5nis,  F.  (educo,  rear), 
rearing,  training,  education,  39, 
26.  (W.  G.  29.) 

educo,  3,  -dux!,  -ductus  (ex,  out, 
forth  ;  duco,  lead),  lead  forth, 
19,  3.  (W.  G.  29.) 
educo  1,  -avl,  -atus  (cf.  edued), 
bring  up,  rear,  1,  16. 
effeminatus,  adj.  with  sup.  (p. 


242 


VOCABULARY. 


of  effemino,  make  feminine ), 
womanish,  effeminate,  45,  13. 
effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatus  (ex, 
out,  forth;  fero,  bear),  carry 
out,  take  away,  42,  20  :  puff  up, 
elate,  9,  7.  (W.  G.  34.) 
efficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (ex, 
thoroughly,  successfully  ;  facio, 
do),  work  out,  bring  to  pass, 
effect,  make,  cause,  41,31;  48, 
14.  (W.  G.  33.) 

efflagito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  in¬ 
tensive;  flagito,  demand),  de¬ 
mand  urgently,  request,  insist 
upon,  50,  16. 

effugio,  3,  -fugi,  —  (ex,  from, 
away ;  fugio,  flee),  flee  away, 
avoid,  escape ,  31,  8.  (W.  G.  40.) 
effundo,  3,  -fudi,  -fusus  (ex,  out ; 
fundS,  pour),  pour  out,  pour 
forth,  shed,  spread  abroad,  1, 
8  ;  51,  4  ;  -54,  21  :  empty,  ex¬ 
haust,  41,  5.  (W.  G.  39.) 
egeo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  be  needy,  be  u 
want,  38,  3°- 

Egeria,  -ae,  F.,  Egeria,  the  nymph 
that  met  and  instructed  Numa, 
6,  5- 

ego,  pron.  pers.,  I,  me,  we,  us,  g, 
26;  36,  8. 

egredior,  egredi,  -gressus,  dep. 
(ex,  out,  forth  ;  gradior,  walk), 
go  out,  march  out,  go  away,  20, 
1 ;  24,  3.  (\v.  G.  44.) 
egregius,  adj.  (ex,  out,  selected 
from  ;  grex,  herd),  select,  dis¬ 
tinguished,  excellent,  eminent, 
noble,  8,  13  ;  21,  10. 
egressus,  p.  of  egredior,  24,  3. 


eicio,  3,  -iecl,  -iectus  (ex,  out; 
iaciS,  cast),  cast  out :  with  se, 
rush  out:  of  ships,  strand, 
wreck,  cast  ashore,  30,  10.  (W. 

G.  47-) 

elabor,  3,  elapsus,  dep.  (ex, 
away ;  labor,  slip),  slip  away, 
get  off,  escape,  49,  1.  (W.  G. 
49-) 

elaborfi,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out, 

thoroughly ;  laborS,  labor), 
labor,  endeavor,  take  pains,  62, 
19. 

elanguescfi,  3,  -langul,  — ,  inch, 
(ex,  intensive ;  languescS,  grow 
fault),  grow  faint,  fail,  slacken, 
relax,  38,  12. 

elatus,  adj.  (p.  of  effero,  lift  up), 
exalted,  raised,  uplifted,  11,  29. 

elegantia,  -ae,  f.  (elegans,  select, 
choice),  taste, propriety,  elegance , 
70,  23. 

elephantus,  -I,  m.,  nom.  sing, 
usually  elephas,  or  elephans, 

elephant,  25,  11. 

elicio,  3,  -licui,  —  (ex,  forth, 
out;  IaciS,  allure),  draw  out, 
bring  out:  call  down,  evoke,  5, 
10. 

eligo,  3,  -leg!,  -Iectus  (ex,  out ; 
lego,  gather),  pluck  out :  choose, 
select,  4,  1 8. 

eloquentia,  -ae,  f.  (eloquens,  elo¬ 
quent),  eloquence,  26,  28. 

emitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (ex,  forth, 
out ;  mitto,  send,  let  go),  send 
out,  send  forth,  28,  1 1 :  hurl, 
cast,  10,  2:  release,  set  free,  63, 
25.  (W.  G.  53.) 


VOCABULARY. 


243 


emo,  3,  emi,  emptus,  buy ,  pur¬ 
chase,  15,  15. 

enim,  conj.,  postpositive,  namely , 
that  is  to  say,  I  mean ,  36,  27: 
for,  because,  3,  9. 
enitor,  3,  -nixus  or  -nisus,  dep. 
(ex,  forth  ;  nitor,  strain,  strtig- 
gle),  force  a  way  out,  climb: 
endeavor ,  strive,  61,  13. 
ensis,  -is,  m.,  two-edged  sword, 
43,  7- 

ed,  Ire,  Ivl  or  ii,  iturus  [1-,  go],  go, 
walk,  move,  3,  19  ;  7,  26:  fare, 
prosper,  8,  4. 

eo,  adv.,  for  that  reason,  there¬ 
fore,  18,  16  :  to  that  place, 
thither,  3,  3  :  so  far,  to  that 
degree,  35,  7. 

Ephesius,  adj.,  Ephesian ,  of 
Ephesus ,  12,  25. 

Ephesus,  -I,  f.,  Ephesus,  a  cele¬ 
brated  city  of  Ionia  in  western 
Asia  Minor,  famed  for  its 
Diana  temple. 

epigramma,  -atis,  n.  (Gr.,  iirl- 
.  ypa/jL/xa,  inscription ),  inscrip¬ 
tion:  epigram,  56,  17. 

Epirus,  -I,  f.,  Epirus,  a  province 
in  the  north  of  Greece,  25,  2. 
epistula,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  Ena toXt), 
letter ),  a  written  communica¬ 
tion,  letter,  56,  10. 
epulor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (epulum, 
feast),  feast,  banquet,  dine,  38, 
.6.  (See  notes,  fig.  20,  p.  116.) 
eques,  -itis,  m.  (equus,  horse), 
horseman,  rider :  cavalryman, 
knight,  4,  19  ;  37,  22  ;  39,  3. 
equester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.  (eques, 


horseman),  equestrian,  of  caval¬ 
ry,  of  the  knights,  40,  27. 

equito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (eques,  horse¬ 
man),  ride ,  57,  1. 

equus,  -I,  -M.,  horse,  steed,  14,  23. 

erectus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
erigo,  raise  up),  upright:  atten¬ 
tive,  on  the  alert,  eager,  18,  14. 

erga,  prep,  with  acc.,  towards,  in 
respect  of,  in  relation  to,  for , 

l6,  r5 ;  44,  3- 

ergo,  adv.,  consequently,  there¬ 
fore,  then,  accordingly,  11,  15  ; 

14,  26. 

erigo,  3,  -rexl,  -rectus  (ex,  out 
up  ;  rego,  make  straight ),  raise 
up,  46,  22.  (W.  G.  65.) 

error,  -5ris,  m.  (cf.  erro,  wander), 
wandering :  error,  doubt,  un¬ 
certainty,  60,  19. 

erubesco,  3,  -bul,  — ,  inch,  (ex, 
without  force  ;  rubesco,  grow 
red),  grow  red:  blush,  feel 
ashamed,  68,  8. 

erudio,  4,  -Ivl,  -Itus  (ex,  oiit  of; 
rudis,  uncultivated),  educate, 
teach,  40,  2. 

erumpo,  3,  -rupi,  -ruptus  (ex, 
forth  ;  rumpd,  break),  intrans., 
burst  forth,  break  out,  23,  17. 
(W.  G.  64.) 

esca,  -ae,  f.  [ed-,  eat],  meat, 
food,  69,  22.  (W.  G.  30.) 

escendo,  3,  -endl,  -ensus  (ex, 
forth,  up;  scando,  climb),  cliitib 
up,  mount,  ascend,  18,  16. 

Esquilmus,  -I,  m.  (sc.  m5ns),  the 
Esquiline  hill,  the  largest  of  the 
seven  hills  of  Rome,  12,  21. 


244 


VOCABULARY. 


et,  conj.  and  adv.  i.  As  conj., 
and ,  and  yet ,  but ,  i,  i  :  et  .  ,  . 
et,  both  .  .  .  and ,  3,  23.  2.  As 

adv.,  also,  too ,  as  well ,  even ,  3, 
26  ;  68,  28. 

etiam,  adv.  (et,  and ;  iam,  now), 
even  yet,  still,  even  now,  arid 
also,  also,  even,  3,  7  ;  3,  12  : 
etiam  nunc,  even  yet ,  even  at 
this  time,  52,  14. 

Etruria,  -ae,  f.,  Etruria,  a  coun¬ 
try  of  central  Italy,  10,  18. 
Etrusci,  -drum,  m.,  the  Etruscans, 
the  inhabitants  of  Etruria, 
16,  1. 

etsi,  conj.  (et,  even;  si,  if), 
though,  although,  44,  1. 
Euripides,  -is,  m.,  Euripides,  a 
celebrated  Athenian  tragic 
poet,  480-406,  b.c.,  50,  7. 
Europa,  -ae,  f.,  Europe,  47,  5. 
evado,  3,  -si,  -sus  (ex,  out ;  vado, 
go),  come  out,  go  forth  :  get 
azvay,  escape,  23,  16  :  rise, 

climb,  mount,  21,  4:  turn  out, 
become,  prove  to  be,  62,  23. 
evenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (ex,  out ; 
venio,  go,  come),  come  out,  come 
forth:  happen,  30,  8. 
eventus,  -us,  m.  [ex,  out*;  ven-, 
come'],  event,  fortune:  issue, 
outcome,  result,  12,  4;  44,  30. 
everto,  3,  -ti,  -sus  (ex,  out,  inside 
out;  vertd,  turn),  overturn, 
turn  upside  down,  overthrow, 
ruin,  destroy,  32,  23  ;  62,  20. 
evoco,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out; 
vocd,  call),  call  out,  summon, 
call  forth ,  13,  21. 


ex  or  before  consonants  e,  prep, 
with  abl.,  out,  out  of,  from  :  of 
place,  out  of,  from,  4,  24  ;  5,  4  : 
partitive  uses,  of,  among,  from 
among,  4,  17;  28,  1  :  of  the 
cause,  by  reason  of,  in  conse¬ 
quence  of,  58,  8  :  of  measure 
and  correspondence,  to,  accord- 
ing  to,  with,  by,  11,  27  :  of 
time,  following,  after,  31,  10. 
exardesco,  3,  -arsi,  -arsus,  inch, 
(ex,  out ;  ardesco,  blaze),  blaze 
out,  take  fire  :  be  inflamed,  be 
provoked,  break  out,  47,  1 1.  ( W. 
G.  8.) 

exaro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out ;  ar 5, 

plough ),  plough  out :  raise, 
write,  69,  5. 

exaspero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  inten¬ 
sive  ;  asperd,  make  rough), 
roughen  :  provoke ,  irritate,  68, 
18. 

excedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (ex,  out ; 
cedo,  go),  go  out,  depart,  with¬ 
draw,  27,  23. 

excelsus,  adj.  (p.  of  excelld,  be 
eminent),  elevated,  tall,  high, 
56,  22  :  noble,  illustrious,  emi¬ 
nent,  10,  24;  39,  22. 
excerpd,  3,  -psi,  -ptus  (ex,  out ; 
carpo,  pick),  pick  out,  choose, 
select,  gather,  62,  25. 
excidium  (exsci-),  -i,  n.  [ex,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  SC  ID-,  split],  overthrow, 
ruin,  fall,  19,  24.  (W.  G.  66.) 
excieo  and  excio,  4,  -ivi,  -itus 
and  -itus  (ex,  out ;  cied,  call), 
call  out:  rouse ,  awaken,  21, 
10. 


VOCABULARY. 


245 


excipiS,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (ex,  out ; 
capio,  take ),  take  out,  withdraw : 
welcome ,  entertain ,  receive ,  14, 
6:  capture ,  64,  2;  69,  14:  meet , 
befall,  53,  19. 

excito,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of  ex¬ 
cio),  call  out,  summon  forth, 
wake,  rouse,  21,  6. 
exclamo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ex,  out; 
clamd,  call,  shout),  call  out,  ex¬ 
claim,  29,  7. 

excdgitS,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ex,  out ; 
cogito,  think),  think  out,  con¬ 
trive,  devise,  invent,  30,  20. 
excolo,  3,  -colui,  -cultus  (ex,  in¬ 
tensive;  cold,  till),  cultivate, 
ennoble :  refine,  adorn,  beau- 
tify,  70,  27.  (W.  G.  21.) 
excubiae,  -arum,  f.  (ex,  out ;  cf. 
cubo,  lie,  sleep),  watching,  keep¬ 
ing  watch,  71,  7. 

excusatio,  -5nis,  F.  (excusd,  ex¬ 
cuse),  excuse,  42,  12. 
excuso,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ex,  free 
from  ;  causa,  judicial  process ), 
excuse,  65,  27. 

excutio,  3,  -cussl,  -cussus  (ex, 
out ;  quatio,  shake),  shake  out, 
shake  off,  throw  off,  25,  16; 
33,  3- 

exemplum,  -I,  n.  (cf.  eximo,  take 
out),  sample,  specimen:  exam¬ 
ple,  incident,  case,  precedent ,  3g, 
3  5  64,  25  :  kind,  nature,  65,  7- 
exerceo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (ex,  out ; 
arceo,  shut),  keep  out  of  a?i  en¬ 
closure  ;  employ,  train,  exercise, 
43,  l9  1  carry  into  effect,  admin¬ 
ister,  54,  13.  (W.  G.  9.) 


exercitus,  -us,  m.  (exerced,  train), 
army,  3,  22.  (W.  G.  9.) 
exhaurio,  4,  -hausi,  -haustus  (ex, 
out ;  haurio,  draw),  draw  out, 
exhaust:  impoverish,  68,23. 
exhaustus,  p.  of  exhaurio,  68,  23. 
exhibeo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (ex,  out, 
forth  ;  habeo,  hold),  hold  forth, 
present :  show,  display,  66,  28. 

(W.  G.  45-) 

exhorreo,  2,  -ui, —  (ex,  intensive; 
horreo,  tremble),  tremble  before, 
shudder  at,  dread,  67,  18. 
exigo,  3,  -egl,  -actus  (ex,  out ; 
ago,  drive),  drive  out :  spend, 
pass,  29,  29.  (W.  G.  2.) 
exiguus,  adj.  with  sup.,  little, 
small,  inadequate,  short,  37,  17. 
eximius,  adj.  (cf.  eximo,  take  out), 
taken  out,  excepted:  uncom- 
7?io?i,  disti7ig7iished,  select,  choice, 

45,  6;  56,  14- _ 

eximo,  3,  -emi,  -emptus  (ex,  out , 
from  ;  emo,  take),  take  out,  re- 
771  ove  :  deliver,  release,  59,  7. 
existimo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (ex,  out, 
up ;  aestimo,  reckon),  value,  es- 
ti77iate  :  judge,  consider,  thi7ik, 
29,  20. 

exitium,  -I,  n.  [ex,  out;  1-,  go], 
destructio7i,  7'uin,  death,  15,  4  ; 
17,  24.  (W.  G.  46.) 
exitus,  -us,  m.  [ex,  out ;  1-,  go], 
goi7ig  out,  departure  :  close,  e7id, 
47,  24:  death,  lot,  fate,  53,  27. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

exordium,  -I,  N.  (ex,  starting 
fro77i ;  ordo,  row),  beginmiig, \ 
origin,  1,1.  (W.  G.  56.) 


246 


VOCABULARY. 


exorior,  4,  -ortus,  dep.  {ex,  forth, 
out;  orior,  rise),  come  forth, 
spring  up,  rise :  begin,  6,  20. 
(W.  G.  56.) 

expedio,  4,  -ivi,  -Itus  (ex,  out ;  pes, 
foot),  set  free,  liberate ,  33,  27  : 
make  ready,  procure,  prepare , 
21,  27;  29,  30.  (W.  G.  61.) 
expello,  3, -pull, -pulsus  (ex,  out; 
pello,  drive),  drive  out,  drive 
away,  45,  31.  (W.  G.  59.) 
experimentum,  -I,  n.  (experior, 
try),  trial,  proof,  test,  11,  II. 
experior,  4,  -pertus,  dep.,  try, 
prove ,  make  a  trial,  14,  22  : 
learn  by  experience,  contend 
with,  meet  with,  47,  8. 
expid,  1, -avi, -atus  (ex,  intensive; 
pio,  atone  for),  make  amends 
for,  atone  for,  8,  16. 
expleo,  2,  -evl,  -etus  (ex,  com¬ 
pletely ;  ple5,  fill),  fill  up,  fill, 
4i,  31- 

explorator,  -5ris,  m.  (expldrd,  in¬ 
vestigate),  spy,  scout,  25,  7. 
expono,  3, -posui, -positus  {ex,  out, 
forth  ;  pdno,  put),  put  out,  set 
forth  :  land,  put  on  shore,  49, 
24  :  expose,  abandon,  2,15:  re¬ 
late,  tell,  explain ,  13,  6  ;  35,  3. 
exposed,  3,  -poposci,  —  (ex,  in¬ 
tensive  ;  posed,  demand),  ask 
earnestly,  beg:  claim,  demand, 
10,  2  ;  32,  25. 

expositio,  -onis,  F.  (cf.  expono,  set 
forth ,  a  setting  forth  :  abandon¬ 
ment,  exposure,  2,  10. 
exprimd,  3,  -pressi,  -pressus  (ex, 
out ;  premd,  press),  press  out. 


force  out :  express,  utter ,  68, 

16. 

exprobro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out ; 
probrum,  reproach),  blame  for, 
find  fault,  reproach ,  upbraid, 
24,  2. 

expugnatio,  -onis,  F.  (expugnd, 

storm),  taking  by  assault,  storm¬ 
ing,  49,  14. 

expugno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out  to 
the  end ;  pugno,  fight),  take  by 
assault,  capture ,  subdue ,  14,  4; 
26,  29  ;  30,  25  :  overco?ne,  con¬ 
quer,  49,  9. 

exsilium,  -I,  N.  (exsul,  exile),  ban- 
ishment,  exile,  15,  6. 

exsisto,  3,  -stiti,  —  (ex,  forth  ; 
sistd,  stand),  step  out,  appear, 
arise,  71,  8:  be,  becojne,  5,  1 ; 
43,  15-  (W.  G.  69.) 

exsolvo,  3,  -solvi,  -solutus  (ex, 
from  ;  solvd,  release),  loose,  re¬ 
lease,  set  free,  22,  12. 

exspectatio,  -5nis,  f.  (exspeetd, 
await),  awaiting,  anticipation, 
expectation,  18,  13.  (W.  G. 

68.) 

exspeetd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out ; 
specto,  look),  look  out  for, 
await,  wait,  wait  to  see,  5,  16  ; 
8,  25  ;  14,  14.  (W.  G.  68.) 

exspiro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ex,  out ; 
splrd,  breathe),  breathe  out,  ex¬ 
hale :  expire,  perish ,  die,  7,  7. 

exstinguo,  3,  -nxl,  -nctus  (ex, 
completely ;  stinguo,  quench), 
put  out,  extinguish :  destroy , 
kill ,  6,  13. 

exsto,  1,  — ,  —  (ex,  out ;  std, 


VOCABULARY. 


247 


stand),  stand  out:  be  extant, 
exist,  be,  42,  15.  (W.  G.  69.) 
exstruo,  3,  -uxi,  -uctus  (ex,  out, 
forth  ;  struo,  build),  pile,  heap 
up:  build,  65,  30. 
exsulto,  1,  -avi,  —  (freq.  of  ex¬ 
silio,  leap),  leap  up,  jump  up : 
rejoice,  exult ,  7,  23. 
exterreo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (ex,  inten¬ 
sive;  terreo ,  frighten),  frighten, 
20,  5. 

extimesco,  3,  -mui,  — ,  inch,  (ex, 
intensive  ;  timesed,  become  fear¬ 
ful),  be  greatly  afraid,  fear 
greatly,  dread,  44,  1. 
extollo,  3,  — ,  —  (ex,  out,  up ; 
tollo,  lift),  lift  up:  laud,  praise, 
27,  17. 


extra,  prep,  with  acc.  (exter,  on 

the  outside ),  outside  of,  beyond, 

3,  19- 

extraordinarius,  adj.  (extra,  be¬ 
yond ;  ordinarius,  ordhtary), 
out  of  the  common  order,  un¬ 
usual,  extraordinary ,  45,  17. 
extremus,  adj.  (sup.  of  exter,  out¬ 
side),  utmost,  extreme,  farthest, 
last,  16,  10  ;  23,  3  :  last  part, 
end,  extremity,  57,  10. 
exuo,  3,  -ui,  -iitus,  take  off,  pull 
off:  strip,  despoil,  deprive,  65, 
19. 

exuro,  3,  -ussi,  -ustus  (ex,  out ; 
uro,  burn),  burn  up,  destroy, 

15,  18. 


F 


faber,  -bri,  M.  [fac-,  make),  work¬ 
man,  smith,  5,  19.  (W.  G.  33.) 
Fabius,  adj.,  name  of  a  distin¬ 
guished  Roman  gens,  e.g., 
Quintus  Fabius  Maximus,  32, 
26. 

Fabricius,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  fa¬ 
mous  Roman,  C.  Fabricius 
Luscinus,  28,  2.  (W.  G.  33.) 
fabrico,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (fabrica, 
workshop),  make,  build,  con¬ 
struet,  5,  20.  (W.  G.  33.) 
fabula,  -ae,  f.  [fa-,  say],  narra¬ 
tive,  account,  story,  10,  19  :  fa¬ 
ble,  17,  10.  (W.  G.  32.)  ' 
facete,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(facetus,  fine) ,  finely,  graceful¬ 
ly  :  wittily,  62,  26. 


facile,  adv.  with  comp,  facilius, 
and  sup.  facillime  (facilis, 

easy),  easily,  readily,  18,  2; 

21,  14. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  [FAC-,  make],  easy,  without 
difficulty ,  30,  24.  (W.  G.  33.) 
facinus,  -oris,  n.  [fac-,  do),  deed, 
act,  achievei7ie7it,  8,  6  ;  52,  24  : 
bad  deed,  crune,  10,  9.  (W.  G. 
33-) 

facio,  3,  feci,  factus  [fac-,  7nake, 
do),  pass,  fid,  fieri,  factus,  make, 
build,  3,  1  :  do,  per  for  771,  6, 
6  :  cause,  bri7ig  about,  4,  25  : 
gain,  take,  35,  6  :  give,  39,  8  : 
choose,  co7istitute,  appobit,  1,5: 
pass,  be  done,  g,  23  :  happe7i, 


24S 


VOCABULARY. 


come  about ,  become ,  15,  20  ;  50, 
21.  (W.  G.  33.) 

factum,  -I,  n.  (p.  of  facio,  do), 
deed,  achievement ,  event,  act, 
14,  15.  (W.  G.  33.) 
factus,  aclj.  (p.  of  facid,  make), 
elaborate,  artistic,  29,  28. 
facultas,  -atis,  f.  (facilis,  easy  to 
do),  ability,  means,  chance,  op¬ 
portunity,  46,  4.  (W.  G.  33.) 
facundia,  -ae,  f.  (facundus,  elo¬ 
quent),  eloquence,  command  of 
language ,  62,  22.  (W.  G.  32.) 
facundus,  adj.,  fluent,  eloquent, 
16,  22.  (W.  G.  32.) 

Falerii,  -drum,  m.,  Falerii,  the 
capital  of  the  Falisci,  a  people 
of  Etruria,  19,  1. 

Falernus,  adj.,  belonging  to  the 
Falernian  territory,  a  district 
of  Campania  famous  for  its 
wines,  22,  23. 

Falisci,  -drum,  M.,  the  Faliscans, 
a  people  of  Etruria,  19,  5. 
fallo,  3,  fefelli,  falsus,  trip : 

elude,  escape  the  notice  of,  21 ,  5. 
fama,  -ae,  F.  [fa-,  show],  report, 
rumor,  tradition,  1,  10  ;  12, 
26  :  renown,  fame,  reputation, 
character,  56,  18.  (W.  G.  32.) 
fames,  -is,  F.,  hunger,  want,  21, 
!7; 

familia,  -ae,  f.  (famulus,  servant), 
the  slaves  in  a  household,  fami¬ 
ly  servants,  domestics,  41,  22: 
household,  family,  48,  21. 
familiaris,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (familia,  family),  be¬ 
longing  to  a  family  :  friendly, 


familiar,  intimate,  26,  26 :  res 
familiaris,  estate,  property,  59, 
12. 

familiaritas,  -atis,  f.  (familiaris, 

intimate),  familiarity,  intimacy, 
friendship ,  rr,  2. 
famosus,  adj.  (fama,  report), 
much  talked  of:  slanderous , 
scandalous,  56,  17. 
famula,  -ae,  f.  (famulus,  servant), 
maid-servant,  female  slave, 
T2,  2. 

fanum,  -T,  N.  (*for,  speak),  shrine, 
temple,  r2,  25.  (W.  G.  32.) 
fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle,  fagot: 
plur.,  the  fasces,  5r,  4  (v.  notes, 
%  25,  p.  127). 

fasti,  -drum,  M.  (fastus,  not  for¬ 
bidden  ;  sc.  dies),  register  of 
judicial  days :  almanac,  calen¬ 
dar,  54,  6. 

fastus,  adj.,  not  forbidden:  fas¬ 
tus  dies,  a  day  upon  which 
court  could  be  held,  5,  25. 
fatalis,  -e,  adj.  (fatum,  fate),  of 
fate,  fated,  fatal:  dangerous, 
55,  7-  (W.  G.  32.) 
fatigo,  r,  -avi,  -atus  [*fatis, 
weary ;  AG-,  drive"],  weary, 
harass,  2r,  21.  (W.  G.  2.) 
fauces,  -ium,  F.,  throat,  51,  24. 
Faustulus,  -I,  m.,  Faustulus,  the 
shepherd  that  found  and  reared 
Romulus  and  Remus,  r,  14. 
faved,  2,  favl,  fauturus,  be  favor¬ 
able,  favor,  befriend,  44,  13. 
favor,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  faveo,  favor), 
favor,  good-will,  40,  13. 
fax,  facis,  F.,  torch,  42,  7. 


VOCABULARY. 


249 


felix,  -Icis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  fruitful :  prosperous , 

lucky ,  fortunate ,  38,  25. 
femina,  -ae,  f.,  female ,  woman, 

3,  8. 

femur,  -oris  or  -inis,  n.,  the  thigh, 

24,  21. 

fere,  adv.,  about,  nearly,  almost, 

22,  2;  55,  24. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus  [fer-,  bear], 
bear,  lift,  carry,  1,  15  ;  25,  20  : 
conduct,  lead,  23,  10  :  suffer, 
endure,  8,  14  :  report,  say,  tell, 
II,  8  :  move,  bring  forward, 
carry,  propose,  6,  3  ;  41,  10  : 
bring,  render,  36,  I.  (W.  G. 

34-) 

ferox,  -ocis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (cf.  ferus,  wild),  bold,  war¬ 
like,  spirited,  7,  30  :  brave, 
fierce ,  6,  18:  confident,  7,  21; 

37,  4- 

ferreus,  adj.  (ferrum,  iron),  made 
of  iron,  30,  19. 

ferrum,  -I,  n.,  iron,  sword,  6,  24. 
ferus,  adj.,  wild,  uncultivated : 

savage,  barbarous,  5,  6. 
fessus,  adj.,  tired ,  worn  out,  fee¬ 
ble,  infirm,  weak,  7,  22  ;  14,  14. 
festinatio,  -onis,  f.  (festlnd, 
hasten),  haste,  hurry,  23,  11. 
festino,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (festinus, 
hasty),  hasten,  be  in  haste,  hur¬ 
ry,  36,  2. 

fetialis,  -e,  adj.,  speaking,  diplo¬ 
matic,  negotiating :  fetial,  10,  4. 
Subst.  m.  (sc. sacerdos),  fetial-  or 
treaty-priest,  10,  4;  24,  15.  (W. 
G.  32.) 


fictus,  adj.  (p.  of  fingo,  pretend), 
feigned,  false,  14,  7. 
fidelis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (fides,  trust),  trustworthy, 
faithful,  true,  23,  9.  (W.  G.  35.) 
fideliter,  adv.  with  comp,  (fidelis, 
faithful),  faithfully,  loyally, 
61,  30. 

Fidenates,  -ium,  m.,  Fidenates, 
inhabitants  of  Fidenae,  a  town 
on  the  Tiber,  8,  23. 
fides,  fidei  or  fide  [fid-,  trust], 
trust,  faith,  belief,  4,  25;  10, 
1 :  good  faith ,  faithf  ulness,  con- 
scientiousness,  6,  10.  (W.  G.  35.) 
fiducia,  -ae,  f.  (fldus,  trusty), 
trust,  confidence,  reliance ,  9,  6. 
(W.  G.  35.) 

fllia,  -ae,  F.,  daughter,  1,  4. 
f  Ilius,  -I,  M.,  son,  1,  I. 
flni5,  4,  -Ivi,  -Itus  (finis,  limit), 
limit ,  enclose  :  end,  finish ,  40, 
30  :  determine,  settle,  decide, 
6,  21. 

finis,  -is,  M.,  boundary,  limit,  52, 
1 1  :  territory,  country,  9,  23  : 
close,  end,  25,  17. 
finitimus,  adj.  (finis,  limit),  ad¬ 
joining,  neighboring.  Subst., 
finitimi,  -5rum,  M.,  neighbors, 
3,  11. 

fio,  fieri,  factus,  used  as  pass,  of 
facio  ;  see  facid,  9,  23. 
firmo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (firmus, 
strong),  make  firm  :  strengthen, 
secure,  fortify,  37,  20;  46,  17. 
firmus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
strong,  true,  faithful,  43,  6. 
flagito,  1,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  flag-, 


250 


VOCABULARY. 


blaze],  demand  urgently,  en¬ 
treat ,  6 i,  4. 

flamen,  -inis,  m.  [for  ^flagmen,  fr. 

FLAG-,  blaze],  priest,  flamen,  5,8. 
Flaminius,  -I,  M.,  Flaminius,  gen¬ 
tile  name  of  C.  Flaminius  Ne¬ 
pos,  consul  217  B.C.,  and  slain 
at  Lake  Trasumenus,  33,  9. 
flamma,  -ae,  f.  [for  *flagma, 
FLAG-,  blaze\,  blazing fire,  flame, 
12,  4.  (W.  G.  36.) 
flebiliter,  adv.  (flebilis,  to  be  wept 
over),  mournfully ,  dolefully , 
44>  2. 

flecto,  3,  flexi,  flexus,  bend,  turn  : 
move ,  prevail  upon,  persuade , 

17,  10. 

fled,  2,  flevi,  fletus  [flv-,  flow], 
weep ,  cry,  wail,  7,  29. 
floreo,  2,  -ui,  —  (fids,  flower), 
bloom  :  flourish  :  be  prosper¬ 
ous,  be  successful,  58,  24. 
flos,  -5ris,  M.,  blossom ,  flower,  22, 

19. 

fluctus,  -US,  M.  [fl flow],  flood, 
wave,  billozv,  53,  2.  (W.  G.  37.) 
flumen,  -inis,  n.  [flv-,  flow], 
flood,  stream,  river,  1,  9.  (W. 
G.  370 

fluvius,  -T,  M.  [flv-,  flow],  river, 

20,  12.  (W.  G.  37.) 
foculus,  -i,  m.  (dim.  of  focus,  fire¬ 
place),  sacrificial  hearth,  bra¬ 
zier,  fir  e-pa?i,  15,  13. 

focus,  -T,  M.,  fire-place,  hearth, 
29,  13. 

foede,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(foedus,  foul),  foully,  cruelly , 
basely,  59,  n. 


foederatus,  adj.  (foedus,  treaty), 
confederated,  allied,  32,  23. 
foedus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
foul,  ugly,  horrible  :  terrible, 
destructive,  30,  9. 
foedus,  -eris,  N.  [fid-,  bind,  trust], 
league,  treaty,  agreement,  4,  14  ; 
6,  24.  (W.  G.  35.) 
fons,  fontis,  m.  [fv-,  pour], 
spring,  fountain,  6,  7.  (W.  G. 

3_9-) 

foras,  adv.,  out  of  doors,  forth , 
out,  11,  30. 
fore,  see  sum,  26,  23. 
forem,  see  sum,  3,  9. 
foris,  -is,  f.,  door,  gate:  plur., 
fores,  the  two  leaves  of  a  door, 
double  door,  entrance,  48,  9. 
forma,  -ae,  F .,form,  shape,  figure, 
looks,  appearance,  4,  28  :  condi¬ 
tion,  51,  15. 

Formiae,  -arum,  f.,  Formiae,  a 
city  of  Latium  near  the  borders 
of  Campania.  Cicero  had  a 
beautiful  villa  there.  22,  24. 
forte,  adv.  (abl.  of  fors,  chance ), 
by  chance,  as  it  happens,  by  acci¬ 
dent,  1,8;  7,  10.  (W.  G.  34.) 
fortis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  strong:  fearless,  brave, 
manly,  53,  20. 

fortiter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (fortis,  strong),  strongly: 
boldly,  bravely,  4,  4. 
fortitudo,  -inis,  F.  (fortis,  strong), 
strength :  manliness,  bravery, 
courage,  12,  8. 

fortuna,  -ae,  F.  (fors,  chance), 
chance,  fate,  fortime,  8,  25  : 


VOCABULARY. 


251 


the  goddess  Fortuna ,  53,  27. 
(W.  G.  34.) 

forum,  -i,  N.  (cf.  foris,  out  of 
doors),  an  open  space,  market¬ 
place.  Forum  Romanum,  an 
open  space  between  the  Capi¬ 
toline  and  Palatine  hills  sur- 
roundedby  porticoes  andshops, 
where  the  life  of  Rome  cen¬ 
tered,  4,  2. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.  (fossus,  digged), 
ditch,  trench,  12,  22. 
foveS,  2,  fovi,  fdtus,  warm : 
favor,  assist,  support,  61, 
18. 

fragmentum,  -I,  n.  [frag-,  break], 
piece  broken  off,  piece,  frag¬ 
ment,  40,  28.  (W.  G.  38.) 
fragor,  -oris,  m.  [frag-,  break], 
crash,  noise :  thunder ,  4,  23. 
(W.  G.  38.) 

frango,  3,  fregi,  fractus  [frag-, 
break] ,  break  in  pieces ,  break, 
shatter,  51,  4:  subdue,  crush, 
weaken ,  overco7tie,  check,  9,  1 1 ; 

23,  25;  39,  20.  (W.  G.  38.) 
frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother,  1,  3. 
fraternus,  adj.  (frater,  brother), 
of  a  brother,  a  brother's,  41,  3. 
fraudo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (fraus, 
fraud),  defraud,  cheat,  rob,  11, 
21. 

fraus,  fraudis,  F.,  cheatmg,  impo¬ 
sition,  stratagem ,  14,  3  :  foul 
play ,  crime,  13,  15. 
frenum,  -T,  n.,  plur.  freni,  -drum, 
m.,  or  frena,  -orum,  n.,  bridle, 
bit,  13,  24. 

frequenter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 


sup.  (frequens,  often),  often, 
frequently,  9,  5. 

frugalitas,  -tatis,  f.  (frugalis, 
thrifty),  economy,  thriftiness, 
frugality,  47,  25. 

frumentarius,  adj.  (frumentum, 

corn),  of  corn  :  for  distributing 
grain,  41,  9. 

frumentum,  -i,  N.,  corn,  grain, 
harvested  gram,  41,  5. 

fruor,  3,  fructus,  dep.,  enjoy,  de¬ 
light  in,  27,  10. 

frustra,  adv.  (cf.  fraus,  decep¬ 
tion),  in  error :  without  effect, 
in  vain,  48,  14. 

Fufetius,  -i,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
Mettius  Fufetius,  the  leader  of 
the  Albans,  6,  20. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.  [fvg-,  flee],  flight, 
7,  12.  (W.  G.  40.) 

fugiens,  -entis,  adj.  (p.  of  fugio, 
flee),  fleeing.  As  subst.,  M.,  a 
fugitive,  51,  22. 

fugio,  3,  fugi,  fugiturus  [fvg-, 
flee],  flee,  fly,  take  flight ,  4,  5: 
avoid,  shun,  24,  4.  (W.  G. 
40.) 

fugo,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (fuga,  flight ), 
cause  to  flee,  put  to  flight,  49, 
28.  (W.  G.  40.) 

fulgeo,  2,  fulsi,  —  [fvlg-,  blaze], 
lighten:  flash,  glea?n,  7,  5.  (W. 

G.  36.) 

fulmen,  -inis,  n.  [fvlg-,  blaze], 
lightning  flash,  thunderbolt,  5, 
11.  (\V.  G.  36.) 

Fulvius,  -i,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
A.  Fulvius,  one  of  Catiline’s 
followers,  59,  26. 


252 


VOCABULARY. 


funale,  -is,  n.  [funis,  rope;  fr. 

FID-,  bind],  a  wax  torch ,  31,  5. 
functus  (p.  of  fungor),  51,  13. 
fundo,  3,  fudi,  fusus  [fvd-,  pour], 
poiir,  pour  out :  scatter ,  van¬ 
quish,  put  to  flight ,  rout ,  10,  7. 
(W.  G.  39.) 

fungor,  3,  functus,  dep.,  busy 
oneself  be  engaged,  perform, 
discharge,  51,  13. 
funus,  -eris,  N.,  funeral  proces¬ 
sion,  burial,  funeral,  55,  27. 
furax,  -acis,  adj.  with  sup.  (furor, 
steal),  given  to  stealing,  thievish , 
29  20  (W  G  34.) 


Furculae,  -arum,  f.  (dim.  of 
furca,  fork),  the  Furculae  Cau¬ 
dinae,  the  fork-like  defiles 
where  the  Romans  were  de¬ 
feated  by  the  Samnites,  321 
b.c.,  23,  13. 

Furius,  -I,  m.,  Furius ,  name  of  a 
Roman  gens,  19,  1. 
furor,  -5ris,  M.  (fur5,  rage),  rage, 
madness,  fury ,  passion,  41,  1. 
furto,  adv.  (furtum,  theft),  by 
stealth,  secretly,  5,  19.  (W.  G. 

34-) 

futurus,  adj.  (p.  of  sum,  be),  go¬ 
ing  to  be,  coming,  future,  55,  4. 


Gabii,  -drum,  m.,  Gabii ,  an  an¬ 
cient  city  of  Latium,  14,  3. 

Gabini,  -drum,  m.,  the  Gabifii,  the 
inhabitants  of  Gabii,  14,  5. 

Gades,  -ium,  f.,  Gades,  a  town  in 
southern  Spain,  now  Cadiz, 
50,  11. 

Gaius,  -I,  m.,  Gains,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  abbreviated  C., 
23,  5- 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul,  the  country 
comprising  substantially  all 
that  is  now  Holland,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  and  France, 51, 13. 

Gallus,  adj.,  of  Gaul,  Gallic ,  20, 
4.  As  subst.,  M.,  a  Gaul,  20, 
7;  21,  12. 

gaudium,  -I,  n.  (gaudeo,  rejoice), 
inward  joy,  joy,  delight,  7,  8. 

Gaurus,  -I,  M.,  Gaurus,  a  moun¬ 
tain  in  Campania,  famous  for 
its  wine,  22,  23. 


G 

geminatus,  adj.  (p.  of  gemind, 

double ),  double,  7,  21. 
geminus,  adj.,  twin-born :  double , 
5,  26;  plur.  M.  as  subst.,  twins, 

L  5- 

gener,  -eri,  m.  [gen-,  beget], 
daughter's  husband,  son-in-law, 
12,  13.  (W.  G.  41.) 
genitus,  p.  of  gigno,  12,  1. 
gens,  gentis,  f.  [gen-,  beget],  race, 
family,  house,  57,  1 1 :  people , 
nation,  tribe,  3,  5  ;  4,  30.  (W. 
G.  41.) 

genu,  -us,  n.  knee,  24,  21. 
genus,  -eris,  n.  [gen-,  beget],  race, 
family,  25,  3  :  rank,  class,  or¬ 
der,  kind,  31,  20;  57,  8.  (W. 

G.  41.) 

Germani,  -drum,  m.,  the  Germans, 
51,  16. 

Germania,  -ae,  f.,  Germania, 

Germany,  71,  5. 


VOCABULARY. 


253 


gero,  3,  gessi,  gestus  [ges-,  car¬ 
ry],  bear  about ,  carry ,  wear , 
have,  display,  3,  23  ;  7,  3 :  ac¬ 
complish,  manage,  wage,  carry 
07i,  6,  12 ;  51,  14  ;  62,  6 :  with 
se,  act,  co7iduct  oneself,  behave , 
1,  12;  43,  13:  magistratum 
gerere,  to  fill  or  occupy  an  office, 
20,  20.  (W.  G.  42.) 
gesto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
gero,  bear),  have,  wear,  56,  27. 
gestus, -us,  M.  [ges-,  carry],  bear- 
ing,  gesture,  viovement,  sign, 
69,  7.  (W.  G.  42.) 
gigno,  3,  genui,  genitus  [gen-, 
beget],  produce,  give  birth  to, 
beget,  bear,  12,  1  ;  60,  2.  (W. 
G.  41.) 

gladius,  -i,  M.,  sword,  7,  5  (v.  n. 
fig.  29). 

gloria,  -ae,  F.,  glory,  fame,  re- 
7iow7i,  honor,  9,  14. 
gldrior,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (gloria,  glo¬ 
ry),  pride  07ieself,  boast,  36,  5. 
gloriose,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (gloria,  glory),  gloriously, 
40,  29. 

gloriosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (gloria,  glo7-y),  full  of 
glory,  glorious,  fa??ious :  to  be 
gloried  in,  26,  23. 

Gnaeus,  -i,  m.,  Gnaeus,  a  Roman 
praenomen  ;  abbreviation  C71 ., 
42,  23. 

Gracchus,  -i,  M.,  Gracchus,  family 
name  of  the  Sempronian  gens, 
e.g.,  Tiberius  Sempro7iius  Grac¬ 
chus,  39,  23. 

gradus,  -us,  m.  [grad-,  walk], 


step,  pace,  23,  16  :  stage,  grade, 
degree,  70,  30  :  stairs,  steps,  13, 
19.  (W.  G.  44.) 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece,  17,  21. 
Graeculus,  adj.  (dim.  of  Graecus), 
Grecian,  Greek.  As  subst.  m. 
and  F.,  a  worthless,  msig7iifi- 
caitt  Greek,  69,  1. 

Graecus,  adj.,  of  the  Greeks, 
Greek,  Grecia7t,  40,  1. 
grandis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp.,  full- 
grown,  large,  great,  69,  12. 
granum,  -i,  N.,  gram,  seed,  57, 
10. 

graphium,  -i,  n.  (Gr.,  ypacpiov), 
writing-style,  pen,  55,  18. 
gratia,  -ae,  f.  (gratus,  pleasing), 
favor,  esteei7i,  regard,  friend¬ 
ship,  17,  8  :  thayiks,  gratitude, 
29,  24  :  return,  recompe7ise,  50, 
22  :  abb  gratia,  after  a  gen.,  on 
accou7it,  for  the  sake,  12,  12. 
gratulor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (gratus, 
pleasmg),  77ianifest  joy,  con¬ 
gratulate,  7,  25. 

gratus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 

dear,  agreeable,  acceptable,  pleas- 
ing,  31,  2:  gratefiil,  thankful, 

16,  15. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  gra¬ 
vior,  and  sup.  gravissimus, 

heavy,  laden,  burde)ied,  32,  9  : 
serious,  darigerous,  severe,  12, 
16;  52,  22:  earnest,  weighty, 
22,  4  :  harsh,  aiuioying ,  disa¬ 
greeable,  26,  20;  52,  4:  eini- 
nent,  great,  41,  17. 
graviter,  adv.  with  comp,  gra¬ 
vius,  and  sup.  gravissime, 


254 


VOCABULARY. 


(gravis,  heavy),  heavily:  great -  gubernator,  -oris,  M.  (gubemS, 

ly,  seriously ,  severely ,  48,  6 :  steer),  steersman,  helmsman, 

deeply,  impressively,  48,  1 5.  52,  29. 


H 


habeo,  2,  -ul,  -itus  [hab-,  have-], 
have,  hold,  occupy,  1,  2  ;  4,  22  ; 
28,  23 :  treat,  25,  18  :  hold, 
converse,  59,  21  :  have  in  mind, 
regard,  look  up07i,  consider,  27, 

25;  70,  9-  (W.  G.  45.) 
habito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
habeS,  have),  dwell,  abide,  in¬ 
habit,  9,  s  ;  9,  6.  (W.  G.  45.) 
habitus,  -us,  m.  [hab-,  have], 
condition,  appearance :  attire, 
dress,  apparel,  66,  20. 
Hamilcar,  -aris,  m.,  Hamilcar 
Barca,  the  famous  Carthagin¬ 
ian  general,  the  hero  of  the 
first  Punic  war,  the  father  of 
the  great  Hannibal,  32,  6. 
Hannibal,  -alis,  m.,  Hannibal,  a 
common  Carthaginian  name 
(31,6),  esp.  the  great  Carthagin¬ 
ian  commander,  who  brought 
Rome  to  the  verge  of  destruc¬ 
tion  in  the  second  Punic  war 
(218-202  B.c),  32,  18. 

Hanno,  -onis,  M.,  a  very  common 
Carthaginian  name,  eg.,  the 
commander  of  the  fleet  at  the 
./Egatian  islands,  241  b.c.,  32,  4. 
haruspex,  -icis,  M.  [*haru,  en¬ 
trails  ;  spec-,  see],  inspector  of 
the  entrails  of  victims,  sooth¬ 
sayer,  diviner,  55, 6.  (W.  G.  68.) 
hasta,  -ae,  f.,  staff:  spear,  10,  2. 


haud,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  2,  8  ; 

7,  15- 

herba,  -ae,  f.  [*ferba,  fer-,  bear], 
grass,  greens,  herb,  29,  13.  (W. 
G.  34-) 

Herculaneum,  -I,  n.,  Hercula¬ 
neum,  a  town  of  Campania, 
near  Naples,  buried  by  Vesu¬ 
vius  79  a.d.,  22,  25. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  the 
Greek  Heracles,  son  of  Jupi¬ 
ter  and  Alcmena,  and  god  of 
strength,  26,  3. 

hereditas,  -atis,  f.  (heres,  heir), 
heirship,  inheritance,  63,  16. 

Herennius,  -I,  m.,  Heretinius, 

name  of  a  Samnite,  afterwards 
of  a  Roman  gens.  Herennius 
Pontius,  father  of  C.  Pontius, 
the  Samnite  general,  23,  22. 

heres,  -edis,  m.  and  f.,  heir,  61, 

i7- 

heri,  adv.,  yesterday,  28,  13. 

hibernacula,  -orum,  n.  (dim.  of 
hibema,  winter-qicarters),  tents 
for  winter-quarters ,  an  encamp¬ 
ment  for  winter,  19,  19. 

hic,  haec,  h5c,  pron.  dem.,  this, 
the  present ,  3,  16  :  the  follow¬ 
ing,  2,  23  :  the  aforesaid,  10, 
6 :  he,  she,  it,  1 ,  16:  hie  .  .  . 
ille,  the  former  .  .  .  the  latter, 
52,  4- 


VOCABULARY. 


255 


hie,  adv.,  in  this  place ,  at  this 
point ,  here ,  22,  8. 

hiemo,  1,  -avi,  -aturus  (hiems, 
winter ),  pass  the  winter ,  ig, 
19. 

hiems,  -emis,  F.,  winter ,  winter 
time ,  70,  22  :  storm,  52,  22. 

Hierosolyma,  -orum,  n.,  Jerusa¬ 
lem,  chief  city  of  the  Jews,  46, 
26. 

hilare,  adv.  with  comp,  (hilarus, 
gay),  gayly,' merrily,  43,  4. 

hilaritas,  -atis,  f.  (hilaris,  cheer¬ 
ful),  cheerfulness,  gayety,  mer¬ 
riment,  hilarity,  71,  16. 

hinc,  adv.,  from  this  place,  hence, 
8,  3  :  hinc  .  .  .  hinc,  on  this 
side  ...  on  that,  4,  12. 

Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain,  32,  22. 

Hispaniensis,  -e,  adj.  (Hispania, 
Spain),  of  Spain,  Spanish,  53, 
ig. 

hodie,  adv.  (contracted  from  hdc 
die,  on  this  day),  to-day,  28,  14. 
(W.  G.  27.) 

homo,  -inis,  M.  and  F.,  human 
being,  man,  person,  10,  9. 

honestas,  -atis,  f.  (honos,  honor), 
honor,  reputation :  integrity, 
virtue,  29,  2. 

honeste,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (honestus,  honorable), prop¬ 
erly,  creditably,  honorably,  62, 

T5- 

honestus,  -adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (honos,  honor),  regarded 
with  honor,  respected :  becom¬ 
ing,  honorable,  worthy ,  48,  16. 

honorifice,  adv.,  comp,  honorifi¬ 


centius,  sup.  honorificentissime 
(honorificus,  honorable),  honora¬ 
bly,  with  honor,  26,  6. 
honorificus,  adj.,  comp,  -ficentior, 
sup.  -ficentissimus  [honds,  hon¬ 
or ;  FAC-,  do],  that  does  honor, 
honorable,  45,  24. 
honds  or  honor,  -oris,  m.,  honor, 
distinction,  esteem,  25,  18:  pub¬ 
lic  honor,  office,  20,  20  ;  38,  24: 
honoris  causa,  out  of  respect, 
48,  10. 

hora,  -ae,  f.,  hour,  53,  10. 
Horatius,  -I,  M.,  Horatius,  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  6,  22. 
horrendus,  adj.  (p.  of  horred, 
shudder),  dreadful,  terrible, 
fearful,  horrible,  28,  II. 
horror,  -5ris,  m.  (cf.  horreo,  shud¬ 
der),  shaking,  shudder :  horror, 
Mr,  7,  5. 

hortor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  urge,  in¬ 
cite,  encourage,  exhort,  38,  4. 
hortus,  -I,  M.,  garden,  14,  12. 
hospes,  -itis,  M.  (cf.  hostis,  stran¬ 
ger,  enemy),  entertainer,  host, 
4,  6. 

hospita,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  hospes,  host), 
she  who  entertains,  a  hostess  : 
visitor,  guest,  stranger,  15,  8. 
hospitalis,  -e,  adj.  with  sup. 
(hospes,  guest,  host),  hospita¬ 
ble,  kind,  22,  20. 

hostia,  -ae,  F.,  animal  sacrificed, 
victim,  65,  3°- 

hostilis,  -e,  adj.  (hostis,  enemy), 
of  an  enemy,  hostile,  23,  13. 
hostiliter,  adv.  (hostilis,  hostile ), 
like  an  enemy,  64,  1 2. 


256 


VOCABULARY. 


Hostilius,  -i,  m.,  name  of  a  Ro¬ 
man  gens,  4,  4.  Ttillus  Hosti¬ 
lius ,  third  king  of  Rome,  6, 
1 7- 

hostis,  -is,  m.  and  F.,  stranger, 
foreigner:  enemy,  4,  7. 
hue,  adv.  (cf.  hie,  this),  to  this 
place,  hither,  33,  30. 
humanitas,  -atis,  f.  (humanus, 
human),  human  nature  :  kind¬ 


ness,  sympathy,  good  nature, 
26,  10:  culture,  refinement,  57 , 
17- 

humanus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (homo,  man),  of  man, 
human,  16,  24. 

hydra,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  vd pa),  water- 
serpent  :  the  Hydra,  a  mythical 
monster  having  fifty  heads, 
slain  by  Hercules,  26,  3. 


iace5,  2,  -cui,  —  [iac-,  go,  send ; 
cf.  iacio,  throw],  lie,  be  pros¬ 
trate,  25,  20  :  lie  dead,  7,  24. 

(W.  G.  47.) 

iactatio,  -5nis,  f.  (iacto,  throw), 
tossing,  shaking,  motion,  61, 

26.  (W.  G.  47.) 

iacto,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of 
iaci5,  throw),  throw,  cast,  hurl , 
52,  16  :  toss,  21,  20  :  boast  of, 
vaunt,  take  pride  in,  42,  9.  (W. 
G.  47-) 

iam,  adv.,  at  the  present  moment, 
then,  now,  7,  20 :  by  this  time , 
already,  4,  5  :  immediately, 

straightway,  directly,  presently, 
65,  22  :  iam  nunc,  at  this  very 
7noment,  even  at  this  time,  27, 
11. 

iam  pridem,  adv.,  long  ago,  long 
since,  52,  3. 

Ianiculum,  -T,  n.  (Ianus),  the 
Janiculum,  one  of  the  hills  of 
Rome,  site  of  the  mythical 
citadel  of  Janus,  6,  13.  (W.G. 

27. ) 


Ianus,  -i,  m.  [for  *Dianus  = 
Divanus,  fr.  DIV-,  shine],  Janus, 
an  old  Italian  sun  deity,  later 
god  of  doors,  passages,  and 
entrances,  of  all  beginnings, 
and  of  the  month  of  January, 
5,  25.  (W.  G.  27.) 

Iarbas,  -ae,  m.,  Iarbas,  a  king  of 
Mauritania  in  Northern  Africa, 
44,  12. 

ibi,  adv.,  in  that  place,  there,  6, 
25  :  then,  thereupon,  27,  21. 
ibidem,  adv.  (ibi,  in  that  place  ; 
-dem,  demonst.  suffix),  in  the 
same  place,  on  the  spot,  15,  17. 
(ico),  3,  IcI,  ictus  (only  in  perf. 
system),  strike,  hit,  9,  13  ;  40, 
29 :  with  foedus,  to  make  a 
treaty ,  enter  into  a  league,  4,  14. 
ictus,  -us,  M.  (cf.  ico,  strike),  blow, 
stroke,  thrust,  43,  8. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  pron.  dem., 
the  same,  1,  14:  likewise,  also, 
etc.,  4,  28  ;  10,  11;  34,  27. 
ide5,  adv.,  for  that  reason,  on 
that  account,  22,  19. 


VOCABULARY. 


257 


Idus,  Iduum,  F.,  the  Ides ,  middle 
of  the  mouthy  the  15th  of  March, 
May,  July,  and  October,  and 
the  13th  of  the  other  months, 
55,  3- 

igitur,  conj.,  then ,  therefore ,  there¬ 
upon ,  18,  4  ;  23,  16  :  then,  as 
I  was  saying,  38,  26. 

Ignavia,  -ae,  f.  (Ignavus,  idle), 
laziness,  sloth ,  worthlessness, 
50,  13. 

Ignavus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (in-,  not ;  (g)navus,  busy), 
inactive,  lazy,  without  spirit, 
cowardly. 

Ignis,  -is,  m.,  fire,  5,  7. 

Ignobilis,  -e,  adj.  (in-,  not ; 
(g)nobilis,  known),  unknown, 
inglorious,  obscure,  30,  15.  (W. 
G.  43-) 

Ignoro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [*Ignorus, 

ignorant ;  GNO-,  know~\,  not  to 
know,  be  ignorant,  56,  19.  (W. 
G.  43-) 

Ignosco,  3,  -novi,  -notus  (in-,  not ; 
(g)nosco,  come  to  know),  par¬ 
don,  forgive,  overlook,  indulge, 
18,  18  ;  54,  3.  (W.  G.  43.) 

Ignotus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (in-,  not ;  (g)notus,  known), 
unknown,  unfamiliar,  strange, 

46,  6.  (W.  G.  43-) 

Ilico,  adv.  (in,  on  ;  loco,  the  spot), 
on  the  spot,  instantly,  immedi¬ 
ately,  55,  13- 

ille,  illa,  illud,  pron.  dem.,  that, 
7,  23 :  he,  she,  it,  they,  3,  22  ; 
34,  13;  38,  6  ;  49,  8  :  the  fa¬ 
mous,  well  known,  40,  3  :  ille 


.  .  .  hie,  the  former  .  .  .  the 
latter,  6,  14. 

illlc,  adv.  (cf.  ille,  that),  yonder, 
in  that  place,  there,  50,  4. 
illuc,  adv.  (cf.  ille,  that),  to  that 
place ,  thither,  34,  1. 
imago,  -inis,  f.  (cf.  imitor,  imi¬ 
tate),  imitation,  copy,  likeness, 
statue,  bust,  picture,  3,  1;  50, 

*3- 

imbellis,  -e,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  bellum, 

war),  unwarlike,  4,  6.  (W.  G. 
28.) 

imber,  -bris,  M.,  rain,  violent 
rain ,  shower,  34,  25. 
imbuo,  3,  -ui,  -utus,  wet,  soak : 

infect,  imbue,  fill,  6,  9. 
imitator,  -6ris,  m.  (imitor,  uni¬ 
tate),  imitator,  mimic ,  22,  24. 
imitor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  imitate,  act 
like,  39,  3. 

immaturus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  matu¬ 
rus,  ripe),  untimely,  tinripe, 
premature,  8,  3;  10,  15. 
immemor,  -oris,  adj.  (in-,  not; 
memor,  mindful),  unmindful, 
forgetful,  regardless ,  heedless, 
23,  20. 

immensus,  adj.  [in-,  not ;  mensus, 
P.  of  metior,  measure ],  immeas- 
urable,  vast,  immense,  15,  12. 

(W.  G.  51.) 

immineo,  2,  — ,  — ,  project  over, 
overhang :  menace,  threaten,  29, 
22. 

immo,  adv.,  no  indeed,  on  the 
contrary  :  and  even,  nay  more, 

67,  19. 

immobilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp. 


258 


VOCABULARY. 


(in,  not;  mobilis,  movable),  im¬ 
movable,  23,  17.  (W.  G.  54.) 
immolb,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  upon; 
mola,  meal),  sprinkle  with  sac¬ 
rificial  meal,  offer,  sacrifice , 

13,  5- 

immortalis,  -e,  adj.  (in-,  not; 
mortalis,  mortal),  immortal,  15, 
27. 

immotus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  motus, 

moved),  unmoved,  undisturbed, 
firm,  62,  2.  (W.  G.  54.) 
impar,  -aris,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  par, 
equal),  uneven,  dissimilar :  un¬ 
equal  to,  no  match  for,  7,  n. 
impatiens,  -entis,  adj.  (in-,  not; 
patiens,  bearing),  that  cannot 
bear,  impatient ,  52,  25. 
impedi5,  4,  -ivi,  -Itus  (in,  in; 
pes,  foot),  entangle,  ensnare: 
hinder,  prevent,  27,  10.  (W.  G. 
61.) 

impeditus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  impedio,  hinder),  hin¬ 
dered,  embarrassed,  burdened, 
encumbered,  32,  9.  (W.  G.  61.) 
impendium,  -I,  n.  (impendd,  weigh 
out),  money  laid  out,  expense, 
cost,  68,  22. 

impensa,  -ae,  f.  (impensus,  p.  of 
impendo),  expenditure,  outlay, 
50,  21. 

imperator,  -oris,  m.  (impero,  com¬ 
mand,  order),  commander-in¬ 
chief,  general,  29,  21  :  impera¬ 
tor,  emperor,  68,  12. 
imperfectus,  adj.,  unfinished, 
52,  6. 

imperium,  -I,  n.  (impero,  co?n- 


mand,  order),  coi?imand,  order . 
authority,  power ,  13,  4:  do¬ 
minion,  empire,  supreme  com- 
mand,  2,  17:  realm,  empire , 
state,  38,  10. 

imperd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  upon; 
paro,  put),  command,  order, 
28,  8 :  rule,  govern,  29,  16 : 
impose ,  levy,  51,  19. 
impetro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  with¬ 
out  force ;  patrd,  bring  about), 
gain  one's  end,  get,  obtain,  pro¬ 
cure  by  request,  20,  1 1 ;  39,  10. 
impetus,  -us,  m.  (in,  against ; 
peto,  strive ),  attack,  assault,  on¬ 
set,  4,  3  :  fury,  impulse,  vio¬ 
lence,  7,  15. 

impietas,  -atis,  F.  (impius,  irrev¬ 
erent),  irreverence,  impiety,  dis¬ 
loyalty  to  parents,  64,  24. 
impius,  adj .  (in-,  not ;  pius,  duti¬ 
ful,  pious),  U71  dutiful,  unpatri¬ 
otic,  zvicked,  3,  26. 
implied,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [in,  in  ; 
PLEC-,  fold'),  infold,  grasp, 
seize :  disable,  g,  10.  (W.  G.  60.) 
implord,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  invoke 
with  tears ,  beseech,  entreat,  18, 

T5- 

impond,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (in, 
upon;  pdnd,  place),  place  upon, 
set  on,  54,  29  put  on  board, 
embark,  1,  7  :  impose,  assign, 
put,  31,  23. 

imprimis,  adv.  (in,  in;  primus, 

first),  especially,  45,  19. 

impugno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in, 
against ;  pugnd,  fight),  fight 
against,  attack  :  oppose,  61,  18 


VOCABULARY. 


259 


impunitus,  adj.  with  comp,  (in-, 
un- ;  punitus,  punished ),  un¬ 
punished ,  70,  7. 

in,  prep,  with  acc.  or  abl. :  with 
acc.,  (1)  of  place  after  verbs  of 
motion,  into,  to,  upon,  1,7;  1, 
15;-  11,  29:  against,  towards , 
among,  7,  16;  12,  11:  in,  1,6: 
(2)  of  purpose,  in  order  to,  for, 
8,  24  :  (3)  of  other  relations, 
to,  respecting,  towards,  14,  5  : 
with  abl.,  (1)  of  place,  in, 
within,  1,  10  :  on,  over,  at,  1,9; 
10,  13  :  of,  among,  41,  8  :  (2)  of 
time,  during,  in,  at,  41,  21. 
inambulo,  1,  — ,  —  (in,  in,  071 ; 
ambulo,  walk),  walk  up  a7id 
dow7i,  pace  to  and  fro,  14,  12. 

(W.  G.  73.) 

inanis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  einpty,  42,  20. 
incalescd,  3,  -calul,  — ,  inch,  (in, 
without  force ;  calescd,  grozv 
warm),  grow  warm,  be  heated, 
26,  13. 

incautus,  adj.  with  comp,  (in-, 
not ;  cautus,  careful),  incau¬ 
tious,  heedless,  off  one's  guard, 

35,  14- 

incedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (in,  o)i ; 
cedo,  move),  advance,  march, 
go,  67,  30. 

incendium,  -i,  n.  [in,  to ;  cand-, 
glow'],  flame,  co)iflagration,  59, 
22.  (W.  G.  16.)  ’ 
incendo,  3,  -di,  -census  [in,  to; 
CAND-,  glow],  set  fire  to,  bur 71 , 
33,  28 ;  43,  2 :  rouse,  incite,  59, 
14.  (W.  G.  16.) 


inceptum,  -i,  n.  (p.  n.  of  incipid, 

begin),  beginning,  attempt,  u)i > 
dertaking,  60,  3.  (W.  G.  17.) 
incido,  3,  -cidi,  —  (in,  in,  on; 
cado,  fall),  fall  in,  fall :  arise, 
C077ie  upo)i,  14,  21:  happai,  oc¬ 
cur,  59,  T9-  (W.  G.  14.) 
incito,  1,  -avi, -atus  (in,  071;  cito, 
urge),  set  hi  rapid  motion, 
haste)t :  spur  01,  incite,  13,  16. 
inclamo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  to, 
agamst ;  clamo,  call),  give  a 
cry,  appeal,  call  out  to,  call 
upO)i,  7,  17;  36,  17. 
inclino,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  to; 
*clino,  lea)i ),  baid,  uiclme :  be 
favorable  to,  27,  18. 
includo,  3,  -si,  -sus  (in,  i)i  ;  clau¬ 
do,  shut),  shut  up,  shut  in,  co)i- 
fi)ie,  63,  24. 

inclutus,  adj.,  celebrated,  famous, 
11,  10:  rencnv)ied ,  5,  3. 
incognitus,  adj.  (in-,  7iot ;  cdgni- 
tus,  k)iow7t),  u)ik)iow)i ,  15,  8. 

(W.  G.  43  ) 

incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  [in,  in ; 
COL-,  till,  dwell],  i)ihabita)it, 
3,  2.  (W.  G.  21.) 
incolo,  3,  -lui,  —  (in,  i)i ;  colo, 
till,  dwell),  be  at  home,  dwell, 
51,  16.  (W.  G.  21.) 
incolumis,  -e,  adj.,  sound,  u)ii)i- 
jured,  safe,  16,  14;  23,  26. 
incredibilis,  -e,  adj.  (in-,  not ; 
credibilis,  to  be  believed),  )iot  to 
be  believed,  uicredible,  44,  19. 
increpd,  1,  -ui,  -itus  (in,  inten¬ 
sive  ;  crepo,  rattle),  soiuid, 
make  resomid :  rattle,  crash , 


260 


VOCABULARY. 


7,  4',  2i,  24:  chide ,  rebuke , 
scold,  2,  23  ;  8,  2. 
increscd,  3,  -evi,  —  (in,  upon  ; 
crescd,  grow),  grow  upon ,  in¬ 
crease,  10,  11. 

incumbo,  3,  -cubui,  -cubitus  (in, 
upon  ;  *cumbd,  lie,  lean),  lean: 
exert  oneself,  apply  oneself,  at¬ 
tend  to,  57,  24. 

incuriosus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  curio¬ 
sus,  careful),  careless,  negligent, 
71,  i.  (W.  G.  18.) 
incursio,  -onis,  F.  [in,  in,  against; 
cel-,  CVR-,  drive],  running 
against,  attack :  incursion,  in¬ 
vasion,  9,  20.  (W.  G.  19.) 
incutio,  3,  -cussi,  -cussus  (in, 
into,  against ;  quatio,  shake), 
wield  against,  strike,  20,  28. 
inde,  adv.,  from  that  place,  thence, 
14,  24;  ig,  2  :  then,  thereupon , 
10,  22  :  therefore,  fror?i  this 
fact,  17,  5. 

index,  -dicis,  m.  and  f.  [in,  to; 
Die-,  point],  one  who  points  out: 
sign,  mark,  indication,  5,  26. 
(W.  G.  26.) 

indicium,  -i,  n.  [in,  to;  Die-, 

point],  notice,  information:  in¬ 
dication,  proof,  sign,  55,  4.  (W. 
G.  26.) 

indico,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (index,  one 

who  points  out),  point  out,  in- 
form,  show,  reveal,  1,21;  ig,  18. 
indico,  3,  -dixi,  -dictus  (in,  to; 
died,  say),  declare  publicly,  an¬ 
nounce,  proclaim,  appoint,  71, 
7 :  bellum  indicere,  declare  war 
against,  g,  7.  (W.  G.  26.) 


indictus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  dictus, 
said),  not  said :  indicta  causa, 
without  a  hearing,  60,  25. 
indigeo,  2,  -ui,  —  (indu  (=in), 
without  force;  egeo,  need), 
need,  want,  2g,  17. 
indignatus,  adj.  (p.  of  indignor, 
deem  unworthy),  angered,  in¬ 
dignant,  5g,  14. 

indigne,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(indignus,  unworthy),  unworthi¬ 
ly:  angrily,  impatiently ,  14,  4. 
indignus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  unworthy,  unbecoming, 
undeserving,  62,  II. 
indo,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  [in,  into,  on  ; 
2  DA-,  put] ,  put  into  :  give,  con¬ 
fer,  57,  O- 

indoles,  -is,  f.  [indu  (=in)  in; 
OL-,  grow],  inborn  quality, 
nature,  character,  bearing,  dis¬ 
position,  2,  7  ;  3g,  25.  (W.  G. 

56-) 

induco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (in,  in; 
duco,  lead),  lead  in,  23,  6  :  per¬ 
suade,  mislead,  induce ,  44,  9. 
(W.  G.  29.) 

industria,  -ae,  f.  (industrius, 

active),  diligence,  industry,  zeal, 

11,  1. 

industrius,  adj.,  active,  diligent, 
careful,  industrious,  29,  21. 
ineo,-ire,-ivi  and-ii,  -itus  (in,  into  ; 
e5,  go),  go  into :  begin,  enter 
upon,  51,  24  :  devise,  meditate, 
form,  engage  in,  41,  4.  (W.  G. 
46.) 

infamis,  -e,  adj.  (in-,  negative; 
fama,  reputation,  fame),  of  ill 


VOCABULARY. 


261 


repute ,  in  disgrace ,  infamous , 

27>  2 5-  (w-  G-  32-) 
infans,  -fantis,  adj.  with  comp. 

and  sup.  (-in,  not ;  *fans,  speak¬ 
ing) ,  that  cannot  speak ,  mute. 
As  subst.  m.  and  F.,  infant,  i, 
ii.  (W.  G.  32.) 

infelix,  -Icis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (in-,  not ;  felix,  fruitful), 
unfruitful :  unsuccessful,  ill- 
fated,  unfortunate,  31,  10. 
infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  inlatus  (in, 
in,  against;  fero,  bear),  bring 
iit,  carry  in,  35,  13:  bring 
against,  wage,  direct,  46,  13: 
with  se,  betake  oneself ,  go,  4,  12. 
(W.  G.  34.) 

infesto,  1,  — ,  —  (Infestus,  dis¬ 
turbed),  annoy,  make  unsafe, 
disturb,  ravage,  2,  4;  45,  15. 
infestus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  made  unsafe,  disturbed: 
hostile,  7,  2. 

inflatus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
Infid,  blow  into),  swelled  up,  in¬ 
flated,  57,  7. 

informo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  to; 
formd,  give  shape),  shape, 
fashion:  inform,  instruct,  edu¬ 
cate,  57,  17. 

infra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc., 
below,  beneath,  55,  17. 
infundo,  3,  -fudi,  -fusus  (in,  in, 
upon  ;  fundo,  pour),  pour  upon, 
pour  in,  41,  30.  (W.  G.  39.) 
ingemo,  3,  -ul,  —  (in,  at,  over; 
gemo,  groan),  groan  over , 
mourn,  bewail,  50,  13. 
ingenium,  -i,  n.  [in,  in;  gen-, 


be  born],  nature ,  innate  quality : 
disposition,  character,  13,  14 ; 
36,  22  :  talent,  ability,  capacity, 
genius,  59,  27.  (W.  G.  41.) 
in  gens,  -entis,  adj .  with  comp,  [in-, 
not ;  gen-,  beget] ,  not  natural : 
vast,  huge,  enormous ,  very  great, 

5,  IU  7,  5-  (W-  G-  41-) 
ingenuus,  adj.  [in,  in;  gen-, 
beget,  be  born],  native:  free¬ 
born,  of  free  parents,  11,  18. 
(W.  G.  41.) 

ingratus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (in-,  not;  gratus,  pleasant), 
unthankful,  ungrateful,  20,  3. 
ingredior,  -i,  -essus,  dep.  (in,  on, 
forward ;  gradior,  walk),  ad¬ 
vance,  go  forward:  enter,  10, 
26.  (W.  G.  44.) 

ingressus,  p.  of  ingredior,  20,  23. 
inhibeo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (in,  in;  habeo, 

hold),  hold  in,  hold  back,  13, 

24.  (W.  G.  45-) 

inicio,  3,  -iecl,  -iectus  (in,  in, 
upon ;  iacio,  throw),  throw 
upon :  throw  over,  apply,  put 
on,  8,  8  :  lay  hands  on,  seize, 
18,  6:  inspire,  infuse,  suggest, 

60,  13.  (W.  G.  47-) 
inimicitia,  -ae,  f.  (inimicus,  un¬ 
friendly),  enmity,  hostility,  61, 

1 1. 

inimicus,  adj.  (in-,  not;  amicus, 
friendly),  unfriendly,  hostile, 
29,  25.  As  subst.,  enemy,  per¬ 
sonal  foe,  43,  29.  (W.  G.  5.) 
inique,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(iniquus,  unequal),  unequally : 
unjustly,  unfairly,  10,  26. 


262 


VOCABULARY. 


iniquus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(in-,  not;  aequus,  even),  uneven: 
unfair,  unjust,  21,  23:  hostile, 
adverse,  unkind,  62,  1. 
initium,  -i,  n.  [in,  into;  1-,  go],  go¬ 
ing  in,  entrance :  beginning,  20, 
29  :  abl.  sing,  initio  as  adv.,  in 
the  beginning,  at  first,  58,  18. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

iniuria,  -ae,  f.  (in,  against ;  ius, 
law),  injustice,  wrong,  injury, 
insult,  20,  2;  56,  15;  70,  5. 
(W.  G.  48.) 

(iniussus,  -us),  m.,  only  in  the 
abl.  (in-,  without ;  iussus,  or¬ 
der),  without  command,  without 
orders,  24,  10. 

inlido,  3,  -si,  -sus  (in,  upon, 
against;  laedo,  strike),  dash 
against,  71,  11. 

inligo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (in,  on  ;  ligo, 
bind),  bind  on,  fasten,  tie,  ig, 
!3- 

inludd,  3,  -si,  -sus  (in,  at,  with  ; 
ludo,  play),  play  at,  sport  with : 
jeer  at,  mock,  ridicule,  24,  3. 
inlustris,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  [in, 
intensive  ;  LVC-,  shine],  lighted, 
bright:  famous,  distinguished, 
renowned,  47,  2.  (W.  G.  50.) 
innitor,  3,  -nixus,  dep.  (in,  oft, 
upon  ;  nitor,  strive),  lean  upon, 
support  07i e self  by,  57,  7. 
innotescd,  3,  -tui,  — ,  inch,  (in, 
without  force  ;  notesco,  become 
k7iow7i),  beco)7ie  known,  39,  18. 
innoxius,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  noxius, 
harmful),  harmless :  7iot  guilty, 
innocent,  20,  2. 


innu5,  3,  -ui,  —  (in,  to;  *nuo, 

nod),  nod,  hint,  intimate,  44, 

2  5; 

inopia,  -ae,  F.  (inops,  needy),  want, 
famine,  7ieed,  poverty,  21,  7. 
inopinatus,  adj.  (in-,  not;  opina¬ 
tus,  supposed),  imexpected,  56, 

1. 

inops,  -opis,  adj.  (in-,  without ; 
(ops),  resources ),  without  re¬ 
sources,  helpless :  needy,  poor, 
destitute,  29,  30. 

inquam,  defective,  always  post¬ 
positive,  say,  9,  25  ;  38,  7. 
inquietus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  quietus, 

quiet),  restless,  disturbed,  sleep¬ 
less,  69,  26. 

inrideo,  2,  -risi,  -risus  (in,  at; 
rided,  laugh),  laugh  at,  joke , 
771  ock,  jeer,  ridicule,  2,  21 ;  66,  8. 
inruo,  3,  -rui,  —  (in,  in;  rud, 
rush),  rush  in,  make  a 71  attack, 
40,  27. 

inruptio,  -onis,  f.  (in,  in ;  cf. 
rumpo,  break),  breaking  in,  in¬ 
vasion,  assault,  19,  23.  (W.  G. 
64.) 

inscientia,  -ae,  f.  (in-,  negative  : 
scientia,  knowledge),  want  of 
k7iowledge,  ignora7ice,  60,  19. 
inscribo,  3,  -ipsi,  -iptus  (in,  upon  ; 
scribo,  write),  write  up07i,  in¬ 
scribe,  63,  21. 

inscriptus,  p.  of  inscribo,  63,  21. 
insequor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (in,  on; 
sequor,  follow),  follow,  come 
7iext,  follow  after,  9,  7 :  pursue, 
47,  14- 

insided,  2,  -sedi,  —  (in,  on,  upon  ; 


VOCABULARY. 


263 


sedeS,  sit) ,  sit  upon ,  io,  21  : 
occupy ,  take  possession  of,  camp 
upon,  18,  24.  (W.  G.  67.) 

Insidiae,  -arum,  F.  [in,  against ; 
SED-,  sit) ,  snare,  trap:  ambus¬ 
cade,  23,  6:  plot,  11,  21.  (W. 
G.  67.) 

Insidior,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (insidiae, 
ambush),  lie  in  ambush,  lie  in 
wait  for,  1,  19.  (W.  G.  67.) 

Insigne,  -is,  N.  (insignis,  remark¬ 
able),  mark,  proof,  sign,  11,  19  : 
costume ,  regalia,  badge,  decora¬ 
tion,  20,  21:  honor,  distinction, 
51,  20. 

Insignis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  (in, 
on,  upon ;  signum,  mark),  dis¬ 
tinguished  by  a  tnark,  eminent, 
distinguished,  remarkable,  con¬ 
spicuous,  splendid,  4,3;  5,  9  ; 
46,  30. 

Insitus,  adj.  (p.  of  insero,  im¬ 
plant),  ingrafted:  innate,  in¬ 
born,  fixed,  36,  22. 

Insolens,  -entis,  adj.  (in-,  un-;  so¬ 
lens,  usual),  unaccustomed,  un¬ 
usual  :  arrogant,  haughty,  inso¬ 
lent,  33,  14. 

Insolenter,  adv.  with  comp,  (inso¬ 
lens,  unusual),  unusually :  in¬ 
solently,  arrogantly,  54,  24. 

Insolentia,  -ae,  F.  (insolens,  tin- 
usual), unusualness  :  arrogance, 
insolence,  17,  23. 

Instituo,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (in,  into ; 
statuo,  place,  set),  put  in  place, 
fix:  institute,  found,  establish, 
organize,  5,6:  train,  teach ,  edu¬ 
cate ,  4°>  3-  (w-  G-  69.) 


Institutum,  -i,  n.  (n.  of  p.  of  Insti- 
tu5,  establish),  purpose,  inten¬ 
tion,  decree,  ordinance,  institu¬ 
tion  :  6,  4.  ( W.  G.  69.) 

Instruo,  3,  -uxi,  -uctus  (in,  in,  on  ; 
strud,  build),  build  in :  draw 
up,  array,  21,  27:  equip,  fit 
out,  furnish,  45,  6. 

Insula,  -ae,  f.,  island,  isle,  32, 

10. 

Insum,  inesse,  infui  (in,  in  ;  sum, 
be),  be  in,  62,  25.  (W.  G.  31.) 

Insusurrd,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (in,  to; 
susurro,  whisper),  whisper  to, 
suggest,  69,  16. 

intactus,  adj.  with  comp,  (in-, 
not;  tactus,  touched),  un¬ 
touched,  uninjured,  7,  21 ;  30,  6. 
(W.  G.  70.) 

integer,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  with 
comp,  and  sup.  [in-,  not ;  tag-, 
touch),  untouched,  unhurt ,  7, 

11.  (W.  G.  70.) 

intellego,  3,  -exi,  -ectus  (inter, 
between;  legS,  choose),  come  to 
know,  perceive,  understand,  8, 
26;  14,  15. 

intendo,  3,  -di,  -tus  (in,  on,  to; 
tendd,  stretch),  stretch  out,  ex¬ 
tend  :  bend,  turn,  aim,  direct, 
32,  10.  (W.  G.  71.) 

intentus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  intends,  give  atten¬ 
tion  to),  ititent,  attentive,  11, 
28. 

inter,  prep,  with  acc.  (comp, 
form  of  in,  in),  between,  be¬ 
twixt,  2,  16:  among,  in  the 
midst  of,  1,  16  ;  4,  3  :  during. 


264 


VOCABULARY. 


at,  while ,  in,  in  the  course  of, 

26,  15  ;  69,  6. 

intercalarius,  adj.  (intercalaris,  to 

be  inserted ) ,  for  insertion,  in¬ 
ter  cal  a?y,  54,  8. 

intercalo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (inter,  be¬ 
tween  ;  calo,  call),  insert  in  the 
calendar,  intercalate,  54,  9. 
intercipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (inter, 
between  ;  capio,  take),  seize  in 
passing,  intercept :  usurp,  11,  3. 
interdico,  3,  -dixi,  -dictus  (inter, 
between  ;  dico,  speak),  interpose 
by  speaking,  forbid,  interdict, 
61,  1.  (W.  G.  26.) 
interdiu,  adv.  (inter,  dicring; 
diu,  by  day),  during  the  day, 
by  day,  46,  5.  (W.  G.  27.) 
interdum,  adv.  (inter,  during; 
dum,  while),  sometimes,  occa¬ 
sionally,  nozo  and  then,  71,  11. 
interea,  adv.  (inter,  among ;  ea, 
these  things),  meanwhile,  2,  3. 
interemptus,  p.  of  interims,  2, 
12. 

interfector,  -5ris,  m.  [inter,  be¬ 
tween  ;  FAC-,  make),  slayer , 
nuirderer,  assassin,  53,  5.  (W. 
G-  33-) 

interficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (inter, 
between  ;  facio,  make),  put  out 
of  the  zuay,  destroy,  kill,  2,  22. 
(W.  G.  33.) 

intericiS,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (inter, 
betzoee?i ;  iacio,  throw),  throzv 
between,  set  betzoeen,  interpose, 
15,  1.  (W.  G.  47-) 
interim,  adv.  (inter,  betzoeen,  dur¬ 
ing  ;  im,  old  acc.  of  is,  this), 


meanwhile,  in  the  meantime, 
9,  3- 

interimo,  3,  -emi,  -emptus  (inter, 

within,  from  within ;  emo, 
take),  take  from  the  midst,  do 
away  with,  abolish,  40,  16  : 
kill,  2,  12. 

interitus,  -us,  m.  [inter,  among ; 
I-,  go],  overthrow,  destruction, 
death,  4,  5.  (W.  G.  46.) 
internuntius,  -i,  m.  (inter,  be¬ 
tween  ;  nuntius,  announcing), 
messenger,  63,  23. 
interpretor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (inter¬ 
pres,  a  middle-man),  explain, 
interpret,  conclude,  understand, 
39,  iS. 

interrogo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (inter,  be¬ 
tween,  among ;  rogo,  ask),  ask, 
inquire,  question,  11,  11;  44,  7. 
interrumpo,  3,  -rupi,  -ruptus  (in¬ 
ter,  betzoeen ;  rumpS,  break), 
break  apart,  break  to  pieces, 
break  through:  destroy,  16,  12. 
(W.  G.  64.) 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  (in¬ 
ter,  betzoeen  ;  sum,  be),  be  be¬ 
tween  :  be  present,  attend,  57, 
15.  (W.  G.  31.) 

intervallum,  -I,  n.  (inter,  between; 
vallum,  palisades),  space  be¬ 
tween  palisades,  intermediate 
space,  distance,  33,  17:  per  in¬ 
tervalla,  at  intervals,  7,  1 2. 
intervenio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus 
(inter,  between ;  veniS,  come), 
come  betzoeen,  intervene,  inter¬ 
rupt,  21,  25.  (W.  G.  73.) 
intra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  acc. 


VOCABULARY. 


265 


(for  intera,  within ),  within ,  in, 
into,  during,  io,  14;  44,  14. 
intro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (cf.  intra, 
within),  go  into,  enter,  31,  12. 
introduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (intrd, 
within;  duco,  lead),  lead  in, 
admit,  introduce,  27,  15.  (W. 
G.  29.) 

introductus,  p.  of  intrdduco,  27, 

x5- 

intromitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (in¬ 
tro,  in;  mittd,  send),  send  in, 
admit,  let  in,  16,  23.  (W.  G.  53.) 
intueor,  2,  -itus,  dep.  (in,  upon  ; 
tueor,  look),  look  upon,  look  at, 
gaze  at,  23,  16. 

intumesco,  3,  -mul,  — ,  inch,  (in, 
without  force  ;  tumescd,  begin 
ta  swell),  be  swollen,  rise,  swell 
up :  rage,  become  angry,  52,  27. 
inusitatus,  adj.  with  comp,  (in-, 
not ;  usitatus,  usual),  unusual, 
uncommon,  very  rare,  extraor¬ 
dinary,  47,  1. 

invado,  3,  -vasi,  -vasus  (in,  into, 
against ;  vadd,  go),  go  into: 
attack,  assail,  invade,  23,  2  : 
seize ,  take  possession  of  16,  4. 
invalidus,  adj.  (in-,  not ;  validus, 
strong),  not  strong,  infirm,  weak, 
feeble,  65,  17. 

inveho,  3,  -vexi,  -vectus  (in,  in; 
vehd,  carry),  carry  in :  pass. 
be  carried  in,  ride  into,  sail 
into,  enter,  49,  26.  (W.  G.  72.) 
invenid,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (in, 
upon  ;  venio,  cotne),  come  upon, 
find,  14,  26  :  find  out ,  learn, 
discover ,  23,  15.  (W.  G.  73.) 


invicem,  adv.  (in,  in ;  vicis, 

turn),  by  turns,  in  turn,  one 
after  another,  11,  27  ;  21,  3. 
invictus,  adj.  with  sup.  (in-,  not; 
victus,  conquered),  uncon¬ 
quered,  unsubdued,  invincible, 
3i,  3- 

invideo,  2,  -vidi,  -visus  (in,  at, 
askance  at ;  video,  look),  look 
askance  at :  envy,  hate,  grudge, 
42,  25.  (W.  G.  75.) 
invidia,  -ae,  f.  (invidus,  envious), 
envy ,  jealousy,  ill-will,  unpopu¬ 
larity,  34,  5;  34,  12.  (W.  G.75.) 
invidiosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (invidia,  envy),  full  of 
envy,  invidious :  hateful,  odious, 
unpopular,  8,  21.  (W.  G.  75.) 
inviolatus,  adj.  (in-,  un- ;  viola¬ 
tus,  hurt),  uninjured,  unhurt, 
24,  26. 

invisus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
in  video,  envy),  hated,  detested, 

42,  25. 

invito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (for  *  in  vocito, 
freq.  of  invocd,  call  upon,  ap¬ 
peal  to),  invite,  feast,  entertain, 
69,  14  :  ask,  urge,  28,  16. 
invitus,  adj.  with  sup.,  against 
the  will,  reluctant,  37,  7. 
iocus,  -I,  M.,  plur.,  ioci  or  ioca, 
jest,  joke:  inter  or  per  iocum, 
jokingly,  49,  30;  50,  3. 
ipse,  -a,  -um,  pron.  intens.,  that 
or  this  very :  self  in  person,  he, 
she,  himself,  herself,  itself,  etc., 
i>  6  ;  3,  4  ;  5,  10  :  to  empha¬ 
size  possession,  own,  17,  23  ; 
30,  23  :  often  freely  translated 


266 


VOCABULARY. 


by  mere,  very,  just,  exactly ,  even, 
etc.,  13,  24  ;  16,  12  ;  44,  11. 
irascor,  3,  iratus,  dep.  (ira,  anger), 
be  angry,  be  in  a  rage,  70,  4. 
iratus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  irascor,  be  angry),  angered, 
enraged,  2,  22. 

is,  ea,  id,  pron.  demonstr.,  he, 

she,  it,  the  one  mentioned,  1,3: 
this,  that,  such,  1,6;  6,  9;  8, 
6 :  in  gen.  case,  his,  her,  its, 
their,  6,  6. 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  pron.  demonstr.,  this, 
that:  he,  she,  it,  42,  9. 
ita,  adv.,  in  this  manner,  in  such 
a  way,  so,  thus,  accordingly,  2, 
24;  4,  16  ;  4,  21  ;  6,  9. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy,  22,  17. 
Italicus,  adj.,  of  Italy,  Italian, 
41,  6. 

itaque,  conj.  (ita,  thus;  -que, 
and),  and  so,  and  thus,  accord- 
ingly,  2,  5  ;  4,  10  ;  8,  1. 
item,  adv.,  likewise,  further, 
moreover,  too,  54,  13. 
iter,  itineris,  n.  [i-,  go],  a  going: 
journey,  march,  25,  26;  61,  6: 
way,  path ,  road,  means  of  ac¬ 
cess,  16,  8;  61,  22.  (W.  G.  46.) 
iterum,  adv.,  again,  a  second  tune, 
25,  24. 

Iuba,  -ae,  m.,  Juba,  a  king  of 
Numidia,  in  northern  Africa, 
53,  15- 

iubeo,  2,  iussi,  iussus,  order, 
command,  3,11:  wish,  entreat, 
urge,  invite,  10,  25  ;  24,  8. 
iucundus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  [DIV-,  bright],  pleasatit, 


agreeable,  delightful,  61,  7.  (W. 
G.  27.) 

Iudaea,  -ae,  F.,  Judea,  the  coun¬ 
try  of  the  Jews,  Palestine,  46, 

25* 

Iudaeus,  adj.  of  fudea,  of  the 
Jews.  As  a  subst.,  M.  plur.,  the 
Jews,  46,  25. 

iudex,  -icis,  m.  and  f.  [ius,  right; 
Die-,  point  out],  judge,  juror, 
8,  7  ;  18,  3.  (W.  G.  26  and  48.) 

iudicium,  -i,  n.  (iudex,  judge), 
judgment,  trial:  court,  58,  1. 
(W.  G.  26  and  48.) 

iudied,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (iudex, 
judge),  judge  :  deem,  consider, 
28,  18  :  declare,  proclaim,  14, 
26.  (\Y.  G.  26  and  48.) 

iugulum,  -i,  n.  (dim.  of  iugum, 
yoke),  throat,  neck,  41,  24.  (W. 
G.  48.) 

iugum,  -i,  N.  [ivg-,  bind  together], 
yoke,  8,  18  :  height,  range, 
ridge,  33,  6.  (W.  G.  48.) 

Iulia,  -ae,  F.,  Julia:  (1)  daughter 
of  Julius  Caesar,  52,  1  ;  (2) 
sister  of  Julius  Caesar,  63,  10. 

Iulius,  -I,  M.,  name  of  the  famous 
gens  to  which  C.  Julius  Caesar 
belonged,  4,  25. 

iung5,  3,  iunxi,  iiinctus  [ivg-, 
yoke],  join  together,  unite,  13, 
14  :  make  by  joining,  enter  into, 
50,  26.  (W,  G.  48.) 

iunior,  comp,  of  iuvenis,  62,  30. 

Iunius,  -I,  m.,  gentile  name  of  the 
Brutus  family,  e.g.  M.  Juuius 
Brutus,  55,  2. 

luno,  -6nis,  F.,  Juno,  daughter  of 


VOCABULARY. 


267 


Saturn,  sister  and  wife  of 
Jupiter,  goddess  of  marriage, 
21,  8,  (W.  G.  27.) 

Iuppiter,  Iovis,  m.  [div-,  shine ; 
pater,  father'],  Jupiter,  son  of 
Saturn,  the  supreme  god,  4,  9 „ 

iuro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ius,  right), 
swear,  take  an  oath,  32,  19.  (W. 
G.  48.) 

ius,  iuris,  N.  [iv-,  bind],  that 
which  is  binding,  law,  right, 
justice,  8,  15  ;  10,  4  ;  n,  4  : 
court  of  justice,  8,  7;  18,  10  : 
permission,  prerogative,  46,  27  : 
ius  dicere,  to  pronowice  judg¬ 
ment,  54,  9  :  iure,  justly,  8,  10. 
(W.  G.  48.) 

iusiurandum,  iurisiurandi,  n.  (ius, 
right ;  iur5,  swear),  oath ,  4,  27. 
(W.  G.  48.) 


iussus,  p.  of  iubeo,  24,  8. 

(iussus,  -us),  M.  (iubeo,  order), 
only  abl.  sing.,  order,  command, 
8,  27. 

iustitia,  -ae,  f.  (iustus,  just), 
justice,  equity,  5,  3.  (W.  G.  48.) 
iustus,  adj.  (ius,  right),  righteous, 
just,  24,  24  :  perfect,  complete, 
24,  19.  (W.  G.  48.) 
iuvenis,  -is,  adj.  with  comp, 
iunior  [div-,  bright,  shine], 
young,  youthful,  43,  2.  As 
subt.,  M.  and  F.,  young  person, 
youth  (between  twenty  and 
forty  years),  3,  14.  (W.  G.  27.) 
iuventus,  -utis,  f.  (iuvenis, 
young),  age  of  youth,  youth . 
Often  used  collectively,  youth, 
young  people,  20,  17.  (W.  G. 
27.) 


K 

Kalendae,  -arum,  f.  [cal-,  call],  first  day  of  the  month,  5, 
day  of  proclamation,  Calends ,  22. 

L 


L.,  abbreviation  for  Lucius,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  19,  27. 
labor,  -oris,  M.,  labor,  toil :  hard- 
ship,  43,  17. 

laboriose,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (laboribsus,  toilsome), 
laboriously ,  industriously,  54, 
10. 

laboro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (labor,  labor), 
labor :  suffer,  be  afflicted,  48,  7: 
be  in  difficulty,  be  in  danger, 

45,  9- 


lacero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (lacer, 
mangled),  tear  to  pieces, 
mangle :  wreck,  shatter,  30,  9  : 
censure,  slander ,  abuse,  56,  18. 
lacesso,  3,  -ivi,  -Itus,  excite,  pro¬ 
voke,  19,  10. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear ,  8,  14. 
lacrimabundus,  adj.  (lacrimb, 

weep),  bursti7ig  into  tears,  weep¬ 
ing,  18,  14. 

lacrimo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (lacrima, 
tear),  shed  tears,  weep,  67,  12. 


263 


VOCABULARY. 


lacus,  -us,  m.,  hollow ,  lake ,  22,  22. 
laedo,  3,  -si,  -sus,  hurt ,  injure : 

annoy,  offend ,  ig,  10. 
laesus,  p.  of  laedo,  19,  10. 
laetitia,  -ae,  f.  (laetus,  joyful ), 
joy ,  pleasure,  delight,  67,  6. 
laetus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
joyful,  cheerful,  glad,  happy,  5, 

15 ;  44, 2o- 

laeva,  -ae,  f.  (laevus,  left ;  sc. 

manus),  left  hand,  3,  26. 
Laevinus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 
P.  Valerius  Laevinus,  consul 
280  B.C.,  25,  7. 

lambo,  3,  —  ,  —  ,  lick ,  1,  11. 
lamina,  -ae,  f.,  thin  slice,  plate, 
63,  20. 

lana,  -ae,  f.,  wool :  spinning,  14, 
25  (v.  notes,  fig.  8). 
lanius,  I,  m.  [for  *  lacnius,  lac-, 
tear],  butcher,  18,  20. 
lapideus,  adj.  (lapis,  stone),  of 
stone,  consisting  of  stones,  11,  7. 
lapis,  -idis,  M.,  stone:  milestone, 
25,  27  (v.  notes,  fig.  13). 
laqueus,  -I,  m.,  noose,  8,  8. 
Larentia,  -ae,  f.,  Acca  Larentia, 
wife  of  Faustulus,  the  shep¬ 
herd  who  found  Romulus  and 
Remus,  1,  15. 

largitio,  -on is,  f.  (largior,  bestow), 
generosity,  giving  freely,  grant¬ 
ing,  40,  13. 

latebra,  -ae,  f.  (lateo,  be  hidden), 
hiding  place,  retreat,  49,  3. 
lateo,  2,  -ul,  — ,  lie  hid,  be  con¬ 
cealed,  65,  4- 

latericius,  adj.  (later,  brick), 
made  of  bricks ,  70,  28. 


Latinus,  adj.,  of  Latium,  Latin, 
54,  18.  Subst.  Latinus,  -I,  M., 

a  Latin,  g,  18. 

latro,  -onis,  M.,  freebooter ,  robber, 
bandit,  1,  18. 

latus,  -eris,  N.,  side,  fla?ik,  47, 
1 7- 

laud5,  1,  -avi, -atus  (laus ,  praise), 
praise,  laud,  commend,  14,  22. 
laurea,  -ae,  f.,  the  laurel  tree : 
laurel  crown,  bay  wreath,  56, 
27. 

laus,  laudis,  F.,  praise ,  commen¬ 
dation,  fame,  glory,  17,  18;  58, 
14. 

laxe,  adv.  with  comp,  (laxus, 
wide),  widely :  loosely,  24,  18. 
laxitas,  -atis,  f.  (laxus,  wide), 
width,  spaciousness,  size,  70,  20. 
lectica,  -ae,  f.  (lectus,  cotcch),  lit¬ 
ter,  sedan,  palanquin,  27,  21 
(v.  notes,  fig.  14). 
lectulus,  -I,  m.  (dim.  of  lectus), 
small  couch,  bed,  65,  12. 
lectus,  -I,  m.,  couch,  bed,  43,  7. 
legatid,  -onis,  f.  (legd,  send  with 
a  commission),  embassy,  lega¬ 
tion,  3,  7. 

legatus,  -I,  m.  (lego,  send  with  a 
commission),  ambassador,  3,  5 : 
lieutenant,  36,  10. 
legio,  -onis,  F.  (cf.  Ieg5,  gather), 
body  of  soldiers,  legion,  24,  2. 
lego,  3,  legi,  lectus  [leg -, gather], 
gather,  collect:  choose,  appoint, 
5,  21  :  read,  56,  12. 
lenocinium,  -I,  n.  (lend,  seducer ), 
allurement,  enticement:  orna¬ 
ment, fnery,  70,  30. 


VOCABULARY. 


269 


Lentulus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 

P.  Cornelius  Lentulus ,  62,  26. 
lentus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(cf.  lenis,  soft),  pliant,  flexible : 
lingering,  slow,  55,  28. 
Lepidus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 
M.  Aemilius  Lepidus ,  one  of 
the  second  triumvirate,  64, 
19. 

letalis,  -e,  adj.  (letum,  death), 
deadly,  fatal,  mortal,  12,  17. 
levis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  light :  small,  trivial,  33, 
22. 

levo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (levis,  light), 
lift  zip,  raise:  lighten,  relieve, 

32,  6. 

lex,  legis,  F.,  motion,  bill,  measure, 
law,  6,  3;  41,  5;  54,  12  :  con¬ 
dition,  6,  24;  23,  29. 
libens,  -entis,  adj.  with  sup.  (p. 
of  libet,  it  pleases ),  willing,  with 
pleasure,  glad,  38,  30. 
libenter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (libens,  willing),  willingly, 
cheerfully,  gladly,  56,  27. 
liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.,  free,  unrestrained : 
frank ,  44,  10. 

Liber,  -eri,  m.,  Liber,  an  Italian 
deity  of  planting  and  fructi¬ 
fication,  identified  with  the 
Greek  Bacchus,  22,  19. 
liber,  -bri,  m.  book,  15,  9. 
liberalitas,  -atis,  f.  (liberalis,  of 
freedom),  characteristic  of  a 
freeman :  liberality,  generosity, 
26,  8. 

iiberaliter,  adv.  with  comp,  and 


sup.  (liberalis,  of  freedom),  like  a 
freem  an,  cou  rteo  usly,  gra  ciously, 

28,  5* 

libere,  adv.  with  comp,  (liber,  free), 
freely,  openly,  26,  13. 

liberi,  -drum  or  -um  (liber,  free), 
free  persons :  children,  3,  12. 

liberb,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (liber,  free), 
set  free,  free,  2,  12  :  release ,  39, 
17- 

libertas,  -atis,  F.  (liber,  free),  free¬ 
dom  :  political  freedom ,  liberty, 
17,  12  :  freedom  of  speech, 

58,  3-  * 

libertus,  -i,  M.  (liber,  free),  f reed- 
man,  49,  4. 

licet,  2,  -cuit  and  -citum  est,  im- 
pers.,  it  is  lawful,  is  allowed,  is 
permitted,  41,  16. 

lictor,  -5ris,  M.,  lictor,  official 
attendant  upon  a  magistrate, 
8,  8  (v.  notes,  fig.  3). 

lineamentum,  -i,  n.  (linea,  string), 
line,  mark :  feature,  lineament, 
2,  9. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.  (for  old  dingua,  cf. 
Eng.  tongue),  tongue,  1,  11. 

liquefacid,  3,  — ,  -factus  (liqueo, 
be  fluid ;  facio,  make),  make 
liquid,  melt,  dissolve,  66,  14. 

litigator,  -5ris,  M.  (litigd,  dispute), 
a  party  to  a  lawsuit,  litigant, 
68,  4* 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  a  letter  of  the 
alphabet:  plur.,  a  letter,  epistle, 
44,  16:  learning,  education, 
letters,  18,  5. 

litus,  -oris,  N.,  sea-shore,  beach , 

30,  IQ. 


270 


VOCABULARY. 


Livius,  -i,  m.,  gentile  name  of  M. 
Livius  Salinator ,  consul  219  and 
207  B.C.,  35,  18. 

Locri,  -5rum,  M.,  Locri  Epize- 
phyrii,  a  Greek  city  in  Brut¬ 
tium  in  southern  Italy,  30,  5. 

locuples,  -etis,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (locus,  place  ;  cf.  pleo, 
fill),  rich ,  wealthy ,  17,  18. 

locus,  -I,  m.,  plur.,  loci  and  loca, 
place,  spot ,  1 ,  10:  station,  posi¬ 
tion,  60,  7  :  cause,  occasion,  op¬ 
portunity,  50,  4  ;  56,  13  :  place , 
position ,  rank,  55,  22. 

longe,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(longus,  long),  a  long  way  ofip, 
far,  4,  7  :  greatly ,  by  far, 

44,  3- 

longus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
long,  23,  10:  of  long  duration, 
tedious,  32,  II. 

loquor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.,  speak,  talk, 
26,  16. 

ldrum,  -i,  n.,  thong,  strap ,  24,  19. 
(W.  G.  78.) 

Luceria,  -ae,  F.,  Luceria ,  a  town 
in  Apulia,  on  the  borders  of 
Samnium,  23,  7. 

Lucerini,  -drum,  m.,  the  inhabit¬ 
ants  of  Luceria,  23,  9. 

Lucius,  -I,  M.,  Lucius,  often  writ¬ 
ten  L.,  a  Roman  praenomen, 
10,  17. 

Lucretia,  -ae,  f.,  Lucretia ,  wife  of 
Tarquinius  Collatinus,  14,  24. 

Lucrinus,  adj.  (sc.  lacus,  lake), 
the  Lucrine  Lake,  on  the  coast 
of  Campania,  22,  21. 

luctor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (lucta,  a 


wrestling),  wrestle,  struggle , 
strife,  43,  20. 

luctus,  -us,  M.  (cf.  Iuge5,  mourn), 
sorrow,  mourning,  grief,  dis¬ 
tress,  37,  16. 

Lucullus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 
L.  Licinius  Lucidius,  consul  74 
B.C.,  and  a  distinguished  sol¬ 
dier,  47,  28. 

lucus,  -i,  M.  [lvc-,  shine],  sacred 
grove :  wood,  grove,  3,  2.  (W. 
G.  50.) 

ludibrium,  -I,  n.  (ludus,  play), 
mockery,  derision,  3,  7. 

(ludicer), -era,  -erum,  adj.  (ludus, 

play),  belonging  to  play,  done  in 
sport,  sportive,  1,  17. 

ludus,  -i,  M.,  play,  game:  school, 
18,  5  :  plur.,  public  games, 
shows,  3,  10. 

luged,  2,  luxi,  luctus,  mourn,  la¬ 
ment,  bewail,  8,  5. 

lugubris,  -e,  adj.  (cf.  lugeo, 
mourn),  of  mourning,  mourn- 
ful,  71,  13. 

lumen,  -inis,  n.  [lvc-,  shine], 
light,  60,  18.  (W.  G.  50.) 

luna,  -ae,  f.  [lvc-,  shine],  moon, 
5,  24.  (W.  G.  50.) 

lupa,  -ae,  f.  (lupus,  wolf),  she- 
wolf  1,  10. 

lustro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (lustrum, 
purification),  light  up:  review, 
4,  21.  (W.  G.  50.) 

Lutatius,  -I,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
Lutatius  Catulus,  consul  242 
B.C.,  who  brought  the  first 
Punic  war  to  a  close  in  241 
B.C.,  31,  22. 


VOCABULARY. 


271 


lux,  lucis,  F.  [lvc-,  shine],  light,  luxus,  -us,  M.,  excess,  indulgence : 
64,  1:  daylight,  day,  18,  12:  magnificence ,  splendor,  iH,  24; 

life,  24,  3.  (W.  G.  50.)  66,  4. 


M.,  abbreviation  for  Marcus,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  22,  11. 

Macedonia,  -ae,  f.,  Macedonia ,  a 
country  north  of  Greece,  61, 
24. 

machina,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  /xT/xaioj), 
machine,  device,  30,  19. 

macto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (mactus,  hon¬ 
ored),  magnify,  honor:  sacri¬ 
fice,  offer,  65,  30. 

mactus,  adj.,  worshipped,  hon¬ 
ored:  macte  virtute  esto,  be  in¬ 
creased  in  your  merit,  go  on 
and  prosper  in  your  valor,  well 
done,  37,  17. 

Maecenas,  -atis,  m.,  C.  Cilnius 
Maecenas,  the  intimate  friend 
and  prime  minister  of  Augus¬ 
tus,  70,  9. 

maestus,  adj.  with  sup.,  sad,  sor¬ 
rowful,  dejected,  gloomy,  60,  26. 

magis,  adv.  comp,  (magnus, 
great),  more,  in  a  higher  de¬ 
gree  :  rather ,  in  preference, 
3,f 

magister,  -trl,  m.,  master,  com¬ 
mander,  34,  12  :  teacher,  19,  2. 

magistratus,  -us,  m.  (magister, 
master),  office  of  master,  civil 
office,  magistracy,  18,  25:  magis¬ 
trate,  38,  25. 

magnificus,  adj.,  comp,  magnifi¬ 
centior,  sup.  magnificentissimus 


M 

[magnus,  great ;  FAC-,  make], 
great,  noble :  splendid,  magnifi¬ 
cent,  66,  7. 

magnitudo,  -inis,  f.  (magnus, 

great),  greatness,  size,  magni¬ 
tude,  13,  2. 

magnopere,  adv.  (abl.  of  magnum 
opus),  very  much,  greatly,  ex¬ 
ceedingly,  66,  23. 

magnus,  adj.,  comp,  maior,  -5ris, 
sup.  maximus,  large,  great,  6, 
4  :  strong,  loud,  4,  23:  aged,  1, 
2:  noble,  eminent,  26,  10. 

Magnus,  -T,  m.,  Magnus,  surname 
of  Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus,  44, 
21. 

Maharbal,  -alis,  m.,  Maharbal, 
the  commander  of  Hannibal’s 
cavalry,  38,  3. 

maiestas,  -atis,  f.  (maior, greater), 
greatness,  dignity,  ?najesty,  20, 
24. 

maior,  comp,  of  magnus,  greater, 
6,  4:  older,  1,  2. 

male,  adv.,  comp,  peius,  sup.  pes¬ 
sime  (malus,  bad),  badly,  wrong¬ 
ly :  unsuccessfully,  31,  20  : 

scarcely,  7,  23. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  —  (magis, 
rather;  volo,  wish),  choose 
rather,  prefer,  26,  21.  (W.  G. 

79-) 

malum,  -I,  n.  (malus,  evil),  an 


272 


VOCABULARY. 


evil ,  mischief  misfortune ,  ca- 
la?nity,  32,  24. 

malus,  adj.,  comp,  peior,  -us,  gen. 
-5ris  ;  sup.  pessimus,  bad ,  evil , 
not  good ,  28,  19:  pernicious , 
dafigerous,  41,  4. 

Mamurius,  -i,  M.,  Mamurius  Ve¬ 
turius,  the  maker  of  the  sacred 
shields,  5,  19. 

mando,  i,-avl,  atus  [manus ,hand; 
2  DA-,  put],  put  in  hand,  in¬ 
trust:  order,  command,  42,  2. 
(W.  G.  25  and  51.) 

maneo,  2,  mansi,  mansus  [man-, 
stay] ,  remain,  abide,  22, 

8  :  continue,  endure,  8,  20. 

(W.  G.  52.) 

manifestus,  adj.,  palpable,  clear, 
open,  evident ,  8,  16. 

manipularis,  -e,  adj.  [manipulus, 
handful,  maniple ;  fr.  manus, 
hand ;  PLE-,  fill],  belonging  to 
a  maniple  of  a  company.  As 
subst.,  M.,  common  soldier,  22,  7. 

Manlius,  -T,  m.,  Manlitis,  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  20,  17. 

mano,  1,  -avi,  — ,  flozo,  run:  ex¬ 
tend,  spread,  57,  20. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  f.  (cf.  man¬ 
suesco,  tame),  tameness,  mild¬ 
ness,  gentleness,  66,  29.  (W.  G. 

51-) 

manumitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus 
(manus,  hand ;  mitto,  send), 
release,  set  at  liberty,  emanci¬ 
pate,  38,  29.  (W.  G.  51.) 

manus,  -us,  f.  [ma-,  measure], 
hand,  3,  23:  hook,  30,  19:  band, 
force ,  troops,  59,  20.  (W.  G.  51.) 


Marcius,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  as  Ancus  Marcius ,  fourth 
king  of  Rome,  9,  16. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  19,  1. 

mare,  -is,  n.  (cf.  Eng.  mere),  sea, 
22,  20  :  Mare  Superum,  the  up¬ 
per  sea,  the  Adriatic,  54,  20. 

margarita,  -ae,  f.,  pearl,  66,  n. 

maritimus,  adj.  (mare,  sea),  of  the 
sea,  sea,  maritime,  31,  14. 

Marius,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  as  C.  Marius,  44,  13. 

marmoreus,  adj.  (marmor,  mar¬ 
ble),  made  of  marble,  marble, 
70,  2 7^ 

Mars,  Martis,  M.,  Mars,  father  of 
Romulus  and  god  of  war,  with 
whose  month,  Martius,  the  Ro¬ 
man  year  began,  5,  21  :  war, 
battle,  53,  25. 

Martius,  adj.,  of  Mars :  of  March, 
5,  22. 

Massicus,  adj.,  of  Mount  Massi¬ 
cus  in  Campania,  22,  23. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother,  1,  12. 

matrimonium,  -i,  n.  (mater,  moth¬ 
er),  wedlock,  marriage,  matri¬ 
mony,  13,  14:  in  matrimonium 
dare,  give  in  marriage,  13, 
13- 

matrona,  -ae,  f.  (mater,  mother), 
married  woman,  wife,  matron, 
40,  2. 

maxime,  adv.  (maximus,  great¬ 
est),  ht  the  highest  degree,  espe¬ 
cially,  3,  12. 

maximus,  sup.  of  magnus,  great¬ 
est,  extreme ,  n,  5  ;  40,  2.  As 


VOCABULARY. 


273 


subst.  m.,  family  name  of  Q. 
Fabius  Maximus ,  36,  21. 

medicamentum,  -i,  n.  (medico, 
medicate ),  drug ,  remedy ,  medi¬ 
cine ,  46,  17. 

medicus,  -i,  M.,  medical  man , 
physician ,  surgeon ,  28,  23. 

meditor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  consider , 
meditate :  plan ,  devise ,  54,  23. 

medium,  -i,  n.  (medius,  mid¬ 
dle ),  middle ,  center ,  intervening 
space ,  6,  26  :  midst ,  public , 
39,  I- 

medius,  adj.  [med-,  mean ,  mid¬ 
dle ],  /«  the  middle ,  6,  7 :  middle 
part ,  midst ,  10,  10. 

melior,  adj.  comp,  of  bonus,  bet¬ 
ter,  71,  9. 

membrum,  -I,  n.,  limb,  member, 
17,  7* 

Memmius,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  Ro¬ 
man  gens,  as  C.  Memmius 
Gemellus,  56,  19. 

memorabilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
(memoro,  call  to  mind),  that 
may  be  heard  of:  worth  telling, 
remarkable,  50,  14. 

memoria,  -ae,  f.  (memor,  mind¬ 
ful),  memory,  remembrance, 
15,  7- 

memord,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (memor, 
mindful ),  bring  to  remembrance, 
relate,  tell,  9,  13. 

Menenius,  -i,  M.,  Menenius,  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  whose  most 
famous  member  was  Menenius 
Agrippa  Lanatus ,  consul  503 
B.C.,  16,  19. 

mens,  mentis,  f.  [man-,  men-, 


mind;  cf.  memini ],  mind,  11, 
12  :  feeling,  attention ,  3,  14  : 
plan,  purpose,  27,  6.  (W.  G. 
52-) 

mensa,  -ae,  f.,  mensus  [p.  of  me¬ 
tior  (ma-),  measure ],  table: 
meal,  course,  66,  9. 
mensis,  -is,  m.  [ma-,  measure ], 
month,  54,  8.  (W,  G.  51.) 
mentio,  -onis,  f.  [man-,  men-, 
mind~\,  calling  to  mind,  men¬ 
tion,  14,  21.  (W.  G.  52.) 
mercor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (merx, 
goods),  trade,  purchase ,  buy,  15, 
22. 

mereo,  2,  -ui,  -itus,  deserve,  merit : 

win,  earn,  33,  16. 
mergo,  3,  mersi,  mersus,  dip, 
plu7ige,  sink,  30,  26. 
meritd,  adv.  (abl.  of  meritum, 
77i erit),  deservedly,  justly,  40,  3. 
merx,  -cis,  F.,  goods,  wares,  co7n- 
modities,  54,  12. 

Metellus,  -I,  M.,  Metellus,  name 
of  an  illustrious  Roman  family 
of  the  Caecilian  gens,  44,  28. 
Mettius,  -I,  m.,  praenomen  of 
Mettius  Fufetius,  the  Alban 
general,  8,  20. 

metus,  -us,  M.,  fear,  dread,  6,  11. 
meus,  pron.  poss.  (me,  me),  of 
me,  my,  2,  24. 
ml,  vOc.  of  meus,  27,  8. 
micans,  -antis,  adj.  (p.  of  mico, 
dart  to  and  fro),  gleaming, 
flashing,  7,  4. 

miles,  -itis,  M.  and  F.,  soldier, 
12,  10  :  collect.,  soldiery,  army, 

19,  2X. 


274 


VOCABULARY. 


Miletus,  -i,  F.,  Miletus,  a  large 
Ionian  city,  on  the  western 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  49,  25. 
milia,  plur.  of  mille,  37,  24. 
miliens  or  milies,  adv.  (mille, 
thousand ),  a  thousand  times , 
50,  24. 

militaris,  -e,  adj.  (miles,  soldier ), 
of  a  soldier,  of  war :  res  mili¬ 
taris,  the  art  of  war,  4,  30. 
militia,  -ae,  f.  (miles,  soldier), 
military  service,  16,  21  :  loca¬ 
tive,  militiae,  in  war,  on  the 
field,  9,  9. 

mille,  plur.  milia  or  millia,  num. 
adj.,  thousand,  ten  hundred,  21, 
21. 

mimus,  -i,  m.  (Gr.,  fi/xos),  mimic 
actor:  farce,  71,  19. 
minime,  adv.  sup.  of  parum 
(minimus,  least),  least  of  all, 
least,  very  little :  not  at  all,  by 
no  means,  2,  7. 

minimus,  adj.  sup.  of  parvus, 

least,  smallest,  trifling,  insig¬ 
nificant,  62,  24. 

minister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.,  sub¬ 
ordinate,  ministering.  As  subst. 
M.,  attendant,  servant,  66,  10. 
ministerium,  -i,  N.  (minister,  sub¬ 
ordinate),  service,  occicpation, 
work,  employment ,  17,  6. 
minitor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (freq.  of 
minor,  threaten),  threaten, 
menace ,  59,  23. 

minor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (minae,  pro¬ 
jections:  threats),  jut  forth,  pro¬ 
ject  :  threaten,  18,  7. 
minor,  minus,  -oris,  adj.  (comp. 


of  parvus,  small),  smaller,  less . 

15,  22. 

Minucius,  -I,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
M.  Minucius  Rufus,  34,  12. 
minuo,  3,  -ui,  -utus,  make  small, 
lessen,  diminish,  44,  25. 
minus,  adv.  comp,  of  parum  (n. 

of  minor,  less),  less,  6,  10. 
mirabilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
(miror,  wonder  at),  wonderful, 
marvellous,  strange,  12,  4. 
miraculum,  -I,  n.  (miror,  wonder), 
marvellous  thing,  wonderful 
sight,  34,  2. 

mirandus,  adj.  (p.  of  miror, 

wonder),  wo7iderfil,  strange, 
29,  26. 

mirificus,  adj.  with  sup.  [mirus, 

wonderful ;  FAC-,  make],  won- 
derfiil,  marvellous,  63,  8. 
miror,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (mirus,  won¬ 
derful),  wonder,  marvel,  ad- 
771  ire,  68,  12  ;  69,  6. 
mirus,  adj.,  wonderful,  asto7iish- 
ing,  amazing,  3,  3  ;  41,  27. 
Misenum,  -i,  n.,  Misenum,  a 
promontory  of  Campania,  22, 
21. 

miseror,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (miser, 

wretched),  lame7it,  deplore,  26, 
12. 

missio,  -5nis,  F.  (mitto,  send), 
sendixig :  release,  discharge 

fro77i  service,  50,  16.  (W.  G.  53.) 
Mithridates,  -is,  M.,  Mithridates 
the  Great,  king  of  Pontus,  46,  2. 
Mithridaticus,  adj.,  of  Mithri¬ 
dates,  Mithridatic,  48,  4. 
mitigo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [mitis,  mild ; 


VOCABULARY. 


275 


AG-,  make\,  soften,  ripen  :  civil¬ 
ize,  tame,  5,  6. 

nritis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  mild :  gentle,  kind,  13,  11. 

mitto,  3,  misi,  missus  [mit-, 
send],  cause  to  go,  send,  3,  5  : 
let  go,  release ,  dismiss,  69,  24  : 
throw,  hurl ,  12,  II.  (W.  G.  53.) 

Mitylenae,  -arum,  f.,  Mitylene,  a 
famous  Greek  city  on  the  island 
of  Lesbos  in  the  Aegean  sea, 
49,  15- 

moderatio,  -5nis,  f.  (moderor,  set 

bounds  to),  ynoderation ,  self-con¬ 
trol,  56,  7. 

moderatus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  moderor,  set  a  meas¬ 
ure  to),  within  bounds,  moder¬ 
ate,  44,  3. 

modicus,  adj.  (modus,  ?neasure ), 
in  proper  measure,  moderate, 
33,  17  :  middling,  ordinary ,  70, 
20. 

modius,  -I,  M.  (modus,  measure), 
a  grain  measure,  peck,  37,  26. 

modo,  adv.  (abl.  of  modus,  meas¬ 
ure),  only,  merely,  22,  16 : 

modo  ...  modo,  sometimes  .  .  . 
sometimes,  61,  25. 

modus,  -I,  m.  [ma-,  ?neasure], 
measure,  extent:  manner,  way, 
9,  23  :  code,  54,  1 5  :  qu5  modo, 
in  the  7nanner  that,  as,  42,  15. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.  [mv-,  shut, 
fasten],  defensive  walls,  city 
walls ,  walls,  2,  24.  (W.  G. 

55-) 

moles,  -is,  F.,  shapeless  mass,  huge 
bulk,  weight,  25,  13. 


moleste,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (molestus,  troublesome), 
with  trouble,  with  difficulty, 
with  annoyance,  with  vexation, 

48,  11. 

molestia,  -ae,  f.  (molestus, 

troublesome),  trouble,  annoy¬ 
ance,  vexation,  43,  18. 
molestus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (moles,  mass),  troublesome, 
annoymg,  48,  19. 
molior,  4,  -itus,  dep.  (mSles, 
mass),  make  exertion,  endeavor: 
do,  undertake,  52,  13. 
mollis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  soft,  mild,  gentle,  22,  18  : 
weak,  effeminate,  45,  13. 

Molo,  -5nis,  m.,  Molo,  surname  of 
Apollonius  of  Rhodes,  the 
famous  Greek  rhetorician,  4g, 
16. 

momentum,  -i,  n.  [mov-,  move] , 
movement :  brief  space  of  time, 
instant,  moment,  53,  11  :  cause, 
circumstance,  35,  21.  (W.  G. 

54-) 

moneo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  [man-,  mind], 
remind,  admonish,  advise, warn, 

20,  7  ;  35,  3-  (w-  G-  52-) 
monitus,  -us,  m.  (moneo,  warn), 
reminding,  warning,  admoni¬ 
tion,  advice,  6,  6.  (W.  G.  52.) 
mons,  montis,  m.  [man -,  project], 
mountain,  6,  13. 
mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay,  32,  12. 
morbus, -I,  m.  (cf.  morior,  die),  sick¬ 
ness,  disease,  6,  13. 
moriens,  -entis,  adj.(p.  of  morior, 
die),  dying,  65,  27. 


276 


VOCABULARY. 


morior,  morlri  and  mori,  mor¬ 
tuus,  dep.  [mar-,  die] ,  die ,  <?.*■- 
pire,  17,  13. 

moror,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (mora,  delay), 
delay ,  remain  :  retard ,  detain , 
hinder ,  57,  6. 

mors,  -tis,  f.  [mar-,  ufrV],  death , 

10,  15. 

morsus,  -us,  m.  (cf.  morded,  fo'te), 
biting ,  sting,  bite ,  66,  25. 
mortuus,  adj.  (p.  of  morior, 
dead,  6,  17. 

mbs,  mdris,  m.  [ma-,  measure ], 
habit,  usage,  custom,  9,  22  :  ««- 
ture,  manner,  mode,  53,  10 : 
conduct,  character,  13,  15.  (W. 

G.  51-) 

moveo,  2,  movi,  motus  [mov-, 
move],  move:  expel,  remove, 
2g,  27  :  affect,  inspire,  influ¬ 
ence,  7,  30  ;  22,  5  ;  43,  3.  (W. 
G.  54-) 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  25,  10  :  there¬ 
upon,  then,  41,  25. 
mucro,  -onis,  m.,  sharp  point, 
edge :  sword,  47,  18. 
muliebriter,  adv.  (muliebris,  femi¬ 
nine ),  in  the  manner  of  a 
woman,  like  a  woman,  40,  5. 
mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman,  4,  ir. 
muliercula,  -ae,  f.  (dim.  of  mulier, 
woman),  little  woman:  young 
woman,  girl,  35,  23. 
mulio,  -onis,  m.  (mulus,  mule), 
mule-driver,  13,  23. 
multiplex,  -icis,  adj.  [multus, 
many  ;  pleo,  fold],  with  many 


folds,  manifold,  many,  53,  8. 
(W.  G.  60.) 

multitudb,  -inis,  F.  (multus,  much) , 
great  number,  multitude,  crowd, 

10,  9. 

multo,  adv.  (abl.  n.  of  multus, 

much),  by  much,  much,  a  great 
deal,  4,  16  ;  17,  17. 
multo,  x,  -avi,  -atus  (multa,  fine), 
punish,  18,  26. 

multum,  adv.  (multus,  much), 
much,  very  much,  26,  26. 
multus,  adj.,  comp,  plus,  sup. 
plurimus,  much  :  plur.,  many , 
16,  14.  As  a  subst.  m.,  many 
men,  3,11. 

munib,  4,  -Ivi,  -Itus  (moenia, 
ramparts),  defend  with  a  wall, 
fortify:  protect,  37,  19:  make, 
build,  construct,  54,  19.  (W.  G. 

55-) 

munus,  -eris,  n.  [mv-,  fasten], 
service,  office:  reward,  gift,  3, 
21  ;  27,  15. 

muraena,  -ae,  f.,  a  murena  (a 
sea-fish),  69,  20. 

murus, -I,  m.  [mv-,  shut,  fasten], 
wall,  city  wall,  11,6.  (W.  G. 

55-) 

Mutina,  -ae,  F.,  Mutina,  city  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  63,  18. 
Mutinensis,  -e,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Mutina,  at  Mtctina,  64,  6. 
muto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of  mo¬ 
ved,  move),  move :  change,  alter, 

11,  8.  (W.  G.  54.) 


VOCABULARY. 


277 


nam,  conj.,  for ,  seeing  that , 
much  as,  2,  9;  49,  12. 
namque,  conj.,  for,  seeing  that , 
inasmuch  as,  18,  5  ;  21,  9. 
nanciscor,  -I,  nactus  or  nanctus, 
dep.,  get,  meet  with,  find,  3, 
18. 

narrd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [gna-,  know\, 
make  known,  tell,  say,  16,  23; 

51,  20.  (W.  G.  43-)  * 

Nasica,  -ae,  M.,  surname  of  Pub¬ 
lius  Cornelms  Scipio  Nasica 
Serapio,  who  led  the  senate 
against  Ti.  Gracchus,  40,  23. 

nascor,  -I,  natus,  dep.  [gna-, 
beget],  be  born,  be  born  to,  13, 
3 :  rise,  derive  origin,  spring 
from,  14,  20 :  begin,  arise, 

sprbigup,  55,  29.  (W.  G.  41.) 
nasus,  -I,  m.,  nose,  57,  10. 
natura,  -ae,  f.  [gn  ~-,  beget], birth : 
nature,  natural  disposition, 
40,  9. 

natus,  adj.  (p.  of  nascor,  be  born), 
born  :  of  the  age  of  32,  18.  (\Y. 

G.  41.) 

(natus,  -us),  m.,  only  abl.  sing. 

[gna-,  be  born],  birth,  age,  1,  2. 
naufragium,  -I,  n.  [navis,  ship ; 
FRAG-,  brcak~\,  shipwreck,  56,  4. 
(W.  G.  38.) 

navalis,  -e,  adj.  (navis,  ship), 
nautical,  naval ,  30,  17. 
navicula,  -ae,  f.  (dim.  of  navis, 
ship),  small  vessel,  boat,  skiff, 

52,  28. 

navigium,  -i,  n.  [navis,  ship; 


N 

AG-,  drive],  vessel,  ship,  boat , 

52,  28. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  ship,  30,  7. 

Navius,  -I,  M.,  Attus  Navius,  the 
augur  under  T arquinius  Priscus, 

11,  9. 

ne,  adv.  and  conj.  (1)  As  adv.,  no, 
not:  ne  .  .  .  quidem,  not  even, 
21,  5.  (2)  As  conj.,  in  clauses 
of  purpose,  that  not,  lest,  5,  18. 
-ne,  adv.  enclit.  interrog.  :  added 
as  an  interrogation  mark  to  the 
first  or  principal  word  of  the 
clause.  Not  translatable,  42,  8. 
Neapolis,  -is,  f.,  Naples,  on  the 
coast  of  Campania,  22,  25. 
nec  or  neque,  adv.  and  conj. 
(ne,  not ;  -que,  and)  (nec  em¬ 
phasizes  negation,  neque  con¬ 
nection),  and  not ,  btit  not,  also 
not,  nor,  7,  23  ;  46,  3  :  nec  .  .  . 
nec,  neither  .  .  .  nor,  7,  20  : 
nec  .  .  .  et,  oji  the  one  hand 
not .  .  .  and  on  the  other,  70,  8- 
necessarius,  adj.  (necesse,  neces¬ 
sary),  need  fid,  indispensable, 
necessary ,  17,  18. 
necessitas,  -atis,  f.  (necesse,  neces¬ 
sary),  necessity,  1,  21. 
neco,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (cf.  nex,  death), 
kill,  slay,  28,  25. 

nefarius,  adj.  (nefas,  impious  act), 
impious,  execrable,  abominable, 

42,  11. 

nefastus,  adj.  (nefas,  impious  act), 
contrary  to  religion,  unhallowed, 
unpropitious,  referring  to  days 


278 


VOCABULARY. 


upon  which  no  legal  business 
could  be  done,  5,  25  ;  20,  13. 
neglegens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
(p.  of  neglego,  disregard ),  heed¬ 
less,  careless,  71,  1. 
neglego,  3,  -exi,  -ectus  (nec,  not ; 
lego,  gather ),  not  gather ,  disre¬ 
gard,  neglect,  be  indifferent  to, 
15,  21. 

nego,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  say  no,  deny , 
refuse,  say  not,  11,  10. 
nemo,  — ,  dat.  nemini,  acc. 
neminem,  m.  and  f.  (ne,  not; 
homo,  man),  no  man,  no  one, 
nobody,  36,  24. 

nemus,  -oris,  N.,  woodland,  forest, 
pasture,  grove,  5,  12. 
nepos,  -otis,  M.,  grandson,  2,  8. 
neptis,  -is,  F.  (cf.  nepos,  grand¬ 
son),  granddaughter,  70,  25. 
neque,  see  nec,  18,  16. 
nescio,  4,  -ivi,  —  (ne,  not ;  scio, 
know),  not  to  know,  be  ignorant , 
not  know  how,  38,  9-  (W.  G. 
66.) 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  pron. 
(ne,  not ;  uter,  either),  tieither 
the  one  nor  the  other,  neither , 
23,  27. 

neve  or  neu,  adv.,  and  not,  nor , 
and  that  not ,  and  lest ,  17,  2. 
nex,  necis,  f.  (cf.  need,  kill),  death, 
murder,  slaughter,  41,  3  ;  49,  1. 
nexus,  adj.  (p.  of  nect5,  bind), 
imprisoned,  22,  12. 
ni,  conj.,  if  not,  unless,  18,  7. 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  comp, 
nigrior,  sup.  nigerrimus,  black, 
dark,  56,  23. 


nihil  or  nil,  n.,  indecl.  (ne,  not ; 

hilum,  a  whit),  nothing,  14,  11. 
nihildum,  N.,  indecl.,  nothing  as 
yet,  50,  14. 

nihilum,  -i,  n.  (ne,  not ;  hilum,  a 

whit),  not  a  shred,  nothing,  15, 

22  ;  44,  21. 

Nilus,  -i,  M.,  the  Nile,  47,  19. 
nimirum,  adv.  (ne,  not ;  mirum, 
strange),  without  doubt,  doubt¬ 
less,  surely,  truly,  38,  7. 
nimis,  adv.[ne,  not ;  ma-,  meas¬ 
ure ],  beyond  measure,  too  much, 
too,  17,  19. 

nimius,  adj.  (nimis,  too  much), 
beyond  measure,  excessive,  too 
great,  15,  11. 

nisi,  conj.  (ne,  not ;  si,  if),  if  not, 
unless,  except,  9,  12  ;  11,  10. 
nitens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp.  (p. 
of  niteS,  shine),  shining,  bril¬ 
liant:  illustrious ,  distinguished, 
59,  28. 

no,  1,  -avi,  — ,  swim,  57,  6. 
nobilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  [gno-,  know),  well-known, 
fatuous,  celebrated,  renowtied, 
4,  26  ;  48,  7  :  of  noble  birth, 
high-born,  12,  2  ;  32,  5.  (W.  G. 

43-) 

nobilitas,  -atis,  f.  (nobilis,  known), 
celebrity,  fame:  the  nobility, 
aristocracy,  17,  12.  (W.  G.  43-) 
noceo,  2,  -cui,  -citurus  (cf.  nec5, 
kill),  harm,  hurt,  injure,  70,  12. 
noctu,  adv.  (cf.  nox,  night),  at 
night,  by  night,  30,  15. 
noctua,  -ae,  F.  (nox,  night),  tiight- 
owl,  owl,  69,  27. 


VOCABULARY. 


279 


nocturnus,  adj.  (nox,  night),  by 
night,  nocturnal,  6,  5. 

Nola,  -ae,  F.,  Nola,  a  town  in 
central  Campania,  71,  21. 
nolo,  nolle,  ndlul,  —  (ne,  not ; 
volo,  wish),  wish  .  .  .  not,  not  to 
wish,  be  unwilling,  41,  14.  (W. 
G.  79.) 

nomen,  -inis,  n.  [gno-,  know], 
means  of  blowing,  name,  2,  16; 
fame,  renown,  16,  5.  (W.  G.  43.) 
nomino,  1,  -avi,  -atum  (nomen, 
name),  call  by  name,  name,  4, 

19.  (W.  G.  43  ) 

non,  adv.  (ne,  not ;  unum,  one), 
not,  by  no  means,  not  at  all ,  3, 
4  :  non  solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam, 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  27,  14. 
nondum,  adv.,  not  yet ,  27,  6. 
ndnnullus  or  non  nullus,  adj. 
(non,  not;  nullus,  no),  some, 
several:  plur.  M.  as  subst., 
some,  several,  26,  15. 
nonnumquam,  adv.  (non,  not; 
numquam,  never),  sometimes, 
57,  2. 

nos,  plur.  of  ego,  we,  us,  27,  9. 
nota,  ae,  F.  [gno-,  know],  means 
of  recognition,  mark,  64,  27. 

_(W.  G.  43.) 

notus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  ndsco,  come  to  knoxv, 
learn),  known,  familiar,  35,  12. 

(W.  G.  43  ) 

novacula,  -ae,  f.  (novo,  make 
new),  sharp  knife ,  razor ,  11, 

*5- 

novem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  nine, 

i5,  9- 


novus,  adj.,  new,  young,  2,  16; 
67,  23 :  novel,  unusual,  strange, 

47,  i- 

nox,  noctis,  F.  (cf.  noceo,  harm), 
night,  21,  3. 

nubes,  -is,  f.  [nvb-,  cloud],  cloud, 
mist,  34,  24. 

nubo,  3,  nupsi,  nuptus  (cf. 
nubes,  cloud,  veil),  veil  oneself : 
be  married,  marry,  52,  1. 

nudus,  adj.  naked,  24,  12. 

nullus,  gen.  nullius,  dat.  nulli, 
adj.  (ne,  not ;  ullus,  any),  not 
any,  none,  no,  6,  12.  As  subst. 
M.  and  F.,  no  one,  nobody, 
58,  8. 

num,  adv.  interrog.,  usually  ex¬ 
pecting  a  negative  answer.  In 
an  indirect  question,  whether, 
11,  14. 

Numa,  -ae,  m.,  Numa  Pompilius, 
the  second  king  of  Rome,  5,  3. 

numero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (numerus, 
number),  count,  reckon:  pay, 
4g,  24  :  esteem,  consider,  regard, 
22,  27. 

numerus,  -i,  m.,  number ,  9,  4  : 
quantity,  sum,  amount,  32,  4. 

Numidia,  -ae,  F.,  Numidia,  a 
country  in  northern  Africa, 
now  Algiers,  44,  12. 

Numitor,  -5ris,  M.,  king  of  Alba 
Longa,  1,  1. 

nummus,  -T,  M.,  piece  of  money, 
coin,  68,  13. 

numquam,  adv.  (ne,  not;  urn- 
quam,  at  any  time),  at  no  time , 
never,  36,  8. 

nunc,  adv.  (num,  now ;  -ce,  de- 


280 


VOCABULARY. 


monst.  suffix),  now ,  at  present , 
at  this  time,  4,  2. 
nuntio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (nuntius, 

messenger),  announce ,  make 
known,  report,  5,  1 5. 
nuntius,  adj.,  that  announces, 
making  known.  As  subst.,  M., 
bearer  of  tidings,  messeziger,  g, 
26. 

nurus,  -us,  f.,  daughter-in-lazv, 


young  woman,  married  woman , 

14,  23. 

nusquam,  adv.  (ne,  not ;  usquam, 

anywhere),  nowhere,  in  no 
place,  3,  6  :  on  no  occasion,  37, 

II. 

nuto,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of  nub, 
nod),  nod :  waver,  51,  21. 
nutrix,  -icis,  f.  (nutrio,  nourish), 
nurse,  18,  8. 


5,  inter j.  of  feeling  or  surprise, 
often  best  untranslated,  O ! 

27>  3- 

Ob,  prep,  with  acc.,  on  account  of, 
for,  3,  16. 

Obeo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  (ob,  before,  to¬ 
wards ;  e5,  go),  go  to  meet,  go 
in  opposition :  perish,  die,  10, 
16.  (W.  G.  46.) 

obicio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (ob,  before, 
against ;  iacio,  throw),  throw 
before,  cast,  offer,  expose,  65, 
2 ;  69,  19  :  set  against,  place 
before,  oppose,  16,  7.  (W.  G.  47.) 

oblatus,  P.  of  offero,  28,  17. 

obligo,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (ob,  to ;  ligo, 
bind),  bind  up,  bind,  put  under 
obligations,  23,  26. 

Oblitus,  adj.  (p.  of  obliviscor,  for¬ 
get),  forgetful,  unmindful,  8,  4. 

oblivio,  -onis,  F.  (cf.  obliviscor, 
forget),  forgetfulness,  oblivion, 
6_7,  5- 

obliviscor,  -i,  -litus,  forget,  39, 
14. 

obnoxius,  adj.  (ob,  to;  noxius, 


O 

Jnirtful),  liable,  exposed,  56,  24. 
obruo,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (ob,  without 
force  ;  rub,  throw  down),  over¬ 
whelm,  cover ,  bury,  3,  25  : 

destroy,  slay,  37,  1 2. 
obsequor,  -i,  -cutus,  dep.  (ob,  in¬ 
tensive;  sequor,  follow),  com¬ 
ply,  yield,  submit  to,  42,  8. 
Obses,  -idis,  M.  and  F.  [ob,  before, 
by;  SED-,  sit],  hostage,  51,  19. 
(W.  G.  67.) 

obsideo,  2,  -edi,  -essus  (ob,  before , 
against ;  sedeo,  sit),  sit,  remain  : 
besiege,  blockade,  14,  18.  (W. 
G.  67.) 

obsidio,  -onis,  f.  (cf.  obsideb,  sit 

before ),  siege,  blockade,  19,  18. 
(W.  G.  67.) 

obsisto,  3,  -stiti,  -stitus  (ob,  be¬ 
fore,  in  the  way;  sistb,  place 
oneself),  stand  in  the  way :  op¬ 
pose,  resist,  41,  7.  (\V.  G.  69.) 
obstinatus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
obstino,  resolve),  resolved  upon, 
determined,  resolute ,  20,  19. 

(W.  G.  69.) 


VOCABULARY. 


281 


Obstrepo,  3,  -in,  —  (ob,  against ; 
strepS,  make  a  noise ),  make  a 
noise  against ,  roar  at,  clamor  at, 

11,  26. 

0bstring5,  3,  -strinxi,  -strictus 
(ob,  upon  ;  stringo,  draw  tight), 
shut  in,  confine  :  bifid,  tie,  ham¬ 
per,  involve,  22,  12  ;  24,  9. 

obstupefacio,  3,  -feci,  -factus 
(ob,  before ;  stupefacio,  aston¬ 
ish),  pass,  obstupefio,  -fieri,  -fac¬ 
tus,  astonish,  amaze,  stupefy, 
16,  13. 

obtingo,  3,  -tigi,  —  (ob,  to  ;  tan- 
gd,  touch),  fall  to  the  lot  of, 
befall,  55,  25.  (W.  G.  70.) 

obtrectator,  -oris,  m.  (obtrectb, 
belittle),  detractor,  traducer,  dis¬ 
parager,  56,  24. 

obtrunco,  1,  — ,  -atus  (ob,  down, 
completely ;  truncb,  cut),  cut 
down,  cutto  pieces,  kill,  35,  16. 

obvenib,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (ob,  to¬ 
ward,  against ;  venio,  come,  go), 
come  up  to,  go  to  meet :  befall, 
happen ,  fill  to  one's  lot,  50,  1. 

(W.  G.  73-) 

Obviam,  adv.  (ob  viam,  in  the 
way),  in  the  way,  towards, 
against,  to  meet,  26,  1.  (W.  G. 
72.) 

Obvius,  adj.  (ob,  before;  via, 
way),  in  the  way,  meeting,  to 
meet,  7,  27.  (W.  G.  72.) 

obvolvo,  3,  -vi,  -lutus  (ob,  com¬ 
pletely  ;  volvd,  roll),  wrap 
around,  envelop,  cover  over,  52, 
26.  (W.  G.  78.) 

occasio,  -onis,  f.  [ob,  to;  cad-, 


fall],  occasion,  favorable  mo¬ 
ment,  favorable  opportunity , 
33,  20.  (W.  G.  14.) 

occasus,  -us,  m.  [ob,  down  ;  cad-, 
fall],  falling,  going  down,  set¬ 
ting ,  20,  1 5. 

occidens,  -entis,  adj.  (p.  of  occido,, 

go  down),  setting,  sinking,  44, 
24. 

occidb,  3,  -cidi,  -casus  (ob,  down  ; 
cad5,  fall),  fall  down  :  perish, 
be  slain,  37,  23  :  sink ,  set,  44, 
24.  (W.  G.  14.) 

occido,  3,  -cidi,  -cisus  (ob,  down  ; 
caedo,  strike ),  strike  down  :  cut 
down,  kill,  4,  16  ;  42,  1.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

occumbo,  3,  -cubui,  -cubitus  (ob, 
down  ;  *cumbo,  sink),  fall  in 
death,  die,  30,  15.  • 

occupo,  i,  -avi,  -atus  [ob,  com¬ 
pletely;  CAP-,  take] ,  take  into 
possession,  seize,  occupy,  14,  1; 
43,  29- 

occurro,  3,  -curri,  -cursus  (ob, 
against ;  currb,  run),  run  to 
meet,  go  to  meet,  meet,  68,  10  : 
answer,  reply,  65,  28.  (W  G. 
19.) 

Octavia,  see  Octavius. 

Octavianus,  -i,  m.,  C.  fulius 

Caesar  Octavianus,  the  Roman 
emperor.  He  received  the  sur¬ 
name  Augustus  27  b.c.,  63,  10. 

Octavius,  adj.,  name  of  the  Octa- 
vian  gens,  originally  plebeian, 
but  made  patrician  by  Julius 
Caesar.  To  it  belonged  the 
emperor  Augustus,  and  his 


282 


VOCABULARY. 


sister  Octavia,  wife  of  Mark 
Antony.  61,  17;  66,  2. 
oculus,  -i,  M.  [ac-,  sharp],  eye , 
3,  14- 

odium,  -I,  N.,  hatred,  aversion, 
enmity,  31,9. 

odor  or  odos,  -oris,  m.,  smell, 
scent,  perfume,  25,  15;  47,  22. 
offendo,  3,  -fendl,  -fensus  (ob, 
against ;  *  fendo,  strike ),  strike 
against:  offend,  displease,  66, 

3°- 

offensus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
offendb,  offend),  offended,  dis¬ 
pleased,  54,  30. 

offero,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatus  (ob, 

before  ;  fero,  bear),  bring  before, 
present,  show,  offer,  28,  6;  55,  4. 
(W.  G.  34.) 

officiosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (officium,  service),  full  of 
courtesy,  obliging,  obedient,  68, 
12. 

officium,  -I,  n.  [for  opificium,  opus, 

work;  FAC-,  do],  service,  kind¬ 
ness,  duty,  office,  64,  8  :  official 
duty,  business,  5^,  13.  (W.  G. 

33-) 

olim,  adv.,  at  that  time,  some 
time,  once  upon  a  time,  once, 
16,  24:  this  long  time,  17,  20. 
omen,  -inis,  n.  (old  osmen,  for 
ausmen ),  foreboding,  sign,  omen, 
22,  6. 

omittd,  3,  -isi,  -issus  (ob,  over , 
past;  mitto,  send),  let  go :  let 
alone,  disregard,  lose  sight  of, 
33,  18.  (W.  G.  53.) 
omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every,  every 


kind,  the  whole,  4,  17;  24,  3; 
38,  20.  As  subst.,.  m.  and  f. 
pi.,  all  men,  all  persons,  5,  15. 
As  subst.,  N.,  pi.,  all  things, 
4,  18. 

onus,  -eris,  N.,  load,  burden ,  32,  6. 

onustus,  adj.  (onus,  load),  loaded, 
burdened,  32,  2. 

opera,  -ae,  F.  (opus,  work),  service, 
effort,  work,  62,  8  :  assistance, 
agency,  36,  7:  operam  dare,  see 
to,  give  attention  to,  listen  to, 

9, 13 ;  49, 17- 

opifex,  -ids,  m.  and  f.  [opus, 
work;  FAC-,  make] ,  workman, 
mechanic ,  68,  10.  (W.  G.  33.) 

Opimius,  -T,  m.,  L.  Ophnhis,  con¬ 
sul  1 21  b.c.,  41,  19. 

opinio,  -5nis,  F.  (opinor,  suppose), 
opinion,  supposition,  expecta¬ 
tion,  47,  6. 

oportet,  2,  -uit,  impers.,  it  is 

necessary,  is  proper,  behooves, 
3G  16. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.  (ob,  on,  over; 
*pedum  (cf.  Gr.  irt8ov), ground), 
tozvn,  5,  4.  (W.  G.  61.) 

Oppled,  2,  -evi,  -etus  (ob,  com¬ 
pletely ;  pled,  fill),  fill  com¬ 
pletely,  fill  up:  cover,  37,  13. 

opportunus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (ob,  before  ;  *  portunus,  fr. 
portus,  harbor),  fit,  suitable,  op¬ 
portune,  favorable,  46,  4. 

oppositus,  adj.  (p.  of  oppono,  set 
against),  opposed,  opposite,  52, 
21. 

opprimo,  3,  -essi,  -essus  (ob,  down, 
against ;  prerno,  press),  press 


VOCABULARY. 


283 


together ,  press  down:  put  down , 
overthrow ,  crush ,  36,  27. 
oppugnatio,  -5nis,  f.  (oppugno, 
storm),  storming,  attack,  assault , 
siege,  20,  7. 

oppugno,  1,  -avl, -atus  (ob,  against; 
pugn5,  fight),  fight  against, 
attack,  storm,  besiege,  19,  11. 
(ops),  opis,  F.,  no  nom.  or  dat. 
sing.,  aid,  succor,  7,  17  :  power, 
influence,  strength,  52,  3 : 
means,  property,  riches,  38,  30. 
optimas,  -atis,  adj.  (optimus,  best), 
of  the  best,  aristocratic .  As 
subst.,  M.,  aristocrat,  patrician, 
40,  26. 

Optime,  adv.,  sup.  of  bene,  very 
well,  best  of  all,  22,8. 
optimus,  adj.,  sup.  of  bonus,  best, 
most  excellent ,  39,  26. 
optio,  -5nis,  F.  (cf.  opto,  choose), 
choice,  3,  21. 

optd,  1,  -avl,  -atus,  choose,  prefer: 

wish,  pray  for,  55,  28. 

Opus,  -eris,  N.,  work,  labor :  need, 
want,  necessity,  38,  26. 
oraculum  or  oraclum,  -I,  n.  (6r5, 
speak),  divine  announcement, 
oracle,  15,  10.  (W.  G.  57.) 
oratio,  -5nis,  f.  (oro,  speak), 
speaking,  speech,  oration,  22,  5. 

(W.  G.  57.) 

Orbis,  -is,  M.,  ring,  circle:  the 
earth,  25,  21  :  orbis  terrae  or 
terrarum,  the  whole  earth,  22, 
17;  45,  27. 

orbus,  adj.,  deprived,  destitute: 

bereaved,  childless,  8,  13. 
5rdin5,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (ordo,  row, 


line),  set  in  order,  arrange,  in¬ 
stitute,  4,  21  ;  12,  22.  (W.  G. 
56.) 

ordior,  4,  5rsus,  dep.  [ol-,  or-, 
grow],  begin,  commence,  11,  28- 
(W.  G.  56.) 

ordo,  -inis,  m.  [ol-,  or-,  grow], 
row,  line,  order,  rank,  40,  27; 
46,  10.  (W.  G.  56.) 
oriens,  -entis,  m.  (p.  of  orior,  rise), 
rising  sun:  the  East,  37,  9. 
As  adj.,  rising,  44,  24. 
origo,  -inis,  F.  (orior,  rise),  begin- 
ning,  source,  birth,  origin,  25,  4. 
(W.  G.  56.) 

orior,  4,  ortus,  dep.  [ol-,  or-, 
rise],  arise,  rise,  44,  24  :  pro¬ 
ceed,  start,  begin,  2,  16  ;  20,  29. 
(W.  G.  56.) 

ornamentum,  -I,  n.  (orno,  fit  out), 
decoration,  ornament,  jewel,  40, 
2  ;  47,  1. 

ornatus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  6rn5,  fit  out),  fitted  out, 
furnished :  adorned,  decorated, 
70,  26 :  eminent,  illustrious, 

49,  7- 

ornatus,  -us,  m.  (5m5,  adorn), 
splendid  dress,  fuie  attire,  ap¬ 
parel,  20,  24. 

orn5,  i,-avi,  -atus, fit  out,  furnish, 
equip  '.ornament,  adorn,  20,  20. 
oro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (5s,  mouth), 
speak:  plead,  pray,  beg,  4,  13. 

(W.  G.  57.) 

os,  oris,  N.,  mouth,  r,  12  ;  10,  13: 
face,  features ,  countenance,  15, 
19.  (W.  G.  57.) 

Ostendo,  3, -di, -tus  [ob(s),  before; 


284 


VOCABULARY 


tendo,  stretch ],  stretch  out  be¬ 
fore ,  expose  to  view ,  hold  out , 
show ,  exhibit ,  display ,  25,  8  ; 

58,4-  (W.  G.  71.) 

ostentd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
ostendd,  stretch  out),  present  to 
view :  display,  show  off,  parade, 
exhibit,  8,  11.  (W.  G.  71.) 

Ostia,  -ae,  F.  (os,  mouth),  Ostia, 
the  seaport  of  Rome  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber,  10,  14. 
(W.  G.  57.) 


pacatus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  paco ,  pacify),  pacified, 
peaceful,  6,  1. 

paene,  adv.,  nearly ,  almost,  16,  8. 

paeniteo,  2,  -ui,  —  (cf.  poena, 
penalty),  make  sorry.  Impers., 
it  repents :  discontents,  dissatis¬ 
fies,  33,  24. 

palam,  adj.,  openly,  plainly,  pub¬ 
licly,  34,  22. 

Palatium,  -i,  n.  (Pales,  an  Italian 

shepherd-god),  Palatine  hill: 
in  plural,  a  palace,  69,  1. 

paludamentum,  -I,  n.,  military 
cloak,  soldier's  cloak,  7,  29. 

palus,  -udis,  F.,  swamp,  marsh, 
pool,  4,  22. 

panis,  -is,  M.  [pa-,  feed~\,  bread, 
21,  19. 

papaver,  -eris  ,  n.,  a  poppy,  14, 
J3- 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal,  47,  n  : 
similar,  like,  well-matched,  7, 
20  ;  13,  12. 


otiose,  adv.  (dtidsus,  at  leisure), 

at  leisure,  38,  27. 
otiosus,  adj.  with  sup.  (otium, 

leisure),  at  leisure,  disengaged, 
idle,  16,  24  :  free  frojn  public 
affairs,  62,  18. 

5tium,  -I,  N.  [av-,  delight ],  leisure, 
freedoni  from  business :  ease, 
rest,  repose,  27,  10  :  per  otium, 
at  one's  ease,  4g,  16. 

0v5,  1,  — ,  — ,  exult,  rejoice,  7, 
2  5- 


parabilis,  -e,  adj.  (paro,  prepare), 
easily  procured,  at  hand,  48, 
2. 

paratus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  paro,  prepare),  pre¬ 
pared,  ready,  22,  3. 

pared,  3,  peperci  or  pars!,  parsus, 
spare,  treat  with  forbearance, 
44,  11. 

parcus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(cf.  parco,  spare),  sparing,  fru¬ 
gal,  43,  18. 

parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.  (p.  of 
parid,  beget),  father ,  mother, 
parent,  21,  30. 

pareo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  appear:  obey, 
comply ,  be  subject  to,  42,  1 1. 

pariter,  adv.  (par,  equal),  equally, 
alike,  17,  13. 

paro,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  make  ready, 
prepare,  provide,  3,  10  :  plan, 
intend,  purpose,  35,  2. 

parricidium,  -i,  n.  (parricida,  a 

parricide),  7nurder  of  a  father , 


VOCABULARY. 


285 


parricide ,  58,  4.  (W.  G.  58  and 
66.) 

pars,  partis,  F.,  part ,  piece , 
tion ,  share ,  12,  16;  41,  16: 
some,  many,  56,  4  :  direction, 
51,  25  :  party,  faction,  43,  12  : 
office,  duty,  30,  1  :  tres  partes, 
fourths,  47,  3. 

Parthi,  -orum,  m.,  the  Parthians, 
a  brave  people  living  south  of 
the  Caspian  sea,  51,  30. 

partior,  4, -Itus,  dep.  (pars ,part), 
share,  distribute,  divide,  45,  7. 

parum,  adv.,  comp,  minus,  sup. 
minime  (cf.  parco,  spare),  too 
little,  not  enough,  insufficiently, 
26,  15. 

parvulus,  adj.  dim.  (parvus, 

small),  very  small .  As  subst., 
infant ;  1,  7. 

pasco,  3,  pavi,  pastus  [pa-,  feed], 
feed,  support :  graze,  pasture, 

35,  4- 

passim,  adv.  (cf.  passus,  out¬ 
stretched),  scattered  about  far 
and  wide,  generally,  in  every 
direction,  35,  17. 

passus,  adj.  (p.  of  pando,  spread 
out),  outspread,  extended:  di¬ 
shevelled,  4,  12. 

pastor,  -oris,  M.  [pa-,  feed],  herds¬ 
man, shepherd,  1,14.  (W.  G.  58.) 

patefacio,  3,  -feci,  -factus  (pateo, 
lie  open  ;  facio,  make),  lay  open, 
open  :  disclose ,  expose,  bring  to 
light,  59,  20.  (W.  G.  33.) 

patella,  -ae,  f.  (dim.  of  patina, 
pan),  small  pan,  little  dish, 
29,  II. 


patens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
(p.  of  pateo,  lie  open),  open,  20, 
23- 

pater,  -tris,  M.  [pa -,  feed],  father, 
3,  20  :  plur.,  senators,  4,  26. 
(W.  G.  58.) 

paternus,  adj.  (pater,  father),  of 
a  father,  fatherly,  paternal, 
11,  20.  (W.  G.  58.) 
patiens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (p.  of  patior,  endure), 
able  to  bear,  enduring,  patient, 
57,  2. 

patior,  3,  passus,  dep.,  bear,  sup¬ 
port,  endure,  61,  26  :  meet  with, 
suffer,  endure,  59,  15  :  allow, 
permit,  37,  21. 

patria,  -ae,  f.  (fern,  of  patrius, 

ancestral ;  sc.  terra,  land), 
fatherland,  native  land,  6,  24. 
(W.  G.  58.) 

patrimonium,  -I,  n.  (pater, 

father),  inheritance  from  a 
father,  inheritance,  patrimony, 
41,  18.  (W.  G.  58.) 
patrius,  adj.  (pater,  father),  of  a 
father,  paternal,  18,  19.  (W. 
G.  58.) 

patrb,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  bring  to  pass, 
accomplish,  perform,  11,  22. 
patronus,  -I,  m.  (pater,  father), 
protector,  patron,  advocate, 
pleader,  58,  24.  (W.  G.  58.) 
paucus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
few,  10,  15  :  plur.  m.  as  subst., 
few,  a  few,  6,  21. 
paulatim,  adv.  (paulum,  a  little), 
by  degrees,  gradually,  14,  6. 
paulo,  adv.  (abl.  n.  of  paulus, 


2S6 


VOCABULARY. 


little ),  as  ablative  of  difference 
in  expressions  of  comparison, 
by  a  little ,  somewhat ,  a  little ,  8, 
12. 

paulum,  adv.  (paulus,  little ),  a 
little ,  somewhat ,  a  little  while, 
52,  12;  55,  17- 

Paulus,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  famous 
Roman  family  ;  see  Aemilius , 
37,  2. 

pauper,  -eris,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  of  small  means ,  poor ,  28, 
4  :  insignificant,  small ,  50,  2. 
As  subst.,  M.,  a  poor  man,  17,17. 
paupertas,  -atis,  f.  (pauper,  poor), 
poverty,  17,  14. 

pavidus,  adj.  (paveo,  tremble 
with  fear),  trembling,  fearful, 
timid,  18,  8. 

pavor,  -5ris,  M.,  trembling,  shak¬ 
ing,  terror,  dread,  38,  14. 
pax,  pacis,  F.,  compact,  agreement, 
treaty,  peace ,  reconciliation,  4, 

13  ;  64,  19. 

peccatum,  -i,  n.  (pecco,  miss), 

fault,  mistake,  sin,  42,  12. 
pecc5,  1,  -avl,  -atus,  miss,  trans¬ 
gress,  offend,  sin,  42,  12. 
pectus,  -oris,  N.,  breast,  18,  21. 
pecunia,  -ae,  F.  (pecu,  cattle ;  the 
earliest  form  of  wealth),  prop¬ 
erty,  wealth,  riches:  money, 
11,  1. 

pecus,  -oris,  n.,  cattle  of  all  kinds: 

flock:  herd,  1,  18. 
pediculus,  -I,  m.  (dim.  of  pes, 
foot),  a  little  foot,  29,  12. 
pellicio,  3,  -lexl,  -lectus,  allure, 
tempt,  entice,  17,  26. 


pellis,  -is,  F.,  skin,  hide,  leather  . 
winter  tent,  19,  20  (v.  notes, 
%  10,  p.  97)- 

pello,  3,  pepuli,  pulsus  [pel-, 
drive"],  push,  drive,  hurl:  drive 
out,  banish,  put  to  flight,  drive 
away,  expel,  1,  3  ;  41,  23.  (W. 
G.  59.) 

pendo,  3,  pependi,  pensus,  sus¬ 
pend,  weigh:  pay,  32,  17. 
penitus,  adv.  [pa-,  feed],  in¬ 
wardly,  into  the  inmost  part, 
far  within,  11,  24. 
per,  prep,  with  acc.:  of  space, 
through,  across,  through  the 
midst  of,  throughout,  among,  5, 
22  ;  8,  17  ;  17,  7  ;  45,  26:  of 
time,  during ,  for,  distr.  by,  23, 
2;  49>  3:  °f  agency  and  means, 
by  the  agency  of,  by  means  of, 
through  the  instrumentality  of, 
34>  28;  35,  25  ;  40,  17  :  of  an 
apparent  or  pretended  cause, 
under  pretence  of,  34,  30  :  of 
manner,  in,  50,  3. 
perago,  3,  -egl,  -actus  (per, 
through ;  agd,  drive),  thrust 
through  :  go  through  with,  ac¬ 
complish,  finish,  complete,  8,  17; 
19,  23:  set  forth ,  enumerate, 
10,  1. 

peragrd,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (per, 
through;  ager,  field),  wander 
through,  traverse,  pass  through, 

1,  18. 

percello,  3,  -cull,  -culsus  [per, 
thoroughly ;  CEL-,  strike],  beat 
down,  overturn  :  strike ,  smite, 
hit,  24,  22:  astound,  strike  with 


VOCABULARY. 


287 


consternation ,  44,  27.  (W.  G. 
I9-) 

percontor  or  percunctor,  1,  -atus, 
dep.  (per,  by  ;  contus ,  pole,  i.e., 
hunt  with  a  pole),  question 
strictly ,  ask,  inquire,  15,  1 1 . 
perculsus,  p.  of  percello,  44,  27. 
percussor,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  percutid, 
strike  through),  striker,  mur¬ 
derer,  assassin,  56,  1. 
percutio,  3,  -cussl,  -cussus  (per, 
thoroughly ;  quatio,  strike), 
strike  through  and  through, 
pierce,  43,  8 ;  strike,  knock  at, 
48,  9  ;  slay,  kill,  11,  17. 
perdd,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  [per,  through ; 
2  DA-,  put],  make  away  with, 
destroy,  squander,  waste,  lose , 
37,  18  ;  58,  29.  (W.  G.  25.) 
perduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (per, 
through;  duco,  lead),  lead 
through,  lead,  conduct,  2,  3. 
(W.  G.  29.) 

peregrinus,  adj.  (peregre,  fr.  per, 
through;  ager,  field ) ,  from  for¬ 
eign  parts,  foreign,  54,  11. 
perennis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  (per, 
through ;  annus,  year),  lasting 
through  the  year,  everlasting, 
unceasing,  perpetual,  never  fail¬ 
ing,  6, 7 ;  32, 19- 
pereo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -ivi,  -iturus  (per, 
through;  eo,  go),  pass  away, 
disappear :  die,  perish,  56,  4  :  be 
lost,  be  wasted,  be  spent  in  vain, 
68,  24:  be  ruined,  17,  9.  (W. 
G.  4^*) 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  (per, 
through ;  fero,  bear),  bear 


through:  keep,  retain,  67,  16. 
(W.  G.  34.) 

perficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (per,  thor¬ 
oughly  ;  facio,  do),  accomplish, 
carry  out,  complete,  35,  22. 
perfidia,  -ae,  f.  (perfidus,  faith¬ 
less),  faithlessness,  treachery , 
perfidy ,  9,  1.  (W.  G.  35.) 
perfidus,  adj.  [per,  breaking 
through,  disregarding ;  FID-, 
trust],  promise-breaking,  dishon¬ 
est,  treacherous,  faithless,  4,  6. 
(W.  G.  35.) 

perfruor,  3,  -uctus,  dep.  (per, 

thoroughly ;  fruor,  enjoy),  enjoy 
fully,  be  delighted  with,  67,  7. 
perfuga,  -ae,  m.  [per,  thoroughly, 
entirely ;  FVG-,  flee],  deserter, 
35,  25.  (W.  G.  40.) 
perfugid,  3,-fugI,  —  (per,  through, 
entirely;  fugid,  flee),  flee  for 
refuge,  37,  22.  (W.  G.  40.) 
pergo,  3,  perrexi,  perrectus  (per, 
through  ;  rego,  conduct),  go  on, 
press  on,  hasten,  march,  11,  25; 
38,  5.  (W.  G.  65.) 
periclitor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (pericu¬ 
lum,  trial),  try,  prove,  test :  in¬ 
cur  danger,  be  in  peril,  34,  20. 
periculosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (periculum,  trial),  danger¬ 
ous,  perilous,  23,  11. 
periculum,  -I,  N.,  trial,  experi¬ 
ment:  peril,  danger,  risk,  23,  3. 
peritus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  perior,  try),  experienced, 
trained,  skillful,  expert,  10, 

23- 

permagnus,  adj.  (per,  very;  mag- 


288 


VOCABULARY. 


nus,  great),  very  great,  very 
large,  immense,  32,  3. 
permove5,  2,  -mdvi,  -mdtus  (per, 
thoroughly ;  moveo,  move),  move 
deeply,  induce,  persuade,  61,  15. 
(W.  G.  54.) 

permulceo,  2,  -mulsi,  -mulsus 
(per,  without  force ;  mulceo, 

stroke),  rub  gently,  stroke,  20, 
27. 

permutd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (per,  thor¬ 
oughly ;  mutd,  change),  change 
throughout:  exchange ,  65,  11. 
(W.  G.  54.) 

peroro,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (per,  to  the 
end ;  oro,  speak),  speak  from 
beginning  to  end,  plead  at  length, 
58,  1.  (W.  G.  57.) 
perpello,  3,  -puli, — (per,  through; 
pelld,  strike),  urge,  compel ,  pre¬ 
vail  upon,  induce,  35,  26.  (W. 
G.  59.) 

perpetuo,  adv.  (perpetuus,  contin - 
uous),  constantly,  ever,  uninter¬ 
ruptedly,  5,  7. 

perpetuus,  adj.,  continuous,  per¬ 
petual  :  in  perpetuum,  forever, 
for  all  time,  54,  24. 
perrumpo,  3,  -rupi,  -ruptus  (per, 
through;  rumpo,  break),  break 
through,  force  a  way  through, 
70,  15.  (W.  G.  64.)  ' 
persaepe,  adv.  (per,  very ;  saepe, 
often),  very  often,  57,  5. 
perscribo,  3,  -scripsi,  -scriptus 
(per,  to  the  end,  in  full ;  scribd, 
write),  write  in  full:  enter, 
record,  17,  23. 
persecutus,  p.  of  persequor. 


persequor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (per, 

throughout ;  sequor,  follow), 
follow  perseveringly,  follow 
after,  pursue,  44,  13. 
perspicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectus  (per, 
through ;  specio,  look),  look 
through,  look  into:  perceive 
clearly,  note ,  see  through,  un¬ 
derstand,  27,  6.  (W.  G.  68.) 
perstringo,  3,  -inxi,  -ictus  (per, 
-  thoroughly ;  stringo,  bind),  bind 
closely,  press  hard:  affect  deep¬ 
ly,  touch,  move,  7,  5. 
persuaded,  2,  -suasi,  -suasus  (per, 
completely ;  suadeo,  persuade), 
convince,  persuade,  29,  8. 
pertaedet,  2,  -taesum  est,  impers. 
(per,  completely ;  taedet,  it 
wearies),  it  wearies,  disgusts , 
makes  sick,  50,  13. 
perterrefacio,  3, -feci,  -factus  (per, 
thoroughly  ;  terred,  frighten  ; 
facio,  make),  frighten  thorough¬ 
ly,  28,  14. 

pertinaciter,  adv.  (pertinax,  per¬ 
severing),  perseveringly,  obsti¬ 
nately,  stubbornly,  49,  8.  (W.  G. 

7I;) 

pertineo,  2,  -ui,  —  (per,  through, 
to  the  end ;  tened,  hold),  stretch 
out,  reach,  extend,  46,  10.  (W. 

G.  71) 

perturbo,  1,  -avi,  atus  (per,  thor¬ 
oughly ;  turbo,  disturb),  confuse, 
disturb,  confound,  40,  11. 
pervenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (per, 
through,  to ;  venid,  come),  ar¬ 
rive,  come  to,  reach ,  ii,  25.  (W. 

G.  73  ) 


VOCABULARY. 


289 


pes,  pedis,  M.,  foot ,  57,  3  :  pedem 
referre,  to  retreat ,  25,  11. 
pessime  (pessimus),  sup.  of  male, 
worst ,  41,  4. 
pessimus,  see  malus, 
pestilentia,  -ae,  f.  (pestilens, 
infected ),  infectious  disease , 

plague ,  pestilence ,  g,  7. 
pestis,  -is,  F.,  infectious  disease , 
plague:  pest ,  curse ,  bane ,  45, 
27. 

petitio,  -5nis,  f.  (peto, 

attack ,  ai?n  :  application ,  candi¬ 
dacy,  petition ,  56,  20. 
pet5,  3,  -ivl  or  -ii,  petitus,  strive 
for,  seek,  3,  19  :  /0,  40,  20  : 

attack,  aim  at,  20,  1 1 :  demand, 
15,  23  :  beg,  ask,  3,  6  ;  3,  22. 
phalerae,  -arum,  F.  (Gr.,  rd  0d- 
Xepa),  a  metal  plate  for  the 
breast:  for  horses,  a  metal 
breast  decoration,  breast-plate, 
45,  6. 

Pharnaces,  -is,  m.,  Pharnaces, 
son  of  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus,  46,  13. 

Pharsalicus  or  Pharsalius,  adj., 
Pharsalian,  of  Pharsalus  (in 
Thessaly),  53,  3. 

Pharsalos  or  -us,  -T,  f.,  Pharsalus 
or  Pharsalia,  the  Thessalian 
town  near  which  Pompey  was 
defeated  by  Julius  Caesar,  48 
b.c.,  47,  15. 

philosophia,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  <pi\o- 
<ro(f)la),  philosophy,  62,  16. 
philosophus,  adj.,  philosophical . 
As  subst.,  m.  and  F.,  a  philos¬ 
opher ,  48,  7. 


pietas,  -atis,  F.  (pius,  dutiful ), 
dutiful  conduct,  devotion,  piety, 
6,  9  :  duty,  love,  loyalty  to  kin 
and  country,  50,  10. 

pignus,  -oris  and  -eris,  N .,  pledge, 
security,  token ,  proof,  5,  14; 
39,  9- 

pilleus,  -I,  m.,  and  pilleum,  -I,  n., 

close-fitting  felt  cap,  skull-cap, 

10,  20. 

pirata,  -ae,  M.,  sea-robber,  corsair, 
pirate,  45,  15. 

piraticus,  adj.,  of  pirates,  pirat¬ 
ical,  46,  1. 

piscina,  -ae,  f.  (piscis,  fish),  fish¬ 
pond,  69,  20. 

piscis,  -is,  m.,  fish,  69,  22. 

Piso,  -onis,  M.,  family  name  of 
L.  Calpur7iius  Piso,  an  enemy 
of  C.  Gracchus,  41,  8. 

placabilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp, 
(placd,  quiet,  soothe ),  easily 
pacified,  placable,  26,  9. 

Placentia,  -ae,  F.,  Placentia,  a 
city  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  on  the 
P°,  59,  7- 

placeo,  2,  -ui  or  placitus  sum, 
-citus,  please,  be  pleasing,  be 
agreeable,  suit,  33,  1  :  seem 
right,  seem  best,  23,  23.  Im- 
pers.,  it  is  believed,  is  settled,  is 
agreed,  6,  21. 

placide,  adv.  with  comp,  (placi¬ 
dus,  gentle ),  gently,  quietly, 
calmly,  15,  18. 

placo,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  quiet,  soothe: 
reconcile,  conciliate,  43,  10. 

plaga,  -ae,  F.,  blow ,  stroke,  wound, 
55,  2i. 


290 


VOCABULARY. 


plaga,  -ae,  f.  [pleo,  weave], 
hunting-net ,  snare  :  region ,  dis¬ 
trict,  22,  1 8. 

Plancus,  -I,  M.,  Plancus,  family- 
name  of  C.  Plotius  Plancus, 
proscribed  43  B.C.,  65,  3. 
plebeius,  adj.  (plebs,  the  common 
people'),  of  the  common  people , 
plebeian,  17,  25.  (W.  G.  62.) 
plebs,  plebis,  or  plebes,  -el  or  -I,  f. 
[PLE-,y?//],  the  common  people, 
commons,  plebeians,  4,  26.  (W. 
G.  62.) 

plenus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
[ple -,  fill],  full,  filled,  42,  19. 
(W.  G.  62.) 

plerusque,  -raque,  -rumque,  adj. 
(a  strengthened  form  of  plerus, 
a  very  great  paid),  a  very  great 
part,  the  majority.  As  subst., 
plur.  M.,  plerique,  most  people, 
very  many,  46,  29.  (W.  G.  62.) 
Plinius,  -I,  M.,  Plinius,  Roman 
gens  to  which  belonged  C. 
Plinius  Secundus,  or  Pliny, 
the  famous  writer  on  natural 
history.  Perished  79  A.D.,  in 
the  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  58, 
28. 

Plbtius,  -I,  M.,  gentile  name  of 
C.  Plotius  Plancus,  65,  3- 
plumbeus,  adj.  (plumbum,  lead), 
of  lead,  leaden ,  63,  20. 
plumbum,  -T,  n.,  lead,  41,  30. 
plures,  see  1  plus, 
plurimum,  adv.  (acc.  n.  of  plu¬ 
rimus,  most),  very  much :  pluri¬ 
mum  posse,  to  be  very  influential, 
all  powerful ,  14,  8  ;  31,3. 


plurimus,  adj.,  sup.  of  multus 
(plus,  more),  most,  very  much, 
very  many,  5,  6.  (W.  G.  62.) 

1  plus,  pluris,  adj.  [ple-,  fill], 
sing.  N.  as  subst.,  more ,  42,  17: 
plur.,  more,  in  greater  number, 
10,  14;  44,  24:  plures,  M.  subst., 
the  majority,  67,  21. 

2  plus,  adv.  (acc.  N.  of  plus,  the 

adj.),  more,  53,  25.  (W.  G. 

62.) 

poena,  -ae,  F.,  satisfaction,  punish¬ 
ment,  penalty,  3,  27  ;  6,  11. 

Poenus,  -i,  M.,  a  Carthaginian, 
32,  5  :  plur.,  the  Carthaginians, 
30,  17- 

poeta,  -ae,  m.,  poet,  50,  8. 

polliceor,  2,  -itus,  dep.  {^xo,  forth  ; 
liceor,  bid),  hold  forth,  offer, 
promise,  28,  24. 

Pollio,  -6nis,  M.,  family  name  of 
Vedius  Pollio,  punished  by 
Augustus  for  cruelty  to  a  slave, 
69,  1 7. 

Pompeianus,  adj.,  of  Pompey , 
Pompeian ,  52,  4. 

Pompeii,  -orum,  M.,  Pompeii,  the 
well-known  Campanian  city 
destroyed  by  an  eruption  from 
Vesuvius  in  79  A.D.,  22,  25. 

Pompeius,  -T,  m.,  the  Pompeian 
gens,  to  which  Cn.  Pompeius 
Magnus  or  Pompey  belonged, 
42,  23. 

Pompilius,  -I,  m.,  Pompilius,  gen¬ 
tile  name  of  Numa  Pompilius, 

5,  3- 

Pomptinus,  adj.,  Pomptine,  re¬ 
ferring  to  the  Pomptine  marshes 


VOCABULARY. 


291 


along  the  coast  of  Latium,  54, 
19. 

pondo,  adv.  (old  abl.  of  pondus, 

weight),  by  weight,  in  weight, 

21,  21. 

pondus,  -eris,  N.  (cf.  pend5,  weigh), 
weight,  21,  23. 

p5no,  3,  posui,  positus  (for  posino, 
fr.  por  (pr5),  forth,  down  ;  sino, 
set),  put  down,  put,  place,  fix, 
deposit,  62,  5  ;  66,  1 1  :  set  up, 
erect,  16, 18 :  give,  spend,  e?nploy, 
62,  9  :  castra  ponere,  to  pitch 
camp,  26,  1. 

pons,  -ontis,  M.,  bridge,  10,  12. 

ponticulus,  -I,  M.  (dim.  of  pons, 
bridge),  little  bridge,  52,  15. 

Ponticus,  adj.,  of  Pontus,  Pontic , 

53,  13- 

Pontius,  -I,  M.,  name  of  a  Samnite 
and  Roman  gens,  e.g.,  C.  Pon¬ 
tius,  the  famous  Samnite  who 
captured  the  Roman  army  at 
the  Caudine  Forks,  23,  5. 

Pontus,  -I,  M.,  Pontus,  the  king¬ 
dom  of  Mithridates  in  north¬ 
eastern  Asia  Minor,  46,  13. 

populus,  -I,  M.  [ple-,  fiir\,  people, 
nation,  3,  4  ;  6,  2.  (W.  G.  62.) 

porrigo,  3,  -rexi,  -rectus  (por 
(pro),  forth,  out ;  rego,  stretch), 
stretch  out,  extend :  offer,  hand, 
present,  69,  2.  (W.  G.  65.) 

Porsena,  -ae,  M.,  Porsenna ,  king 
of  Etruria,  whose  capital  was 
Clusium,  16,  1. 

porta,  -ae,  F.,  city-gate,  gate,  door, 

5,  25J  J5,  6. 


portendo,  3,  -dl,  -tus  [por  (pro), 
forth ;  tendo  (ten-),  stretch ], 
point  out,  reveal,  foretell,  pre¬ 
dict,  10,  24.  (W.  G.  71.) 
porticus,  -us,  F.  (porta,  gate), 
covered  walk  between  columns, 
colonnade,  portico,  50,  19. 
porto,  1,  -avl,  -atus,  bear,  carry, 
bring,  10,  26  ;  64,  10. 
portorium,  -I,  n.  (cf.  porta,  gate), 
tax,  duty,  custom,  tariff,  54,  12. 
portus,  -us,  m.  (cf.  porta,  gate), 
harbor ,  haven,  22,  20. 
posco,  3,  poposci,  — ,  inch.,  ask 
urgently ,  beg,  de?nand,  15,  12. 
Posidonius,  -I,  M.,  Posidonius, 
a  famous  Stoic  philosopher, 

48,  5- 

possum,  posse,  potui,  irr.  v.  (potis, 
able ;  sum,  be),  be  able ,  have 
power,  can,  5,  19.  (W.  G.  31 
and  63.) 

post,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  acc. : 
as  adv.,  after,  behind,  later,  4, 
16:  as  prep.,  behind,  ig,  12: 
after,  since,  26,  24  :  next  to, 

12,  I. 

postea,  adv.  (post,  after;  ea, 
these  things),  after  this,  there¬ 
after,  later,  2,  18 ;  38,  23. 
(posterus),  adj.,  comp,  posterior, 
sup.  postremus  (post,  after), 
coming  after,  following,  next, 
subsequent,  8,  29;  15,  2:  ad 
postremum,  at  last,  14,  9.  Plur. 
M.  as  subst.,  coming  genera¬ 
tions,  descendants,  posterity,  9, 
22. 


292 


VOCABULARY. 


posticus,  adj.  (post,  after),  in  the 
rear ,  behind.  As  subst.,  N.,  a 
back  door ,  65,  12. 
postmodum,  adv.  (post,  after ; 
modus ,  extent,  measure),  after  a 
while,  a  little  later,  19,  25. 
postquam,  conj.,  after,  as  soon 
as,  when,  12,  8. 

postremo,  adv.  (abl.  of  postremus, 

last),  at  last,  finally,  last  of  all, 

49,  5- 

postremus,  sup.  of  posterus,  last, 

14,  9. 

postridie,  adv.  (for  posteri  die ; 
*  posterus,  next;  dies,  day),  on 
the  day  after,  the  next  day,  5, 

15.  (W.G.  27.) 

postulatum,  -T,  n.  (p.  n.  of  postulo, 

demand),  demand,  request, 
claim,  10,  1. 

postulo,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  ask ,  de¬ 
mand,  claim ,  desire,  32,  14; 

39,  9- 

Postumius,  -T,  M.,  Roman  gentile 
name,  as  Spurius  Postumius 
Albinus,  consul  321  B.C.,  23,  4. 
potentatus,  -us,  m.  (potens,  able), 
might,  power ,  rule,  dominion, 
4,  16. 

potentia,  -ae,  f.  (potens,  able), 
might,  force,  power,  41,  3.  (W. 
G.  63.) 

potestas,  -atis,  F.  (potis,  able), 
ability,  sovereignty,  sway,  do- 
minion,  power,  14,  3;  45,  5: 
office,  authority,  40,  15.  (W.  G. 

63-) 

potior,  4,  -itus,  dep.  (potis,  able), 
become  fnaster  of,  take  posession 


of,  get,  obtain ,  2,  24.  (W.  G. 

63-) 

potius,  adv.  comp,  [potis,  able ; 
fr.  POT-,  master ],  rather,  prefer¬ 
ably,  32,  9.  (W.G.  63.) 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of,  7,  27  :  compared  with, 
28,  4. 

praebeo,  2,  -ul,  -itus  (-prae,  forth  ; 
habeo,  hold),  hold  forth,  offer, 
tender,  41,  25  :  afford,  give, 
present,  47,  3.  (W.  G.  45.) 

praeceptor,  -5ris,  m.  [prae,  before; 
CAP-,  take],  teacher ,  instructor, 
57,  18. 

praeceptum,  -i,  n.  (p.  n.  of  prae¬ 
cipio,  advise),  ?naxim,  rule, 
order,  command,  62,  23. 

praecido,  3,  -cidi,  -cisus  (prae,  be¬ 
fore,  in  front ;  caedd,  cut),  cut 
off  in  front ,  cut  off,  26,  4.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

praecino,  3,  -uT,  —  (prae,  before  ; 
cano,  make  music),  play  before, 
3i,  5- 

praecipid,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  (prae, 

beforehand ;  capid,  take),  take 
beforehand,  get  in  advance  :  ad¬ 
vise,  warn,  direct,  order,  4,  29. 
(W.  G.  17.) 

praecipue,  adv.  (praecipuus,  spe¬ 
cial,  chief),  chiefly,  principally, 
eminently,  47,  25.  (W.  G.  17.) 

praeclarus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (prae,  intensive ;  clarus, 
bright),  very  bright,  brilliant: 
eminent,  excellent,  famous ,  45, 
20.  (W.  G.  15.) 

praeda,  -ae,  f.,  property  taken  in 


VOCABULARY. 


293 


war ,  booty ,  spoil ,  plunder ,  19, 
26. 

praedicatio,  -onis,  f.  (praedico, 

make  known),  public  proclatna- 
tion  :  praise,  boast,  53,  12.  (W. 
G.  26.) 

1  praedicd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (prae, 
before ;  dico,  make  known), 
make  known  by  proclamation, 
proclaim  :  declare  openly,  make 
known,  relate,  60,  12.  (W.  G. 
26.) 

2  praedico,  3,  -dixi,  -dictus  (prae, 
before ;  died,  say),  say  before, 
foretell,  predict :  advise,  ad¬ 
monish,  warn,  55,  7.  (W.  G. 
26.) 

praedo,  -onis,  m.  (praeda,  spoil), 
one  that  makes  booty ,  plunderer, 
robber,  pirate,  45,  28. 
praefectus,  -i,  m.  (p.  of  praeficio, 
put  over),  overseer .  commander, 
governor,  35,  6.  (W.  G.  33.) 
praeferd,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  (prae, 
before ;  ferd,  bear),  bear  before, 
carry  in  front,  53,  14:  offer, 
present,  60,  18  :  place  before, 
prefer,  40,  24.  (W.  G.  34.) 
praeferox,  -5cis,  adj.  (prae,  inten¬ 
sive;  ferdx,  violent),  very  vio¬ 
lent,  insolent,  53,  8. 

(praefor),  1,  -fatus,  dep.  (prae, 
before;  *  for,  say),  say  before- 
hand,  59,  30.  (W.  G.  32.) 
praeluceo,  2,  -luxi,  —  (prae,  be¬ 
fore ;  luced,  shine),  shine  before, 
shed  light  before,  31,  5.  (W.  G. 
50-) 

praemitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (prae, 


before ;  mittd,  send),  send  for¬ 
ward,  despatch  in  advance,  21,2. 

(W.  G.  53-) 

praemium,  -1,  n.,  advantage,  fa¬ 
vor :  reward,  28,  24. 

praeripio,  3,  -ripui,  -reptus  (prae, 
before  ;  rapid,  take  away),  snatch 
axvay,  carry  off,  10,  15.  (W.  G. 

64-) 

praesens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
(p.  of  praesum,  be  before),  at 
hand,  in  person,  present,  59, 
21.  (W.  G.  31.) 

praesidium,  -i,  n.  [praeses,  fr. 
prae,  before  ;  sid-,  sit  ] ,  defence, 
protection,  aid :  troops,  guard, 
garrison,  16,  6;  23,  15.  (W. 
G.  67.) 

praesto,  1,  -iti,  -itus  (prae,  before ; 
sto,  stand),  stand  out,  stand  be¬ 
fore,  excel,  surpass,  14,  26.  (W. 
G.  69.) 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui  (prae,  before  ; 
sum,  be),  be  before,  be  set  over, 
have  charge  of,  3,  20.  (W.  G.  31 .) 

praeter,  prep,  with  acc.,  past,  by : 
contrary  to,  against,  45,  5  : 
beyond,  besides,  in  addition  to, 
3g,  1 :  except,  apart  from,  24, 
10. 

praeterea,  adv.  (praeter,  besides  ; 
ea,  these  things),  in  addition, 
further,  moveover,  5,13;  27,  24. 

praetereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  (praeter, 
by,  past;  eo,  go),  go  by,  go  past, 
pass  by,  36,  15.  (W.  G.  46.) 

praeteritus,  adj.  (p.  of  praetereo, 
go  by),  gone  by,  past,  departed , 

67,  5- 


294 


VOCABULARY. 


praetervehor,  3,  -vectus,  dep. 
(praeter,  by;  vehor,  be  carried ), 
be  borne  past ,  sail  by,  pass  by, 
30,  5. 

praetextatus,  adj.  (praetexta,  toga 
praetexta),  wearing  the  toga 
praetexta,  20,  24. 
praetextus,  adj.  (p.  of  praetexo, 
border,  fringe),  bordered,  edged. 
As  subst.,  F.,  the  toga  praetexta, 
11,  17. 

praetor,  -5ris,  m.  [for  praeitor ; 
prae,  before;  I-,  go],  leader, 
chief,  magistrate :  praetor :  as 
governor  of  a  province,  pro¬ 
praetor,  ex-praetor,  58,  22.  (W. 
G.  46.) 

praetorius,  adj.  (praetor,  praetor), 
of  the  praetor,  praetorian,  30, 
26.  As  subst.,  M.,  one  who  has 
been  praetor,  ex-praetor,  37,  23. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

praevenio,  4,  -veni,  -ventus  (prae, 
before ;  venio,  come),  come  be¬ 
fore,  precede,  outstrip,  antici¬ 
pate,  prevent,  32,  8 ;  57,  5. 

(W.G.  73.) 

pravus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 

crooked,  deformed:  wrong,  bad, 
wicked,  59,  28. 

precor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (*prex, 

prayer),  ask,  beg,  entreat,  pray, 

20,  1. 

prehendo,  and  prendo,  3,  -hendl, 

-hensus,  lay  hold  of,  catch,  69, 

3°;_ 

pretiosus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (pretium,  price),  of  great 
value,  costly,  precious,  47,  22. 


pretium,  -I,  n.,  price ,  money ,  ran¬ 
som,  15,  Ii ;  26,  7:  pay,  re¬ 
ward,  17,  26. 

(prex,  precis),  nom.  and  gen.  sing, 
not  in  use,  F.,  prayer,  request \ 
entreaty,  43,  10. 

pridem,  adv.,  long  ago,  long 
since,  52,  3. 

pridie,  adv.,  on  the  day  before , 
the  previous  day,  55,  29.  (W. 
G.  27.) 

primd,  adv.  (primus,  first),  at 
first,  at  the  beginning,  first, 
1,  16  ;  11,  25. 

(primoris,  -e),  adj.  (primus,  first), 
first,  7,  4.  Plur.  m.  as  subst., 
the  chiefs,  nobles,  leaders,  14, 
16. 

primum,  adv.  (n.  of  primus,  first),_ 
at  first,  first :  for  the  first 
time,  19,  18  :  quam  primum, 
soon  as  possible,  50,  17  :  ut 
primum,  as  soon  as,  63,  14. 

primus,  adj.  sup.,  the  first,  first, 
4,  3  ;  46,  25.  As  subst.,  M. 
plur.,  the  foremost,  31,  25. 

princeps,  -cipis,  adj.  [primus, 
first ;  cap-,  take ] ,  first  in  or¬ 
der,  foremost,  7,  26  :  chief,  emi¬ 
nent,  7n  ost  )ioble,  56,  7.  As 
subst.,  M.,  leader,  foremost  man, 
chief,  27,  12;  44,  4:  ruler, 
anperor,  69,  10.  (W.  G.  17.) 

principium,  -T,  n.  (princeps,  first 
in  order),  beginning,  33,  28. 
(W.  G.  17.) 

prior,  neut.  prius,  -dris,  adj.  comp., 
former,  prior,  first,  2,  18  ;  33, 
12. 


VOCABULARY. 


295 


Priscus,  -i,  M.  (priscus,  of  former 
times ),  Priscus ,  cognomen  of 
Tarquinius  Priscus ,  ii,  5. 
prius,  adv.  comp.  (sing.  n.  of 
prior,  former),  before,  sooner, 
first ,  13,  7  :  with  quam,  earlier 
than,  sooner  than,  before,  7,  18. 
priusquam,  see  prius,  7,  18  ;  31, 

10. 

privatim,  adv.  (privatus,  private), 
apart  from  state  affairs,  in 
private ,  privately,  58,  2. 
privatus,  adj.  (p.  of  privo,  take 
from,  withdraw),  apart  from 
the  state,  personal,  private, 
39,  5.  As  subst.,  M.,  man  in 
private  life ,  private  citizen,  67, 
20. 

privo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (privus,  one's 
own),  deprive,  rob,  1,  4. 
pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of:  for  the  sake  of,  in 
behalf  of,  6,  23;  22,  27;  54, 
29  :  in  place  of,  instead  of,  17, 
20  :  for,  the  same  as,  as,  5, 
2 :  in  proportion  to,  in  com- 
parison  with,  according  to,  36, 
12  :  for,  in  exchange  for,  15,  23. 
proavus,  -i,  M.  (pro,  before; 
avus,  grandfather ),  great¬ 
grandfather,  58,  27. 
probo,  i,-avi,  -atus  (probus,  good), 
esteem  good,  approve,  commend, 
38,  7- 

proboscis,  -idis,  f.,  proboscis,  28, 

1 1. - 

Proca,  -ae,  M.,  Proca,  an  Alban 
king,  father  of  Numitor  and 
Amulius,  1,  1. 


procedo,  3,  -cessi,  —  (pr5,  before  ; 
ced5,  go),  go  forward,  proceed, 
advance,  go  forth,  4,  I ;  4,  27. 
procella,  -ae,  f.  [pr 0,  forth  ;  cel-, 
drive],  violent  wind,  storm, 
tempest,  34,  25.  (W.  G.  19.) 
proclamo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pro,  out, 
forth ;  clamb,  call),  call ,  cry 
out,  8,  10 ;  40,  25. 
procul,  adv.  [pro,  forth,  away ; 
CEL-,  drive],  at  a  distance,  away, 
far,  afar  off,  2,  8;  35,  2.  (W. 
G.  19.) 

Proculus,  -I,  m.,  Proculus,  a  Ro¬ 
man  surname,  4,  25. 
prbcumbo,  3,  -cubui,  -cubitus 
(pr5,  forward;  *  cumbb,  fall), 
fall  forward,  sink  down,  fall 
prostrate,  46,  21. 
procurb,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pr5,  for ; 
euro,  care),  take  care  of,  attend 
to:  avert,  expiate  by  sacrifice , 

5,  13.  (W.  G.  18.) 
prodigium,  -I,  n.,  prophetic  sign, 
token,  oitien,  prodigy,  10,  23. 
proditio,  -onis,  f.  [pr5,  forth, 
away ;  1  DA-,  give] ,  betrayal, 
treason,  treachery,  3,  26. 
proditor,  -5ris,  M.  [pro,  forth, 
away ;  1  DA-,  give] ,  betrayer, 
19,  6.  (W.  G.  25.) 
prbdo,  3,  -didl,  -ditus  \jpxo,  forth; 
2  DA -,  put],  exhibit,  reveal:  re¬ 
late,  hand  down,  transmit,  15,7. 
(W.  G.  25.) 

proelior,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (proelium, 

battle ),  join  battle,  fight,  59,  7. 
proelium,  -i,  N.,  battle,  combat,  4, 
10. 


296 


VOCABULARY. 


profecto,  adv.  (pro,  according  to; 
factum,  fact),  actually ,  indeed, 
certainly ,  surely ,  59,  9.  (W.  G. 

33-) 

profectus,  p.  of  proficiscor,  10,  7. 
profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  (pro, 

out,  forth ;  fero,  carry),  carry 
out,  bring  forth,  39,  1.  (W. 
G.  34.) 

prdficid,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (pr5, 
forth  ;  facio,  make),  make  head¬ 
way,  succeed,  30,  3. 
proficiscor,  3,  -fectus,  dep.  (pro, 
forth,  off ;  *faciscor  (facio),  be¬ 
gin  to  make),  set  forward ,  set 
out,  go,  march  forth ,  depart ,  10, 
7  ;  10,  18;  46,  2.  (W.  G.  33.) 
profiteor,  2,  -fessus,  dep.  (pro, 
forth ,  publicly;  fateor,  confess ), 
declare  publicly ,  avow,  profess , 
29,  5- 

prdfligd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (prd,  for¬ 
ward,  down ;  fligo,  strike), 
strike  to  the  ground,  overthrow, 
defeat,  conquer,  33,  9. 
profugio,  3,  -fugi,  —  (pro ,  forth  : 
fugio,  flee),  flee,  run  away,  es¬ 
cape,  18,  22  ;  41,  24.  (W.  G.  40.) 
profugus,  adj.  [pro,  forth  ;  fvg-, 
flee],  fugitive,  banished.  As 
subst.  M.,  a  fugitive,  59,  3.  (W. 
G.  40.) 

profundo,  3,  -fudi,  -fusus  (pro, 
forth  ;  fundo,  pour),  pour  out , 
pour  forth :  waste,  squander, 
59,  12.  (W.  G.  39.) 
profusus,  adj.  (p.  of  profundo, 
pour  out),  lavish,  extravagant, 
40,  13.  (W.  G.  39.) 


progredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep.  (prd, 
forth  ;  gradior,  go),  go  forth, 
come  forth,  advance,  36,  12. 

(W.  G.  44-) 

prohibeo,  2,  -ui,  -itus  (prd,  forth, 
away  from  ;  habed,  hold),  keep 
away  from ,  check,  hinder,  debar, 
prevent,  63,  19. 

proicio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (prd,  forth; 
iacio,  throw), throw  forth, throw, 
40,  31:  extend,  46,  9.  (W.  G.47.) 
proinde,  adv.  (prd,  forth ;  inde, 
from  that  time),  hence,  accord- 
ingly,  therefore,  53,  29. 
promineo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  stand  out, 
jut,  overhang,  lean  out,  betid 
forward,  stretch  out,  62,  2. 
promissum,-!,  n.  (prdmittd,  prom¬ 
ise),  promise,  66,  8. 
promittd,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (prd, 
forth  ;  mittd,  send),  let  go,  put 
forth:  promise,  assure,  5,  14. 
(W.  G.  53.) 

promptus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  promo,  bring  forth), 
disclosed,  manifest:  ready, 

prompt ,  quick,  36,  22. 
pronepos,  -otis,  M.  (prd,  before ; 
nepos,  grandson),  great-grand¬ 
son,  59,  12. 

pronuntio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pro, 

forth, abroad;  nuntid, announce), 
publish,  proclaim,  decide,  de¬ 
clare,  66,  15. 

prope,  adv.  with  comp,  propius, 
about,  nearly ,  almost,  49,  3. 
prdpelld,  3,  -puli,  -pulsus  (prd, 
forth  ;  pelld,  drive),  drive  forth , 
drive  out,  35,  5.  (W.  G.  59.) 


VOCABULARY. 


297 


propensus,  adj.with  comp.  (p.  of 
propendeo,  hang  down),  hanging 
down:  inclined,  disposed,  27, 
16. 

propero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (properus, 

quick),  niake  haste,  go  quickly, 
hasten,  2,  2. 

propinquus,  adj.  with  comp, 
(prope,  near),  near,  neighboring, 
46,  11.  As  subst.,  M.  and  F., 
relation,  kinsman,  49,  6. 

propius,  adv.,  comp,  of  prope, 
nearer,  55,  14. 

propono,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (pro, 
forth;  pond,  put),  put  forth, 
display :  report,  propose,  17,  22: 
offer,  28,  24. 

propositum,  -I,  n.  (p.  n.  of  pro- 
pond,  propose),  plan,  design, 

44,  23. 

proprie,  adv.  (proprius,  own,  per¬ 
sonal),  personally :  especially, 
peculiarly,  36,  23. 

propter,  prep,  with  acc.  (prope, 
near),  near,  hard  by  :  on  ac¬ 
count  of,  fro77i ,  because  of,  4, 
19  ;  g,  I. 

proripio,  3,  -pul,  -reptus  (pro, 
forth  ;  rapid,  drag),  drag  forth  : 
with  se,  hurry  forth,  rush,  11, 
30.  (W.  G.  64.) 

prorogd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pro,  for¬ 
ward  ;  rogo,  ask),  prolo7ig,  con- 
ti7iue,  extend,  40,  16. 

proscribo,  3,  -scripsi,  -scriptus 
(pro,  forth,  publicly ;  scribd, 
write),  proclai77i,  publish,  out¬ 
law,  proscribe,  61,  21. 

proscriptio,  -onis,  f.  (proscribo, 


make  public),  7iotice  of  sale,  ad- 
vertiseme7it: proscription, 64,  22. 
proscriptus,  -i,  m.  (proscribo, 
proscribe),  outlaw,  proscribed 
person,  64,  26. 

prosequor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (pro, 

forth,  out ;  sequor,  follow), 
follow,  acco77ipa7iy ,  attend,  60, 
30- 

Proserpina,  -ae,  f.,  Proserpina, 
the  wife  of  Pluto,  and  queen  of 
the  lower  world,  30,  6. 
prSsilio,  4,  -ui,  —  (pro,  forth; 
salid,  ju7np),  leap  forward, 
spring  up,  55,  18. 
prosperus,  adj.  with  comp,  (pro, 
according  to;  spes,  hope),  ac¬ 
cording  to  hope,  favorable,  pros¬ 
perous.  As  subst.,  N.,  good 
fortiuie,  prosperity,  30,  14. 
prosum,  prddesse,  profui, —  (pro, 
for  ;  sum,  be),  be  useful,  benefit, 
profit,  6,  12.  (W.  G.  31.) 
protinus,  adv.  [pro,  forward ; 
TEN-,  stretch ],  forward,  right 
onward :  forthwith,  at  once , 
52,  28.  (W.  G.  71.) 
provehd,  3,  -vexi,  -vectus  (pro, 
forward ;  veho,  carry),  carry 
forward :  pass.,  move  forward, 
sail,  61,  25.  (W.  G.  72.) 
provincia,  -ae,  f.,  office,  duty: 

territory,  province,  40,  14. 
provoco,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pro,  forth  ; 
voco,  call),  call  forth,  su7U7non  : 
make  an  appeal,  appeal,  8,  9. 
(W.  G.  77.) 

proxime,  adv.  sup.  (proximus, 
nearest ),  nearest,  next,  49,  25. 


298 


VOCABULARY. 


proximus,  adj.  sup.  (prope,  near), 
nearest,  35,  29;  36,  16:  last, 
6,  18.  As  subst.,  m.,  those 
nearest,  the  bystanders,  52,  13  : 
in  proximo,  near  by,  3,  2. 
prudentia,  -ae,  f.  (prudens),  fore¬ 
seeing:  sagacity,  caution,  good 
sense ,  36,  23.  (W.  G.  75.) 
psittacus,  -I,  M.  (Gr.,  xf/lrraKos), 
parrot,  68,  20. 

Ptolemaeus,  -I,  M.,  Ptolemaeus, 
Ptolemy,  name  of  several  kings 
of  Egypt,  47,  16. 
publice,  adv.  (publicus,  of  the 
people),  publicly,  officially ,  in 
behalf  of  the  state,  15,  27:  by 
order  of  the  state,  16,  16. 
publico,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (publicus, 
public),  make  public :  open  to 
the  public,  54,  19.  (W.  G. 
62.) 

publicus,  adj.  (populus,  people), 
of  the  people,  of  the  state,  pub¬ 
lic,  common,  8,  1 ;  9,  26.  As 
subst.,  N.,  state  treasuiy,  39,  5. 
(W.  G.  62.) 

Publius,  -I,  M.,  Publms,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  25,  6. 
pudor,  -oris,  M.,  shame,  disgrace, 

24,  4. 

puella,  -ae,  f.  (dim.  of  puer,  bey), 
girl ,  maiden,  8,  2. 
puer,  -eri,  m.,  boy,  young  mail, 

12,  5 ;  45,  11 :  slave,  69,  21: 


qua,  see  qua  re. 

quadragesimus,  adj.  (quadragin¬ 
ta,  forty),  the  fortieth ,  45,  31. 


plur.  pueri,  children,  n,  18: 
a  pueris,  from  childhood,  40,  1. 

puerilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  (puer, 
boy),  boyish,  childish,  youthful, 
57,  16. 

pugi5,  -onis,  M.,  short  dagger, 
dirk,  55,  20. 

pugna,  -ae,  F.,  hand-to-hand  fight, 
battle ,  combat,  4,  2. 

pugn5,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (pugna, 
fight),  fight,  give  battle,  engage, 

4,  8  ;  46,  4. 

pulcher, -chra,  -chrum,  adj.,  comp, 
pulchrior,  sup.  pulcherrimus, 
beautiful ,22,  17:  noble, glorious, 
honorable,  46,  24. 

pulsus,  p.  of  pello,  1,  3. 

pulvis,  -eris,  m.  or  f.,  dust,  37,  9. 

pungo,  3,  pupugi,  punctus,  prick : 
afflict,  sting,  48,  18. 

Punicus,  adj.,  Punic ,  Cartha¬ 
ginian,  30,  18. 

puni5,  4,  -Ivi,  -Itus  (poena,  penal¬ 
ty),  pmiish,  correct,  chastise, 
44,  7* 

Puteoli,  -orum,  M.,  Puteoli,  famous 
sea-port  town  of  Campania,  22, 

25* 

puto,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  clean:  jicdge, 
suspect,  believe,  think,  21,  18. 

Pyrenaeus,  adj.,  Pyrenaean. 
Subst.,  M.,  the  Pyrenees,  33,  6. 

Pyrrhus,  -I,  m.,  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
Epirus,  25,  2. 


quadraginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 

(quattuor,  four),  forty,  6,  16. 
quadrigae,  -arum,  f.  (for  quadri- 


VOCABULARY. 


299 


iugae,cf.  quattuor,  four;  iugum, 
yoke),  a  team  of  four ,  four- 
horse  team ,  8,  30.  (W.  G.  48.) 

quadringenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 
(quattuor,  fotir  ;  centum,  hun¬ 
dred ),  four  hundred ,  32,  1. 

quaero,  3,  -sivi,  -situs,  seek ,  look 
for ,  32,  22:  ask,  inquire,  27,  29. 

quaeso,  3,  — ,  — ,  archaic  form  of 
quaerd,  found  only  in  1st  per. 
sing,  and  plu.  indie,  pres.,  beg, 
pray,  beseech,  18,  18. 

quaestor,  -5ris,  m.  (for  quaesitor, 
fr.  quaero,  question),  quaestor,  a 
Roman  magistrate  whose  du¬ 
ties  consisted  mainly  in  caring 
for  the  public  money  and  the 
military  stores.  There  were  at 
first  but  two  quaestors,  but 
their  number  increased  until 
there  were  forty  in  Caesar’s 
time.  50,  1. 

quaestura,  -ae,  f.  (quaestor,  quaes¬ 
tor),  the  office  of  quaestor,  quaes¬ 
tor  ship,  58,  17. 

qualis,  -e,  pronom.  adj.  interrog., 
of  what  sort,  what  kind  of  27, 
29. 

quam,  adv.  (case  form  of  qui, 
who),  in  what  7nanner,  how, 
17,  18  :  after  a  comp,  or  word 
of  comparison,  than,  3,1:  tam 
.  .  .  quam,  so ...  as :  quam  diu, 
as  long  as,  29,  15:  quam  pri¬ 
mum,  as  soon  as  possible,  50,  17. 
(W.  G.  27.) 

quamquam,  conj.,  though ,  al¬ 
though,  44,  18. 

quamvis,  conj.  (quam,  as;  vis, 


you  will),  however  much ,  al¬ 
though,  48,  19;  52,  7. 
quantum,  adv.  (quantus,  how 
much),  as  much  as,  as  far  as, 
33,  19- 

quantus,  pronom.  adj.:  relat., 

as  much  as,  as  great  as,  24,  21; 
41,  7  :  interrog.,  how  great  ? 
19,18.  As  subst.,  N.,  how  much? 
as  much,  16,  16;  52,  13. 
quapropter,  adv.,  on  account  of 
which,  wherefore,  32,  23. 
qua  re,  rel.  adv.  (qua,  by  what ; 
re,  means),  in  order  that,  so 
that ,  therefore,  by  reason  of 
which,  1,  19. 

quartanus,  adj.  (quartus,  fourth), 
occurring  on  the  fourth  day, 
quartan,  4g,  2. 

quartus,  adj.  (quattuor,  four), 
fourth,  28,  17. 

quasi,  adv.  (quam,  as  ;  si,  if),  as 
if,  just  as  if,  on  the  ground  that, 

2,  4;  11,  4. 

quater,  adv.  num.  (cf.  quattuor, 
four),  four  times,  59,  5. 
quattuor,  num.  adj.  indecl .,four, 
13,  26. 

-que,  conj.  enclit.,  and,  but,  ac¬ 
cordingly,  1,  12. 

querella,  -ae,  f.,  lament:  accusa¬ 
tion,  co?nplaint,  23,  18. 
queror,  3,  questus,  dep.,  complain , 
lament,  bewail,  68,  28. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  adj.  pron.  inter¬ 
rog.,  which?  what?  what  kind 
of?  5,  12  ;  53,  29. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  pron.  rel.,  who, 
which ,  1,2;  1,  8. 


300 


VOCABULARY. 


qul,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  pron. 
indef.,  used  after  si,  nisi,  ne, 
num,  any ,  33,  20. 
qul,  adv.  interrog.,  how?  41,  13. 
quia,  conj.,  becatise ,  7,  n. 
quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  indef.  rel.  pron.  (qul, 
who ;  -cumque,  indef.  suff.), 
whoever ,  whatever ,  every  one 
zvho,  everything  that,  2,  23;  25, 
9;  35,  8. 

quid,  adv.  interrog.  (acc.  n.  of 
quis,  who),  how?  why?  what? 

42,  6. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam,  and 
as  subst.  quiddam,  pron.  indef., 
a  certain,  a,  somebody,  one,  12, 
9;  29,  4:  plur.,  some,  some 
things,  8,  16  ;  55,  27. 
quidem,  adv.,  to  be  sure,  certainly, 
indeed,  6,  11  :  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  eve n,  21,  5. 

quidquam,  see  quisquam,  24,  10. 
quies,  -etis,  F.,  rest,  repose ,  9,  8  : 
sleep,  23,  19. 

quietus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  quiescd,  rest),  at  rest, 
cahn,  inactive,  quiet,  62,  1. 
quin,  conj.  (abl.  qui,  why ;  ne, 
not),  interrog.,  why  not  ?  where¬ 
fore  not?  24,  18:  corrobora¬ 
tive,  but,  indeed,  nay,  in  fact, 
38,  16  :  in  a  dependent  clause, 
so  that  not,  but,  but  that,  from, 
2,  8  ;  19,  5. 

Quinctilius,  -I,  m.,  P.  Quinctilius 
Varus,  a  general  of  Augustus, 
defeated  by  the  Germans  9 
B.c.,  71,  12. 


quindecim,  num.  adj.  (quinque, 
five  ;  decern,  ten),  fifteen ,  15, 
26. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj. 
(quinque,  five;  centum,  hun¬ 
dred),  five  hundred,  37,  25. 
quinquaginta,  num.  adj.  indecl., 

fifty  >  23, 2. 

quinque,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  five , 

54,  8. 

quinquennium,  -I,  n.  (quinque, 
five  ;  annus ,  year),  a  period  of 
five  years,  64,  20. 
quinquiens,  adv.  (quinque,  five), 

five  times,  54,  3. 

quintus,  num.  adj.  (quinque,  five), 
fifth,  20,  12. 

Quintus,  -I,  m.,  a  Roman  praeno¬ 
men,  32,  25. 

Quirinalis,  -e,  adj.  (Quirinus), 

of  Quirinus,  of  Romulus,  Quirt- 
nal,  referring  to  the  Quirinal 
hill,  one  of  the  seven  hills, 
5,  i- 

Quirinus,  -I,  m.  (Quiris,  i.e.  Cures), 

Quirinus,  the  deified  Romulus, 
5,  2. 

quis,  quid,  pron.  interrog.,  who  ? 
which  one  ?  what  man  ?  what 
thing?  what?  2,  1;  5,  17. 
quis,  qua,  quid,  pron.  indef.,  with 
si,  nisi,  ne,  num,  any  one,  any¬ 
thing,  some  one,  something,  41, 
20  ;  67,  23. 

quisnam,  or  (as  adj.)  quinam, 
quaenam,  quidnam  or  (as  adj.) 
quodnam,  pron.  interrog.  (quis, 
who  ;  -nam,  intens.),  who  then  ? 
who  in  the  world?  what  in  the 


VOCABULARY. 


301 


world?  what,  pray  ?  40,  19; 

44,  8. 

quisquam,  m.,  quicquam,  n., 
pron.  indef.  (quis,  any  one ; 
-quam,  indef.  suff.),  any,  any 
one,  anything ,  24,  10  ;  56,  2. 
quisque,  quaeque,  quidque,  and 
(as  adj.)  quodque,  pron.  indef. 
(quis,  who  ;  -que,  indef.  suff.), 
whoever  it  be,  each,  each  one , 
everybody,  everything,  all ,  6, 

23 ;  54,  16. 

quisquis,  quicquid,  and  (as  adj.) 
quodquod,  pron.  rel.  indef. 
(quis,  who,  doubled),  whoever, 
whatever,  every  one  who,  every¬ 
thing  which ,  42,  5. 
quo,  adv.  and  conj.  (old  dat. 
and  abl.  form  of  qui),  whither, 
50,  1:  in  order  that,  9,  4  ;  41, 

30- 

quod,  adv.  and  conj.  (acc.  n. 
sing,  of  rel.  qui,  as  to  which), 
as  adv.,  as  to  what,  in  what: 
quod  si,  but  if,  52,  14  :  as  conj., 
that,  in  that,  because,  11,  17; 
42,  5;  47,  2  ;  51,  21. 


quominus,  conj.  (quo,  by  which ; 
minus,  less),  that  not,  lest,  from, 

27,  10. 

quo  modo,  rel.  adv.  (quo,  in  what; 
mod5,  manner ),  in  the  manner 
that,  as,  42,  15. 

quondam,  adv.  (cum,  when, 
si?ice ;  -dam,  demonstr.  suff.), 
once,  formerly,  on  a  time,  5, 
10;  55,  25. 

quoniam,  adv.  (quom,  when, 
since;  iam,  now),  since  now, 
since,  because ,  24,  9. 
quoque,  conj.  (placed  after  an 
emphatic  word),  also,  too,  6,  3. 
quorsum  and  quorsus,  adv.  (quo, 
whither ;  versus,  turned),  to 
what  place ,  whither,  51,  26. 
quot,  rel.  adj.  plur.  indecl.,  as,  as 
many  as,  26,  4  :  quot  .  .  .  tot, 
as  many  ...  as. 
quotannis  (quot,  how  many ;  an¬ 
nus,  year),  every  year,  amiual- 

71, 13- 

quousque,  adv.  (quo,  whither ; 
usque,  up  to),  until  what  time, 
till  when,  40,  6. 


R 


radius,  -i,  m.,  staff,  rod:  beam, 
ray ,  37,  9. 

radix,  -ids,  f.,  root,  29,  13. 
rapina,  -ae,  f.  [rap-,  snatch],  rob¬ 
bery,  plunder,  1,  18.  (W.  G. 
54-) 

rapid,  3,  -pui,  raptus  [rap-, 
snatch ],  seize  and  carry  off, 
snatch,  drag,  3,  15;  12,  1 1 ; 


69,  19  :  rapere  in  ius,  drag  be¬ 
fore  the  court,  8,  7.  (W.  G. 

64.) 

raro,  adv.  with  comp,  (rarus, 

rare),  seldom,  rarely,  70,  24. 
rarus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
thin,  rare:  infrequent,  uncom¬ 
mon,  56,  7. 

ratio,  -5nis,  F.  (cf.  reor,  reckon ), 


302 


VOCABULARY. 


reckoning ,  account :  course ,  con- 
duct ,  plan ,  33,  12. 
ratis,  -is,  f.,  raft,  float:  vessel, 
30,  23. 

rebello,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-,  again  ; 
bell5,  wage  war),  wage  war 
again,  revolt,  rebel,  ig,  17.  (W. 
G.  28.) 

recedo,  3, -cessi, -cessus  (re-,  back; 
ced5,  go),  go  back,  retire,  retreat, 
withdraw,  45,  10  :  desist,  33, 

14.  (W.  G.  14.) 

receptus,  -us,  m.  [re-,  back ;  cap-, 
take\,  taking  back :  retiring,  re¬ 
treat,  34,  21. 

recessus,  -us,  m.  [re-,  back ;  cad-, 
fair\,  going  back,  retreat :  nook, 
recess,  45,  26.  (W.  G.  14.) 
recido  or  reccido,  3,  reccidl  or 
recidi,  recasurus  (re-,  back ; 
cado,  fall),  fall  back :  pass,  re¬ 
turn,  fall  to,  4,  17.  (W.  G.  14.) 
recipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus(re-,  back; 
capio,  take),  take  back,  recover, 
12,  11  ;  36,  7:  with  pron.  re¬ 
flex.,  withdraw,  retire,  26,  5 : 
accept,  admit,  receive,  welcome , 
4,  15.  (W.  G.  17.) 
reconcilio,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-, 
again;  concilio,  procure),  pro¬ 
cure  again,  reestablish,  restore, 
64,  10’:  reu7iite,  reconcile,  43,  1 1. 
recreo,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-,  agam, 
anew  ;  creo,  make),  make  a7iew, 
revive,  e7icourage,  46,  22. 
recte,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(rectus,  straight),  in  a  straight 
line:  properly,  well,  12,  20. 
(W.  G.  65.) 


recubo,  1,  — , — ,  (re-,  back;  cubo, 
lie),  lie  upon  the  back,  lie  back , 
reclme,  38,  23. 

recupero,  1,  -avl,  -atus  {re-,  again; 
cf.  capio,  take),  regam,  rescue, 
recover,  save,  21,  29. 

reddd,  3,  -did!,  -ditus  (red-,  back ; 
dd,  give),  give  back,  restore,  re¬ 
turn,  22,  2 :  deliver ,  give,  44, 
16.  (W.  G.  24.) 

reded,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  (red-,  back  ;  eo, 
go),  go  back,  return,  7,  16  ;  24, 
26.  (W.  G.  46.) 

redigo,  3,  -egl,  -actus  (red-,  back; 
agd,  drive),  drive  back,  lead 
back:  reduce,  force,  subdue,  14, 

3  5  5i,  15- 

redimb,  3,  -emi,  -emptus  (red-, 
back;  emo,  buy) ,  buyback,  re¬ 
deem,  ra7isom,  26,  6. 

redintegro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (red-, 
agai7i ;  integrd,  make  whole), 
make  whole  again,  renew,  4,  10. 
(W.  G.  70.) 

reditus,  -us,  m.  [red-,  back;  1-, 
go~\,  going  back,  return,  39,  17. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

reducb,  3,  -duxl,  -ductus  (r e-,back ; 
ducd,  lead),  lead  back,  brmg 
back,  ig,  13.  (W.  G.  29.) 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatus  (re-, 
back ;  fero,  bear),  bear  back, 
bring  back,  bring,  41,  29  ;  42, 
20:  with  se,  return,  62,  16: 
pedem  referre,  withdraw,  re¬ 
treat,  25,  11  :  give  back,  restore, 
3°,  13  :  gain,  win,  12,  13:  re¬ 
port,  relate,  58,  28  :  refer,  at¬ 
tribute,  ascribe,  29,  6  :  number , 


VOCABULARY. 


303 


count ,  reckon,  20,  14  :  lift, 

raise,  40,  20.  (W.  G.  34.) 
refoveo,  2,  -fovi,  —  (re-,  again  ; 
foveo,  warm),  warm  again,  re¬ 
store,  revive,  53,  16. 
refractus,  p.  of  refringo,  35,  30. 
refringo,  3,  -fregi,  -fractus  (re-, 
intensive  ;  frango,  break),  break 
up,  batter  down,  break  open,  35, 
30.  (W.  G.  38.) 

refugio,  3,  -fugi,  —  (re-,  back; 
fugi5,  flee),  flee  back,  flee  for 
safety,  flee,  13,  20.  (W.  G.  40.) 
regalis,  -e,  adj.  (rex,  king),  king¬ 
ly,  royal,  regal,  66,  21.  (W.  G. 

65. )  ' 

regia,  -ae,  f.  (regius,  royal),  royal 
palace,  9,  5.  (W.  G.  65.) 
regina,  -ae,  f.  (rex,  king),  queen, 

66,  2.  (W.  G.  65.) 

regio, -onis,  F.  [reg-,  guide), direc- 
tion  :  region,  district,  23,  1.  (W. 
G.  65.) 

regius,  adj.  (rex,  king),  kingly, 
royal,  belonging  to  the  king,  1, 
14  5  4G  3-  (W.  G.  65.) 
regno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (regnum, 
royal  power),  to  have  royal 
power,  be  king,  reign,  1,  3. 
regnum,  -I,  n.  [reg-,  guide),  king¬ 
ly  government,  royalty :  sover¬ 
eignty ,  supreme  power,  1,  2  : 
realm ,  kingdom,  11,  21.  (W. 
G.  65. 

rego,  3,  rexl,  rectus  [reg-,  guide), 
keep  straight,  guide :  govern, 
ride,  2,  1 7.  (W.  G.  65.) 
regredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep.  (re-, 
back ;  gradior,  go  back,  re¬ 


turn,  17,  11 :  withdraw,  retreat, 
20,  18.  (W.  G.  44.) 
reicio,  3,  reieci,  -iectus  (re-,  back ; 
iacio,  throw),  throw  back,  64, 1 5. 
(W.  G.  47-) 

relabor,  3, -lapsus,  dep.  (re-,  back; 
labor,  slide),  slide  back,  flow  back, 
sink  back,  1,9.  (W.  G.  49.) 
relatus,  p.  of  refero,  20,  14. 
relictus,  p.  of  relinquo,  22,  3. 
religio,  -onis,  f.  (re-,  back;  cf.  ligo, 
bind),  conscientiousness,  duty: 
piety,  reverence,  5,  4  ;  9,  18  : 
pledge  of  faith ,  oath,  24,  13  : 
worship,  religion .  5,  6. 
relig5,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-,  back; 
ligo,  bind),  bind  back,  fasten  on, 
bind  fast,  8,  30;  59,  7. 
relinquo,  3,  -liqui,  -lictus  (re-,  be¬ 
hind ;  linquo,  leave),  leave  be¬ 
hind,  leave,  abandon,  1,9;  21, 
22:  bequeath ,  leave  by  will,  1, 
2  ;  11,  3  :  leave  alive,  21,  28  : 
permit  to  remain,  34,  7. 
reliquiae,  -arum,  f.  (reliquus,  re¬ 
maining),  what  is  left,  rem¬ 
nants,  remains,  21,  25. 
reliquus,  adj.  (cf.  relinquo,  leave), 
left,  left  over,  remaining,  15, 
14. 

remaneo,  2,  -mansi,  —  (re-,  be¬ 
hind ;  maned,  stay),  stay  be¬ 
hind,  remain,  59,  25.  ( W.  G.  52.) 
remittd,  3,  -mlsl,  -missus  (re-, 
back ;  mitto,  let  go),  let  go 
back,  send  back:  give  up,  71, 
16.  (W.  G.  53.) 

removeo,  2,  -movi,  -mdtus  (re-, 
back  ;  moved,  move),  move  back, 


304 


VOCABULARY. 


withdraw,  remove,  28,  10.  (W. 
G.  54.) 

Remus,  -I,  M.,  Remus,  the  brother 
of  Romulus,  1,  5. 

renascor,  3,  -natus,  dep.  (re-, 
agant;  (g)nascor,  be  born),  be 
born  again,  grow  again,  26,  4. 
(W.  G.  41.) 

renuntio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (re-,  back ; 
nuntio,  bring  word),  bring  back 
word,  report,  25,  9 :  declare 
elected,  announce,  63,  4  :  (re- 
with  negative  force)  refuse, 
decline,  38,  25. 

renuo,  3,  -ul,  —  (re-,  back  ;  nuo, 
nod),  nod  backwards :  decline, 
refuse,  55,  14. 

reor,  2,  ratus,  dep.,  reckon,  be¬ 
lieve,  think,  7,  13. 

repello,  3,  reppuli,  repulsus  (re-, 
back ;  pello,  drive),  drive  back, 
drive  away :  repulse,  repel,  re¬ 
ject,  remove,  54,  30.  (W.  G.  59.) 

rependo,  3,  -pendi,  -pensus  (re-, 
back;  pendo,  weigh),  weigh 
back :  pay  by  satne  weight,  41, 
29. 

repente,  adv.  (repens,  sttdden), 
suddenly ,  unexpectedly,  2,  11. 

repentinus,  adj.  (repens,  sudden), 
sudden,  unexpected,  56,  1. 

reperio,  4,  repperi,  repertus,  find, 
meet  with,  57,  21  :  get,  procure, 
obtain,  47,  28. 

repeto,  3,  -ivi,  -itus  (re-,  again  ; 
peto,  seek),  seek  again,  return 
to,  23,  14  :  demand  back,  claim , 
13,  17:  res  repetere,  demand 
restitution,  9,  22. 


repetundae,  -arum,  f.  (repeto,  de¬ 
mand  back),  sc.  pecuniae,  extor¬ 
tion,  54,  10. 

repleo,  2,  -evi,  -etus  (re-,  again  ; 
pled,  fill),  fill  again  :  fill,  fill 
up,  40,  15. 

repono,  3,  -posui,  -positus  (re-, 
back ;  pdno,  put),  put  back,  re¬ 
place,  10,  22. 

reporto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (re-,  back ; 
porto,  bear),  carry  back,  take 
back,  bear  back,  29,  17. 

reprimo,  3,  -pressi,  -pressus  (re-, 
back  ;  premo,  press),  press  back, 
restrain,  check,  34,  21. 

repudio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (repudium, 
a  putting  away),  put  away, 
cast  off,  48,  25  :  refuse,  scorn , 

28,  6. 

repugno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (re-,  back, 
in  opposition ;  pugnd,  fight), 
fight  back,  oppose,  resist,  50, 

29. 

repulsa,  -ae,  f.  (p.  of  repello, 

drive  back),  rejection,  repulse, 

59,  15- 

repulsus,  P.  of  repelld,  54,  30. 

reputo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (re-,  again, 
over ;  puto,  think),  count  over, 
calczilate :  think  over,  meditate, 
reflect  upon,  52,  13. 

res,  rei,  F.,  thing,  object,  matter, 
affair,  business,  event,  fact,  cir- 
cmnstance,  deed,  1,  6;  1,  14  ; 
1,  19 ;  2,  10 ;  6,  21;  10,  3 ; 
10,  14  :  condition ,  39,  21 :  prop¬ 
erty,  estate,  59,  12  :  interest ,  ad¬ 
vantage,  50,  17:  cause,  reason, 
10,  6  :  state,  commonwealth,  16, 


VOCABULARY. 


305 


4  5  36,  24 :  res  publica,  the 
state,  the  republic ,  37,  11. 
rescindd,  3,  -scidi,  -scissus  (re-, 
back;  scindd,  cut),  cut  off,  cut 
down,  break  down,  16,  13.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

resisto,  3,  -stiti,  —  (re-,  back; 
sisto,  stand),  stand  back,  stand 
still,  halt,  stop,  4,  10:  oppose, 
resist,  44,  22.  (W.  G.  69.) 
resolvo,  3,  -solvi,  -solutus  (re-, 
back  to  the  original  condition ; 
solv5,  loose),  untie ,  unfasten : 
dissolve,  melt,  66,  II. 
respergo,  3,  -si,  -sus  (re-,  again, 
over ;  spargo,  scatter),  sprinkle 
over,  besprinkle,  18,  22. 
respicio,  3,  -spexi,  -spectus  (re-, 
back;  specio,  look),  look  back, 
look  back  upon,  look  at,  gaze  at, 
7,  14  ;  54,  26.  (W.  G.  68.) 
respiro,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-,  back  ; 
spiro,  blow),  blow  back,  breathe : 
revive,  be  refreshed,  be  relieved, 
38,  27. 

respondeo,  2,  -spondl,  -sponsus 
(re-,  in  return  ;  sponded,  prom¬ 
ise),  answer,  respond,  10,  5. 
responsum,  -I,  n.  (p.  n.  of  re¬ 
spondeo,  answer),  answer,  reply, 
41,  16:  opinion,  oracle,  13, 

3- 

restingud,  3,  -nxl,  -nctus  (re-, 
back  to  its  original  state  ; 
stinguo,  quench),  put  out , 
quench ,  extinguish,  59,  23. 
restitud,  3,  -ul,  -utus  (re-,  again  ; 
statuo,  set  up),  set  up  again,  re¬ 
place,  rebuild,  61,  9 :  give 


back,  restore,  2,  13  :  revive,  re¬ 
pair,  36,  25.  (W.  G.  69.) 
retineo,  2,  -tinul,  -tentus  (re-, 
back  ;  teneo,  hold),  hold  back  : 
keep  possession  of,  retain,  keep, 
36,  6.  (W.  G.  71.) 
retraho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractus  (re-, 
back  ;  traho,  draw),  draw  back, 
call  back :  drag  back,  bring 
back,  59,  30. 

retro,  adv.,  backward,  to  the  rear, 

23,  14- 

reus,  adj.  (res,  thing),  concerned 
in  a  thing,  party  to  an  action  : 
often  as  subst.,  M.,  the  accused, 

59,  22. 

reversus,  p.  of  revertor,  31,  1. 
reverto,  3,  -verti,  — ,  or  revertor, 
3,  -versus  (re-,  back;  verto, 
turn),  turn  back,  retur7i,  1,  14  ; 
44>  19* 

revoed,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (re-,  again; 
voco,  call),  call  again,  recall, 
call  back,  61,  6.  (W.  G.  77.) 
rex,  regis,  M.  [reg-,  guide ],  abso¬ 
lute  monarch,  king,  1,  1.  (W. 
G.  65.) 

Rhea,  -ae,  f.,  Rhea,  praenomen 
of  Rhea  Silvia,  the  mother  of 
Romulus  and  Remus,  1,  4. 
Rhenus,  -I,  m.,  the  Rhine,  river  of 
Germany,  51,  16. 
rhetor,  -oris,  m.  (Gr.,  jrf)Twp), 
teacher  of  oratory,  rhetorician , 
orator,  58,  12. 

Rhodos  (rarely  Rhodus),  -I,  F., 
Rhodes,  an  island  in  the  Medi¬ 
terranean,  south  of  Asia  Minor, 

48,  5- 


306 


VOCABULARY. 


rideo,  2,  -si,  -sus,  laugh ,  smile , 
36,  8  :  laugh  at,  ridicule,  15,  16. 

rigo,  1,  -avl,  -  atus,  wet,  moisten, 

6,  7* 

ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bank,  1,  8. 

risus,  -us,  m.  (cf.  rideS,  laugh), 
laughing,  laughter,  69,  II. 

rite,  adv.  (old  abl.  for  ritu ;  see 
ritus),  according  to  religious 
usage,  with  due  observance ,  duly, 
_  5,  23. 

ritus,  -us,  M.,  form  of  religious 
observance,  ceremony,  formula, 
rite,  10,  4. 

rixa,  -ae,  f.,  quarrel,  dispute,  11, 
23- 

rdbur,  -oris,  n.,  hard-wood :  hard¬ 
ness,  vigor,  strength,  30,  24  : 
the  best  part,  the  flower,  25,  24. 

rogo,  1,  -avl,  -atus,  ask,  question, 
23,  23:  beg,  request,  15,  18. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome,  2,  20. 

Romani,  -5rum,  m.  (Rdma,  Rome), 
the  Romans,  3,  17. 

R5manus,  adj.  (Roma,  Rome),  of 
Rome,  Roman,  3,15.  As  subst., 
M.  and  F.,  a  Roman,  30,  22. 

Rdmulus,  -I,  m.,  Romulus,  the 
mythical  founder  of  Rome,  1,  5. 

Roscius,  -I,  m.,  Roscius,  gentile 
name  of  Sextius  Roscius, 


whom  Cicero  defended  against 
a  charge  of  parricide,  58,  4. 
rostrum,  -I,  N.  (rodd,  gnaw),  beak : 
ship's  beak:  plur.,  the  rostra, 
the  speaker’s  stand  in  the 
Forum,  54,  29  (v.  notes,  fig. 
27,  p.  129). 

Rubico,  -onis,  M.,  the  Rubicon,  a 
small  stream  marking  the 
boundary  between  Cisalpine 
Gaul  and  Italy,  52,  n. 
Rufinus,  -I,  m.,  family  name  of 
P.  Cornelius  Rufinus,  29,  18. 
ruina,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  ruo,  fall  with 
violence ),  rushing  down,  falling 
down,  ruin  :  calamity,  fall,  de¬ 
struction,  9,  3  ;  59,  22  :  plur., 
ruins,  22,  3. 

rumpd,  3,  rupi,  ruptus  [rvp-, 
break] ,  break,  burst,  tear  :  break 
in  upon ,  cut  short,  interrupt, 
69,  27.  (W.  G.  64.) 
ruo,  3,  rui,  rutus,  fall  with  vio¬ 
lence,  go  to  ruin :  hurry,  hasten, 
59,  29. 

rursus  or  rursum,  adv.  (revorsus 
or  revorsum,  p.  of  revertd,  turn 
back),  turned  back,  back  :  again, 
anew,  10,  22.  (W.  G.  74.) 
rus,  ruris,  N.,  country  (as  opposed 
to  the  city),  fields,  62,  12. 


S 

Sabini,  -5rum,  m.,  Sabines,  an  [sac-,  fasten  ;  cf.  sanciS,  make 
ancient  Italian  people,  dwelling  sacred ],  sacred,  16,  21. 
in  central  Italy,  north  of  sacerdbs,  -otis,  M.  and  F.  [sacer, 
Latium,  3,  12.  sacred ;  DA-,  give],  priest , 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  adj.  with  sup.  priestess,  1,  5.  (W.  G.  24.) 


VOCABULARY. 


307 


sacrarium,  -I,  n.  (sacrum,  a  holy 
thing),  a  depository  of  holy 
things,  shrine,  15,  25. 
sacrificium,  -i,  n.  (sacrificus,  of 
sacrifices),' sacrifice,  8,  17.  (W. 

G.33) 

sacrum,  -I,  n.  (sacer,  consecrated), 
something  consecrated,  a  holy 
thing:  plur.  religious  rites,  sac¬ 
rifices,  5,  6. 

saeculum,  -I,  M.,  race,  generation: 

century,  age,  time,  40,  5. 
saepe,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
often ,  many  times,  frequently, 

1, 13 ;  35,  7- 

saepio,  4,  -psl,  -ptus  (saepes, 
'hedge),  to  surrou?id  with  a 
hedge,  hedge  in,  fortify,  sur- 
round,  16,  6. 

saevio,  4,  -ii,  -itus  (saevus,  fierce), 
be  fierce,  be  furious,  rage,  24, 
12. 

saevitia,  -ae,  f.  (saevus,  furious), 
harshness,  cruelty,  severity, 

M,  5- 

saevus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
raging,  furious ,  violent,  52,  27. 
sagind,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (sagina, 
food),  fatten,  47,  29. 
sagulum,  -I,  n.  (dim.  of  sagum, 
military  cloak),  a  small  military 
cloak,  64,  15. 

Saguntum,  -I,  n.,  or  Saguntus, 

-I,  F.,  Saguntum,  a  town  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Spain,  near  the 
coast.  Its  capture  by  Hannibal 
led  to  the  second  Punic  war. 
32,  22. 

Salernitanus,  adj.,  belonging  to 


Salernum,  a  town  in  Campania, 

65,  4- 

Salii,  -orum,  m.,  Salii,  a  college 
of  priests  founded  by  Numa 
for  the  service  of  Mars.  They 
danced  in  procession  through 
the  city  every  March.  5,  20  (v. 
notes,  fig.  2,  p.  82). 

Salinator,  -5ris,  m.,  Salinator,  a 
Roman  surname,  35,  18. 
salinum,  -i,  n.  (sal,  salt),  a  vessel 
for  salt,  salt-cellar,  29,  11. 
salto,  1,  -avl,  -atus  (freq.  of  salio, 
leap),  dance,  5,  23. 

(saltus,  -us),  m.  (cf.  salio,  leap), 
only  acc.  and  abl.  sing.,  and 
plur.,  leap,  spring,  jump,  bound, 
2,  22  ;  31,  7. 

saltus,  -us,  M.,  glen,  ravine,  1, 
18  ;  23,  24. 

salubris,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (salus,  soundness),  health- 
giving,  healthful :  healthy, 
vigorous,  g,  9. 

salus,  -utis,  F.  (salvus,  sound), 
soundness,  health :  safety,  21,9. 
salutatio,  -onis,  F.  (saluto,  greet), 
greeting,  saluting,  salutation, 
68,  22. 

salutator,  -5ris,  m.  (saluto,  greet), 
a  saluter,  68,  27. 
saluto,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (salus, 
health),  greet,  pay  respects,  call 
upon,  salute,  13,  22  ;  63,  5. 
salvus,  adj.,  in  good  health,  safe , 
uninjured,  40,  25. 

Samnis  -itis,  adj.,  of,  or  belong¬ 
itig  to,  the  Samnites,  24,  22. 
Samnites,  -ium,  m.  plur.,  Sam- 


308 


VOCABULARY. 


nites,  the  people  of  Samnium ,  a 
rugged  district  of  central  Italy, 
east  of  Latium,  22,  15. 
sapiens,  -entis,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (p.  of  sapio,  have 

taste),  wise,  sensible,  discreet, 
judicious,  40,  3.  As  subst., 

man  of  sense,  philosopher,  29,  5. 
Sardinia,  -ae,  f.,  Sardinia,  a 
large  island  in  the  Mediterra¬ 
nean,  west  of  Italy,  42,  13. 
sarmentum,  -I,  n.,  twig,  fagot, 

33,  2 7^ 

satis,  adj.;  n.  indecl.,  only  nom. 
and  acc. ;  adv. :  as  adj.,  enough, 
sufficient,  38,  9  :  as  noun, 

enough,  37,  16  :  as  adv.,  suf¬ 
ficiently,  enough,  49,  6. 
saucius,  adj.,  wounded,  hurt ,  64,9. 
saxum,  -I,  n.  [sac-,  split],  split 
rock,  rock,  21,  4.  (W.  G.  66.) 
scalae,  -arum,  f.  (cf.  scandd, 
climb),  ladder,  scaling-ladder, 
19,  22. 

scapha,  -ae,  f.  (Gr.,  aKdcp-rj),  light 
boat,  skiff,  31,7. 

sceleratus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (p.  of  scelero,  pollute), 
polluted,  profaned,  defiled,  13, 

25- 

sceleste,  adv.  (scelestus,  wicked), 
wickedly,  impiously,  14,  1. 
scelus,  -eris,  n.,  tvicked  deed, 
crime,  sin,  5g,  12. 
schola,  -ae,  F.  (Gr.,  <rxo\ 77), 
leisure  for  learning,  lecture, 
school,  40,  6. 

scio,  4,  -ivi,  -Itus  [sac-,  sci-, 
divide,  distinguish ],  know,  un¬ 


derstand,  perceive,  be  skilled  in, 
know  how,  4,  7  ;  23,  22;  38,  8. 
(W.  G.  66.) 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.  (scipid,  staff), 
Scipio,  a  very  distinguished 
Roman  family  of  the  Cornelian 
gens,  33,  7. 

scipio,  -onis,  M.,  staff,  walking- 
stick,  20,  27. 

sciscitor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (freq.  fr. 
scisco,  seek  to  know),  seek  to 
know,  ask,  inquire,  14,  IO.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

scissus,  adj.  (p.  of  scindo,  tear), 
rent,  riven,  5,  18. 
scriba,  -ae,  m.  (cf.  scribd,  write), 
official  scribe,  clerk,  39,  4. 
scribo,  3,  scripsi,  scriptus,  scratch , 
engrave :  write,  51,  10. 
scrinium,  -I,  n.,  case,  book-box, 
56,  9  (v.  notes,  fig.  28,  p.  130). 
Scultenna,  -ae,  m.,  the  Scultenna, 
a  river  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  63, 
22. 

scutum,  -I,  N.,  shield,  buckler,  3, 
25  (v.  notes,  fig.  26,  p.  127). 
se,  acc.  and  abl.  of  sui. 
secedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (s s-, apart 
from  ;  cedd,  go),  go  apart,  go 
away,  withdraw,  16,  21. 
seco,  1,  -cul,  -ctus  [sac-,  sec-, 
divide\,  cut,  cut  in  two,  11,  14. 
(W.  G.  66.) 

secretd,  adv.  (secretus,  separate), 
in  secret,  secretly,  28,  15. 
secretus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
secerno,  sever),  severed,  apart : 
hidden,  private ,  secret ,  5,  22. 
(W.  G.  20.) 


VOCABULARY. 


309 


sector,  i,  -atus,  dep.  (freq.  of 

sequor,  follow ),  follow  eagerly , 
attend,  58,  1. 

secundus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (sequor,  follow ),  in  time, 
order  or  rank,  following,  next, 
second,  50,  5. 

securis,  -is,  acc.  im  or  em,  abl.  -i, 

F.  [sac-,  sec-,  split],  axe, 
hatchet,  cleaver,  11,  29.  (W.  G. 
66.) 

secus,  adv.,  otherwise,  differently, 

12,  7.. 

sed,  conj.,  but,  on  the  contrary,  but 
also,  but  in  fact,  1,  3  ;  36,  19. 
sedeo,  2,  sedi,  sessum  [sed-,  sit], 
sit,  seat  oneself,  37,  13  :  settle, 
lie,  lower  over ,  34,  24.  (W.  G. 

67.) 

sedes,  -is,  f.  [sed-,  sit] ,  seat, 
bench,  chair,  20,  29  :  site ,  loca¬ 
tion,  9,  5.  (W.  G.  67.) 
seditio,  -dnis,  F.  [sed,  apart, 
aside ;  I-,  go],  a  going  aside, 
dissension,  civil  discord,  sedi¬ 
tion,  mutiny,  4,  27;  43,  9.  (W. 

G.  46.) 

seducd,  3,  -duxl,  -ductus  (se-, 
apart,  aside ;  duco,  lead],  lead 
aside,  take  apart,  draw  aside, 

18,  20. 

sedulo,  adv.  (sedulus,  busy), 
busily,  industriously :  deliber¬ 
ately,  purposely,  34,  14. 
segnis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp.,  slow, 
sluggish,  lazy,  17,  6. 
segniter,  adv.  (segnis,  slow),  slow¬ 
ly,  tardily,  sluggishly,  without 
spirit,  12,  10  ;  40,  22. 


sella,  -ae,  f.  [sed-,  sit],  seat, 
chair,  magistrate's  seat,  5,  9; 
43,  25  (v.  notes,  fig.  1,  p.  81). 
(W.  G.  67.) 

semel,  adv.  num.,  once,  a  single 
time ,  67,  20. 
semet,  see  sui,  41,  25. 
semper,  adv.,  ever,  always,  at  all 
ti?nes,  forever,  50,  7. 
Sempronius,  -I,  m.,  Sempronius, 
name  of  a  Roman  gens,  33,  8. 
senator,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  senatus, 
senate),  a  member  of  the  senate, 
senator,  4,  18. 

senatorius,  adj.  (senator,  senator), 
of  a  senator,  senatorial,  42,  23. 
senatus,  -us,  m.  (cf.  senex,  old), 
the  council  of  elders,  senate ,  13, 

17- 

Seneca,  -ae,  m.,  surname  of  Z. 
Annaeus  Seneca,  a.  famous  Stoic 
philosopher,  instructor  of  Nero, 
died  65  A.D.,  65,  14. 
senectus,  -utis,  f.  (senex,  old), 
old  age,  extreme  age,  4,  19. 
senex,  "senis,  adj.  with  comp., 
senior,  old,  aged,  8,  10.  As 
subst.,  M.,  old  man,  4,  17. 
senior,  -dris,  comp,  of  senex,  4,  17. 
Senones,  -um,  m.,  the  Senones, 
a  people  in  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
20,  4. 

sententia,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  sentio, 

think),  a  zvay  of  thinking,  sen¬ 
timent,  opinion,  decisiofi,  wish, 
desire,  23,  27;  55,  25. 
sentio,  4,  sensi,  sensus,  discern 
by  sense,  feel :  think,  believe , 
67,  24. 


310 


VOCABULARY. 


separatim,  adv.  (separatus,  sepa¬ 
rated),  apart,  separately,  50,  20. 
sepeli5,  4,  -pellvi,  -pultus,  bury, 
inter,  6,  13. 

septem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  seven, 

6,  IS- 

Septimuleius,  -i,  m.,  Z.  Septimu- 
leius,  a  friend  of  C.  Gracchus, 

41,  28. 

septimus,  num.  adj.  (septem, 

seven),  the  seventh,  14. 
septiremis,  -e,  adj.  (septem, 
seven  ;  remus,  oar),  with  seven 
banks  of  oars,  30,  26  (v.  notes, 
fig.  16,  p.  109). 

septuagesimus,  adj.  num.  ord. 
(septuaginta,  seventy),  seven¬ 
tieth,  71,  22. 

sepulcrum,  -I,  n.  (cf.  sepelio, 

bury),  place  where  a  corpse  is 
buried ,  grave,  tomb,  17,  16. 
sepultura,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  sepelid, 
bury),  burial,  interme?it,  65,  21. 
sepultus,  p.  of  sepelio,  6,  13. 
sequor,  3,  secutus,  follow,  come 
after,  attend,  accompany,  14, 
12  :  chase ,  pursue,  7,  13  :  fa¬ 
vor,  conform  to,  adopt,  follow, 
8,  26  ;  24,  15. 

Sergius,  -i,  m.,  Sergius,  the  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  58,  25. 
serio,  adv.  (serius,  earnest),  in 
earnest,  seriously,  50,  4. 
serius,  adj.  (for  *  severius,  from 
severus,  grave),  grave,  eartiest, 
serious,  15,  20. 

sermo,  -onis,  M.,  continued  speech, 
talk,  conversation ,  26,  30  : 

report ,  rumor ,  34,  16. 


sero,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup 
(serus,  late),  late,  at  a  late  hour 

24>  5* 

Sertorius,  -i,  m.,  Q.  Sertorius,  th< 
famous  general  of  the  Mariar 
party,  who  maintained  himsel: 
in  Spain,  and  defied  the  powe: 
of  Rome,  until  he  was  assassi 
nated.  44,  29. 

serva,  -ae,  female  slave,  maid 
18,  6. 

servilis,  -e,  adj.  (servus,  slave) 
of  a  slave,  slavish,  servile,  2,  7 
servitus,  -utis,  f.  (servus,  slave) 
the  condition  of  a  servant,  slav 
ery,  18,  1. 

Servius,  -I,  m.,  a  Roman  prae 
nomen,  e.g.,  Servius  Tullius 
12,  1. 

servd,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  make  safe 
save,  rescue,  preserve,  keep,  de 
liver,  42,  24;  53,  27. 
servus,  -i,  m.,  slave,  servant,  38 
29;  47,  27. 

sese,  acc.  and  abl.  of  sui,  7 
15- 

sessor,  -oris,  m.  [sed-,  sit],  on, 
who  sits :  rider,  25,  16.  (W.  G 
67.) 

sestertius,  adj.  num.  (semis,  half 
tertius,  third),  two  and  a  halj 
As  subst.,  m.  (sc.  nummus),  1 
sesterce ,  a  small  silver  coin 
originally  two  and  a  half  asses 
worth  4.1  cents.  50,  24. 
setius,  adv.  comp.,  the  less,  in  t 
less  degree,  18,  16. 
seu,  see  sive,  4,  10. 
severe,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup 


VOCABULARY. 


311 


(severus,  grave),  gravely,  seri¬ 
ously,  severely,  54,  10. 

3ex,  adj.  num.  indecl.,  six,  2,  18. 

3exaginta,  adj.  num.  indecl., 
sixty,  54,  7. 

3extans,  -antis,  m.  (sex,  six),  the 
sixth,  a  sixth  part;  a  small 
coin,  one  sixth  of  an  as,  worth 
less  than  a  cent,  17,  15. 

Sextilis, -e,  adj.  (sextus,  sixth; 
sc.  mensis,  month),  the  sixth 
month  counting  from  March, 
August,  20,  13. 

Sextus,  -I,  m.,  Sextus,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  14,  3. 

3extus,  adj.  num.  ord.  (sex,  six), 
the  sixth,  48,  22. 

91,  conj.,  if,  on  condition  that , 
when,  3,  21  ;  50,  9. 

sibilus,  -I,  M.,  plur.  sibili,  -orum, 
M.,  also  sibila,  -orum,  n.,  whist- 
Hng,  35,  9. 

Sibyllinus,  adj.  (Sibylla,  the 

Sibyl),  of  a  Sibyl ,  Sibylline,  15, 

_  25- 

31C,  adv.,  thus,  in  this  way,  2,  19; 
2,  23. 

3icco,  i,  -avl,  -at us  (siccus,  dry), 
to  make  dry,  dry,  drain,  54,  19. 

siccus,  adj.,  dry .  As  subst.,  sic¬ 
cum,  -i,  N.,  dry  land,  1,  9. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily,  27,  3. 

Siculi,  -orum,  M.,  the  Sicilians , 

58,  19-  _ 

jicut  or  sicuti,  adv.  (sic,  so  ;  ut, 
as),  so  as,  just  as,  19,  8. 

iignifer,  -fera,  -ferum,  adj. 
[signum,  sign;  FER-,  bear], 
sign-bearing.  As  subst.,  M., 


standard-bearer,  ensign ,  22,  7 
(v.  notes,  fig.  12,  p.  99). 
signified,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [signifex, 
image-maker,  fr.  signum,  sign  ; 
FAC-,  make],  make  signs,  show 
by  signs :  mean,  indicate,  signi¬ 
fy,  6,  2. 

signo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (signum, 

mark),  set  a  mark  upon,  /nark, 
seal,  sign,  51,  9. 

signum,  -I,  n.,  mark,  sign :  e/i- 
sign,  standard,  12,  11  (v.  notes, 
fig.  6,  p.  89) :  signal,  3,  14  : 
signa  inferre,  attack ,  59,  24. 
silens,  -entis,  adj.,  in  silence , 
silent,  5,  16. 

silentium,  -I,  n.  (silens,  still), 

stillness,  silence,  14,  1 5. 
sileo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  be  noiseless ,  be 
still,  keep  silence,  23,  17. 
silva,  -ae,  f.,  wood,  forest,  33,  30. 
Silvia,  -ae,  f.,  v.  Rhea,  1,  4. 
similis,  -e,  adj.,  comp,  similior, 
sup.  simillimus,  like,  resembling, 
similar,  2,  9. 

similiter,  adv.,  comp,  similius, 
sup.  simillime  (similis,  like) , 
likezvise,  similarly,  68,  19. 
similitudo,  -inis,  F.  (similis,  like), 
likeness,  resemblance, similitude, 
13,  16. 

simplex,  -icis,  adj.  with  comp, 
[cf.  semel,  once;  PLEC-,  fold], 
simple,  plain  :  open,  frank,  26, 
16.  (W.  G.  60.) 

simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  8,  2. 
simulacrum,  -I,  n.  (simulo,  make 
like),  likeness,  image,  portrait, 
statue,  20,  26. 


312 


VOCABULARY. 


simulo,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (similis, 
like),  make  like,  Unitate  :  feign, 
counterfeit,  pretend,  6,  5 ;  62, 

3°- 

simultas,  atis,  f.  (simul,  at  the 
same  time),  hostile  encounter, 
dissension :  rivalry,  jealousy, 
grudge,  29,  18  ;  56,  15. 
sin,  conj.  (si,  if ;  ne,  not),  if  how¬ 
ever,  if  on  the  contrary,  but  if, 
28,  19. 

sine,  prep  with  abl.,  without,  6,  8. 
singularis,  -e,  adj.  (singuli,  one  at 
a  time),  one  by  one :  singular, 
remarkable ,  58,  26. 
singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  07ie  at  a  time, 
single,  separate,  several,  one  on 
a  side,  7,  12;  7,  20;  24,  1; 
39,  i- 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  with 
comp.,  left,  3,  23. 
sino,  3,  sivi,  situs,  let  down,  fix: 

let,  suffer,  allow,  18,  19. 
sinus,  -us,  M.,  bent  surface,  curve, 
fold :  the  fold  of  the  toga  about 
the  breast,  32,  27. 
sistd,  3,  stiti,  status,  cause  to 
stand :  sistere  gradum,  stop, 
halt,  23,  15.  (W.  G.  69.) 
situs,  adj.  (p.  of  sino,  set,  fix), 
placed,  situated,  57,  10. 
sive,  or  seu,  conj.  (si,  if ;  -ve,  or), 
or  if:  or,  or  rather,  30,  19 ; 
sive  .  .  .  sive,  or  seu  .  .  .  seu, 
whether  ...  or,  4,  10. 
sobrius,  adj.  (fib-,  apart  from,  not; 
ebrius,  drunk),  not  drunk,  sober, 
56,  3°- 

socer,  -eri,  m.,  father-in-law,  52,  1. 


societas,  -atis,  f.  (socius,  fellow ), 
fellowship,  association  :  league , 
alliatice,  3,  5  ;  50,  25. 
socio,  1, -avi, -atus  (socius,  sharer), 
hold  in  common ,  share,  4,  15. 
socius,  -i,  M.,  fellow,  comrade,  as¬ 
sociate,  59,  25:  ally,  23,  9. 
sol,  s5lis,  M.,  the  sun,  5,  17. 
soled,  2,  solitus,  semi-dep.,  use, 
be  wo  fit,  be  accustomed,  2,  5. 
solidus,  adj.  with  sup.,  undivided, 
zuhole :  genuine,  true,  real,  17, 
18. 

sdlitudd,  -inis,  f.  (solus,  alone), 
desert,  wilderness,  1,  10. 
solitum,  -i,  n.  (p.  of  soled,  be 
wont),  the  customary,  what  is 
tisual,  43,  4. 

solitus,  adj.  (p.  of  soled,  be  wont), 
wonted,  accustomed,  usual,  27, 
20. 

solium,  -i,  N.  [sed-,  sit],  seat,  offi¬ 
cial  seat,  chair  of  state,  throne, 
66,  21.  (W.  G.  67.) 
sollicito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (sollicitus, 
dishirbed),  disturb,  agitate : 
arouse,  incite,  move,  68,  21. 
sollicitus,  adj.  with  comp.,  thor¬ 
oughly  moved,  agitated,  dis - 
turbed :  sensitive,  watchful,  on 
the  alert,  21,6. 

solum,  adv.  (solus,  alone),  alone, 
only,  merely,  21,  5  :  non  solum 
.  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  but 
also,  6,  18. 

solus,  gen  sdlius,  dat.  soli,  alone, 
07ily,  single-handed,  2,  24  ;  16, 
11. 

solvd,  3,  solvi,  solutus  (se-,  apart; 


VOCABULARY. 


313 


luo,  loose),  loosen,  unbind,  7,  30. 
somnium,  -i,  n.  (somnus,  sleep), 
dream,  13,  3. 

somnus,  -i,  m.  (for  sopnus ;  cf. 
sopio,  put  to  sleep),  sleep,  43, 
18. 

SOpio,  4,  -Ivi,  -Itus,  deprive  of 
sense,  put  to  sleep :  in  pass., 
sleep,  35,  16. 

soror,  -5ris,  f.,  sister,  7,  27. 
sororius,  adj.  (soror,  sister),  of  a 
sister,  sisterly,  sister's,  8,  19. 
sors,  -tis,  F.,  lot:  fate,  fortune, 
destiny,  26,  12;  62,  1. 
sortior,  4,  -Itus,  dep.  (sors,  lot), 
cast  lots,  draw  lots,  65,  24- 
spatium,  -I,  n.,  space ;  distance, 
7,  13  :  period  of  time,  interval, 
49,. 20. 

species,  — ,  acc.  -em,  abl.  -e,  f. 
[SPEC-,  see],  sight,  look,  appear¬ 
ance,  25,  14  :  semblance,  pre¬ 
tence,  pretext,  12,  4;  55,  12. 
(W.  G.  68.) 

spectaculum,  -I,  n.  (specto,  look 
at),  place  in  the  theatre :  show, 
spectacle,  3,  11.  (W.  G.  68.) 
specto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of 
specio,  look),  look  on,  look  at, 
behold,  watch ,  7,  5.  (W.  G.  68.) 
speculum,  -I,  n.  [spec-,  see],  re¬ 
flector,  looking-glass ,  itiirror, 
71,  17.  (W.  G.  68.) 
sperno,  3,  sprevi,  spretus,  despise, 
reject,  spurn,  27,  14. 
sperd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (spes,  hope), 
hope,  look  for,  expect,  10,  25. 
spes,  spei,  hope,  7,  9:  expecta¬ 
tion,  17,  26. 


spiritus, -us,  m.  (cf.  spiro,  breathe), 
breathing,  breath :  spirit,  e7iergy, 
courage,  9,  12. 

splendor,  -oris,  m.,  brightness, 
splendor :  honor,  lustre,  dignity, 

57, f  4- 

spolio,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (spolium, 
skin),  strip :  plunder,  strip, 
spoil,  7,  24  ;  48,  26. 
spolium,  -I,  N.,  the  skin;  plur., 
the  arms  stripped  from  an 
enemy,  booty,  spoil,  7,  27  ;  38, 
29. 

sponded,  2,  spopondi,  sponsus, 
promise  sacredly,  vow:  agree, 
promise,  engage,  28,  27  ;  49,  24. 
(spdns,  spontis),  f.  (cf.  sponded, 
promise),  only  abl.  sing.,  usu. 
with  pron.  poss.,  of  one's  own 
accord,  freely,  willingly,  volun¬ 
tarily,  60,  21. 

sponsio,  -onis,  F.  (spondeo,  prom¬ 
ise),  solem 77  pro77iise,  e7igage- 
me7it,  covena7it,  24,  8. 
sponsus,  -I,  m.  (p.  of  spondeo, 
pro77iise),  betrothed  771  a  7t,  7,  29. 
spretus,  p.  of  sperno,  27,  14. 
Spurinna,  -ae,  m.,  Vestritius  Spu- 
rhma,  the  seer  who  warned 
Julius  Caesar  to  beware  the 
Ides  of  March,  55,  6. 

Spurius, -i,  m.,  Spurius,  a  Roman 
praenomen,  23,  4. 
statim,  adv.  [sta-,  sta7id],  stead¬ 
ily  :  07i  the  spot,  at  07tce,  m- 
stantly,  2,  I.  (W.  G.  69.) 
statid,  -onis,  F.  [sta-,  stand],  a 
sta7iding :  statio7i,  post,  21,  20. 

(W.  G.  69.) 


314 


VOCABULARY. 


statua,  -ae,  f.  (status,  p.  of  sisto, 

place ,  set),  an  image ,  statue ,  16, 
17.  (W.  G.  69.) 

statuo,  3,  -ul,  -utus  (status,  sta¬ 
tion),  cause  to  stand,  set  up, 
plant,  22,  7  :  determine,  decide , 
21,  1.  (W.  G.  69.) 

statura,  -ae,  f.  [sta-,  stand], 
height,  size,  stature,  56,  22. 
(W.  G.  69.) 

status,  -us,  M.  [sta-,  stand],  sta¬ 
tion,  position :  rank,  state,  con¬ 
dition,  27,  27.  (W.  G.  69.) 

stercus,  -oris,  n.,  filth,  51,  3. 

sternd,  3,  stravi,  stratus,  spread 
out,  scatter :  throw  to  the  ground, 
21,  13. 

Sthenius,  -T,  m.,  Sthenius,  a 
Sicilian,  a  friend  of  C.  Marius, 
44,  4- 

stipendium,  -I,  n.  (for  stipipen- 
dium  ;  stips,  small  coin;  *pen- 
dium,  cf.  pender e,pay),  a  paying 
of  tax:  pay,  wages,  19,  20: 
military  service,  campaign,  4g, 
14. 

stirps,  -pis,  f.  or  m.,  stalk,  root : 
offspring,  family ,  stock,  lineage, 

8,  13  ;  42,  23. 

sto,  -are,  stetl,  status  [sta-, 
stand], stand,  18,  14  :  stand  by, 
persist  in,  66,  8.  (W.  G. 

69.) 

strages,  -is,  F.,  overthrow,  destruc¬ 
tion,  defeat,  slaughter,  37,  20. 

stragulum,  -T,  n.  (stragulus,  for 
spreading  out),  spread,  covering, 
bed-spread,  43,  8. 

strenue,  adv.  (strenuus,  prompt), 


promptly,  actively,  strenuously, 
3_i,  25. 

strenuus,  adj.  with  sup.,  active, 

vigorous,  14,  2. 

strepitus,  -us,  m.  (strepo,  make  a 
noise),  noise,  clash,  crash,  alarm, 
21,  6  ;  71,  20. 

stridor,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  strido,  make  a 
harsh  noise),  harsh  noise,  roar, 

28,  11. 

stringo,  3,  -inxi,  -ictus,  draw 
tight,  bmd  tight:  unsheathe, 
draw,  of  a  sword,  8,  2. 

studeo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  give  attention, 
be  eager,  take  pains,  desire,  67, 
23;_ 

studidse,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (studiosus,  eager),  eagerly, 
studiously,  58,  1. 

studium,  -I,  n.  (cf.  studed,  give 
attention),  application,  eager¬ 
ness,  desire,  exertion,  effort,  3, 
1 1  ;  32,  5  :  study,  pursuit,  57, 
24  :  good-will,  friendliness,  de¬ 
votion,  61,  5. 

stupeo,  2,  -ul,  — ,  be  struck  sense¬ 
less,  be  confused,  be  astounded, 
be  stupefied,  be  paralyzed,  18,  8. 

suadeo,  2,  -si,  -sus,  advise,  recom¬ 
mend,  exhort,  urge,  persuade, 

12,  7  5  57,  12. 

sub,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl  : 
with  abl.,  under,  below ,  beneath, 
15,  3  5  67,  4  :  with  acc.,  with 
verbs  of  motion,  under ,  8,  18. 

subdo,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  [sub,  under; 
2  DA-,  put],  put  under,  apply, 
42,  8.  (W.  G.  25.) 

subduco,  3,  -duxT,  -ductus  (sub, 


VOCABULARY. 


315 


under ,  away  ;  duco,  lead),  lead 
away,  withdraw,  steal  away, 
remove,  8,  25;  43,  6.  (W.  G.  29.) 
subeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  (sub,  under; 
eo,  come,  go),  come  wider ,  go 
under :  take  up,  carry,  64,  10  : 
submit  to,  suffer ,  undergo,  45, 
1  :  penetrate,  take  effect,  46,  16. 
(W.  G.  46.) 

subicid,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (sub,  un¬ 
der ;  iacio,  throw),  throw  un¬ 
der,  place  under  :  make  subject, 

27,  2.  (W.  G.  47.) 

subigo,  3,  -egi,  -actus  (sub,  from 
below,  up ;  ag5,  drive),  drive 
up,  bring  up :  subdue,  subjugate, 
conquer,  12,  20.  (W.  G.  2.) 
subito,  adv.  (subitus,  sudden), 
suddenly,  4,  22.  (\V.  G.  46.) 
subitus,  adj.,  sudden,  unexpected, 

28,  8.  (W.  G.  46.) 
sublatus,  p.  of  tollo,  40,  25. 
sublevo,  i,  -avi,  -atus  (sub,  from 

below  ;  levo,  lift),  lift  from  be¬ 
neath,  raise  up,  hold  up,  sup¬ 
port,  21,  3. 

sublicius,  adj.  (sublica,  stake, 
pile),  resting  upon  piles,  10,  13. 
sublimis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp.,  up¬ 
lifted,  high,  on  high,  aloft,  10, 
22. 

sublustris,  -e,  adj.  [sub,  a  little ; 
*lustrus,  fr.  lvc-,  shine"],  giv¬ 
ing  some  light,  faintly  luminous, 
glimmering,  21,  3. 
submitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus  (sub, 
down ,  secretly ;  mitto,  send), 
let  down,  send  down,  let  grow, 
38,  23.  (W.  G.  53.) 


suboles,  -is,  f.  [sub,  from  below ; 
OL-,  grow] ,  sprout,  shoot:  off¬ 
spring,  progeny,  posterity,  1,  4. 
suborno,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (sub,  with¬ 
out  force,  or  secretly ;  6m5,  fit 
out),  fit  out,  furnish :  incite 
secretly ,  suborn,  18,  1. 
subrideo,  2,  -si,  —  (sub,  a  little  ; 

rideo,  laugh),  smile ,  26,  22. 
subsellium,  -i,  n.  (sub,  less  in 
size ;  sella,  seat),  low  bench, 
seat,  40,  29  (v.  notes,  fig.  22, 
p.  1 19).  (W.  G.  67.) 
subsequor,  3,  -cutus,  dep.  (sub, 
below,  after;  sequor,  follow ), 
follow  after,  follow  up,  52, 
22. 

subsisto,  3,  -stiti,  —  (sub,  under; 
sisto,  stand  still),  take  a  stand, 
stop,  halt:  reniain,  stay,  55,  6. 
( W.  G.  69.) 

substitud,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (sub, 
tinder;  statuo,  set),  place 
under :  substitute ,  put  in  place 
°f  45,  23.  (W.  G.  69.) 
subterraneus,  adj.  (sub,  under ; 
terra,  ground),  underground, 
subter  raneati,  19,  23. 
subtexo,  3,  -xui,  —  (sub,  tinder  ; 
texo,  weave),  weave  under,  sew 
on :  add,  68,  29. 

succedo,  3,  -cessi,  -cessus  (sub, 
below ;  cedd,  go),  go  below,  come 
tuider :  follow,  succeed ,  take 
place  of,  5,  3.  (W.  G.  14.) 
successor,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  succedo, 
take  the  place  of),  follower, 
successor,  44,  17.  (W.  G.  14.) 
successus  -us,  m.  (succedd,  come 


316 


VOCABULARY. 


up),  a  coming  up,  approach : 
success,  33,  13.  (W.  G.  14.) 

succlamo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (sub, 
after ;  clamo,  call),  cry  out  in 
response,  33,  2. 

succurro,  3,  -curri,  -cursus  (sub, 
under ;  curro,  run),  run  under, 
run  to  help ,  aid,  assist,  36,  26. 
(W.  G.  19.) 

sufficio,  3,  -feci,  -fectus  (sub,  un¬ 
der ;  facio,  make ,  put),  put 
under,  lay  a  foundation  for : 
suffice,  satisfy,  be  large  enough, 
2,  20  ;  39,  4.  (W.  G.  33.) 

suffigo,  3,  -fixi,  -fixus  (sub, 
beneath :  figo,  fasten),  fasten 
beneath,  attach,  nail  to,  49, 

3°- 

suffodio,  3,  -fodi,  -fossus  (sub, 
under  ;  fodio,  dig),  dig  under : 
stab  underneath,  59,  6. 

suffragator,  -5ris,  m.  (suffragor, 
favor  by  voting ),  favorer,  sup¬ 
porter,  partisan,  56,  20. 

sui,  dat.  sibi,  acc.  and  abl.  se, 
emphatic  form,  sese,  or  semet, 
sing,  and  plur.  pron.  of  3d  pers., 
always  reflexive,  himself,  her¬ 
self,  itself,  themselves,  1,  12;  1, 
20  ;  4,  12;  41,  25. 

Sulla,  -ae,  M.,  a  family  name  in 
the  Cornelian  gens,  especially 
L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  dictator 
B.C.  82.  43,  12. 

Sullanus,  adj.  (Sulla),  of  Sulla. 
As  subst.,  M.,  follower  of  Sulla, 

58,  3- 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus  [es-,  be], 
be,  exist,  live ,  1,  2  ;  41,  29  :  be 


present,  be  found,  6,  21:  be  of , 
consist  of,  54,  8. 

summa,  -ae,  f.  (summus,  highest; 
sc.  res,  thing),  top ,  summit : 
chief  place,  leadership,  highest 
rank,  13,  4  :  amount,  sum ,  69, 
12. 

summus  or  supremus,  adj.  sup. 
(for  *supimus,  sup.  of  superus, 

upper),  uppermost,  supreme, 
highest,  12,  6:  last,  final,  71, 
1 7  :  greatest,  utmost,  best,  ex¬ 
treme,  21,  7  ;  25,  18  ;  33,  16  ; 
36,  20.  As  subst.,  N.,  the  top, 
the  summit,  21,  12. 
sum5,  3,  sumpsi,  sumptus  (sub, 
up  fro7n  below;  emd,  take), 
take,  lay  hold  of:  take ,  drink, 
eat,  consume,  46,  1 5  :  adopt,  as¬ 
sume,  63,  16  :  begin,  undertake, 
3,  17  :  obtain,  get,  receive ,  18, 
12  :  select,  choose,  33,  2. 
sumptuarius,  adj.  (sumptus,  out¬ 
lay),  of  expense,  sumptuary ,  54, 
12. 

sumptus,  p.  of  sumo,  18,  12. 
sumptus,  -us,  m.  (sumo,  lay  out), 
outlay,  expense,  42,  19. 
supellex,  -lectilis,  F.,  domestic 
utensils,  household  stuff,  furni¬ 
ture,  29,  10;  70,  23. 
super,  prep,  with  acc.  and  abl  : 
with  abl.,  over,  above,  on  :  with 
acc.,  over,  above,  on,  upon,  7,  7  ; 
7,  28;  28,  12:  beyond,  1,  8: 
during,  at,  55,  30. 
superadsto,  -are,  -stiti,  —  (super, 
upon ;  ad,  near;  sto,  stand), 
stand  upon,  25,  14.  (W.  G.  69.) 


VOCABULARY. 


317 


superbe,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (superbus,  proud ),  haught¬ 
ily ,  proxidly,  arrogantly ,  io,  5. 
superbia,  -ae,  f.  (superbus, 
proud),  loftiness ,  haughtiness , 
pride ,  arrogance ,  17,  12. 
superbus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (super,  above),  haughty, 
proud,  arrogant ,  insolent,  14, 
I  ;  30,  12. 

superiacio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (super, 
upon,  over;  iacid,  throw), 
throw  over,  30,  22.  (W.  G.  47.) 
superincido,  3,  — ,  —  (super, 
from  above ;  in,  upon ;  cado, 
fall),  fall  from  above,  fall 
down  upon ,  16,  14. 
superior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  comp,  of 
superus,  superior,  victorious, 
33,  22;  47,  10. 

supero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (superus, 
over,  above),  go  over,  rise  above: 
ascend,  mount,  cross,  33,  6  : 
subdue,  conquer ,  27,  2  :  surpass, 
outstrip,  excel,  30,  19. 
supersum, -esse, -ful  (super,  over; 
sum,  be),  be  over  and  above,  be 
left,  remain ,  7,  20  :  outlive, 
survive,  11,  20;  35,  19-  (W. 
G.  31.) 

superus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
that  is  above,  upper,  higher,  12, 
16. 

supervenid,  4,  -veni,  -ventus 
(super,  upon,  in  addition ; 
venid,  come),  come  in  addition , 
come  up,  arrive,  45,  11  :  come 
upon,  surprise,  2,  12.  (W.  G. 

73) 


supervivo,  3,  -vixi,  —  (super, 

over,  beyond ;  vivo,  live),  out¬ 
live,  survive,  56,  2. 
suppliciter,  adv.  (supplex,  peti¬ 
tioner),  like  a  petitioner,  hum > 
bly,  suppliantly,  65,  21.  (W. 
G.  60.) 

supplicium,  -T,  N.  (supplex,  kneel¬ 
ing  in  entreaty),  kneeling,  bow¬ 
ing  down  :  death  penalty,  pun- 
ishment,  2,  5 ;  44,  2.  (W.  G. 
60.) 

supremus,  see  summus,  71,  17. 
siirgo,  3,  surrexi,  and  subrexi, 
—  (sub,  from  below ;  regd, 
make  straight),  rise,  get  up, 
stand  up,  70,  17.  (W.  G.  65.) 
suscipio,  3,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [sub(s), 
from  under ;  capid,  take],  take 
up,  take :  receive,  assume,  take 
upon  oneself,  undertake,  begin, 
12,  1  ;  22,  15  j  43, 
suspectus,  adj.  with  comp.  (p.  of 
suspicio,  mistrust),  subject  to 
suspicion,  mistrusted,  suspected, 
52,  3.  (W.  G.  68.) 
sustined,  2,-tinui,  -tentus  [sub(s), 
froin  under,  up ;  tened,  hold], 
hold  up,  bear  up,  7,  24  :  keep 
up,  support,  7,  24;  29,  12  : 

withstand,  sustain,  bear,  endure, 
16,  11 ;  65,  6.  (W.  G.  71.) 
sutor,  -oris,  m.  (suo,  sew),  shoe¬ 
maker,  cobbler,  68,  21. 
suus,  pron.  poss.  3d  pers.  (cf. 
sui,  of  himself,  herself,  itself, 
themselves),  reflexive  adj.,  of 
oneself,  belonging  to  oneself,  his 
own,  her  own ,  his,  her,  its, 


318 


VOCABULARY. 


their,  3,  22  ;  6,  23  ;  17,  12.  Syria,  -ae,  F.,  Syria,  on  the  east- 
As  subst.,  sui,  his  friends,  ern  shore  of  the  Mediterranean, 
their  friends,  14,  9:  sua  mors,  48,  4. 

a  natural  death ,  56,  3- 


T.,  Titus,  a  Roman  praenomen, 
64,  25. 

tabella,  -ae,  f.  (dim.  of  tabula, 

board),  sniall  board:  writing- 
tablet,  70,  17  (v.  notes,  fig.  21, 
-  P-  ii7)- 

taberna,  -ae,  f.  [ta-,  stretch ], 
hut:  shop,  stall,  18,  5. 
tabernaculum,  -I,  n.  (tabema, 
hut),  tent,  43,  1  (v.  notes,  fig. 
10,  p.  97). 

tabes,  -is,  F.,  wasting,  decline ,  de¬ 
cay,  17,  5. 

tabula,  -ae,  f.  [ta-,  stretch"], 
board:  writing-tablet,  39,  4 

(v.  notes,  fig.  21,  p.  1 17)  :  table 
of  the  law,  17,  22. 
tacitus,  adj.  (p.  of  taceo,  be 
silent),  passed  in  silence,  kept 
secret :  in  silence,  without  speak- 
36,  1 5- 

taedium,  -I,  N.  (taedet,  it  wearies), 
weariness,  tediousness,  disgust, 

43,  !7- 

talentum,  -T,  N.  (Gr.,  raXavro v), 

talent,  half  a  hundred-weight, 
a  Grecian  standard  of  value 
equal  to  about  $ 1080  in  gold. 
49,  23. 

talis,  -e,  adj.,  such,  of  such  a 
kind,  25,  22. 

tarn,  adv.,  in  such  a  degree,  such, 

so,  12,  12;  44,  9:  tam  .  .  . 


T 

quam,  as  much  ...  as,  as  well 
...  as,  69,  7* 

tamen,  adv.,  notwithstanding, 
nevertheless,  for  all  that,  how¬ 
ever,  yet,  still,  1,  5;  8,  16; 

9,  8. 

tamquam,  adv.  (tam,  as  much; 
quam,  as),  as  much  as,  just  as, 
like  as,  as  if,  46,  1 1. 

Tanaquil,  -ilis,  f.,  Tanaquil,  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  10, 
22. 

tandem,  adv.  (tam,  to  such  a  de¬ 
gree  ;  -dem,  demonstr.  ending), 
at  length,  at  last,  finally ,  30, 
11. 

tantopere,  adv.  (abl.  of  tantum 
opus),  so  earnestly,  so  greatly, 
so  much,  49,  11. 

tantum,  adv.  (tantus,  so  great), 
only,  merely,  63,  1  :  tantum 
modo,  only,  merely,  33,  15. 

tantus,  adj.,  so  great,  such,  8,  1. 
As  subst.,  tantum,  -I,  N.,  so 
much,  16,  16  ;  38,  14:  as  gen. 
of  price,  of  such  value ,  worth 
so  much,  42,  5. 

tarde,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(tardus,  slow),  slowly,  46,  16. 

tardo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (tardus,  slow), 
jnake  slow,  hinder,  delay,  re¬ 
tard,  55,  19. 

Tarentinus,  adj.,  of  Tarentum , 


VOCABULARY. 


319 


Tarentine ,  34,  30.  As  subst, 
M.  plur.,  Tarentini,  -orum,  the 
inhabitants  of  Tarentum ,  25,  1. 

Tarentum,  -i,  n.,  Tarentum,  a 
famous  and  powerful  Greek 
city  in  southern  Italy  on  the 
gulf  of  Tarentum,  34,  28. 

Tarpeia,  -ae,  F.,  Tarpeia ,  name 
of  the  Roman  maiden  who 
opened  the  gates  to  the 
Sabines,  3,  18. 

Tarpeius,  adj.,  of  Tarpeia,  Tar- 
peian,  22,  13. 

Tarquinius,  -I,  M.,  Tarquinius, 
Tarquin,  name  of  a  family 
prominent  in  the  history  of 
the  kings  of  Rome,  10,  17. 

Tarquinii,  -drum,  m.,  Tarquinii, 
a  town  in  southern  Etruria. 
10,  17. 

Tatius,  -T,  M.,  gentile  name  of 
Titus  Tatius,  leader  of  the 
Sabines,  3,  20. 

tego,  3,  texi,  tectus,  cover,  cover 
over,  60,  7. 

telum,  -I,  N.,  missile,  spear,  shaft, 
javelin,  weapon,  4,  12  ;  11,  30; 

16,  14. 

temerarius,  adj.  (temere,  rashly ), 
rash,  indiscreet,  imprudent, 
37,  4- 

temere,  adv.,  rashly,  heedlessly, 
indiscreetly,  30,  15. 

temeritas,  -atis,  f.  (temere,  rash¬ 
ly),  hap,  chance:  rashness,  in¬ 
discretion,  23,  18. 

temperans, -antis,  adj.  with  comp, 
and  sup.  (p.  of  temperd,  ab¬ 
stain),  observing  moderation, 


sober,  moderate,  temperate,  43, 
18. 

tempestas,  -atis,  f.  (tempus, 

time),  portion  of  time,  time,,  11, 
9:  storm,  tempest,  4,  23. 
templum,  -T,  n.,  open  place  for 
observation  :  consecrated  place : 
fane ,  temple,  27,  30. 
tempto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (intens.  of 
tendd,  stretch ),  handle:  make 
trial  of,  attempt,  21,  2. 
tempus,  -oris,  n.,  portion  of 
time,  time,  season,  2,  10  ;  47, 
28. 

tendo,  3,  tetendi,  tentus,  or  ten¬ 
sus  [TEN-,  stretch ],  stretch: 
reach  out,  extend,  51,  26  :  di¬ 
rect,  aim,  53,6.  (W.  G.  71.) 
tenebrae,  -arum,  F.,  darkness, 
gloom,  60,  19. 

teneo,  2,  tenui,  —  [ten-,  stretch], 
hold,  grasp,  30,  20  :  bind,  hold 
fast,  restrain ,  24,  9 :  keep,  2, 
11.  (W.  G.  71.) 

tentorium,  -i,  n.  [ta-,  ten-, 
stretch],  tent,  43,  6  (v.  notes, 
fig.  10,  p.  97).  (W.  G.  71.) 
tepeo,  2,  — ,  — ,  be  moderately 
warm,  be  lukewarm :  steam, 
22,  21. 

ter,  adv.  num.  (cf.  tres,  three), 
three  times,  thrice,  58,  30* 
Terentius,  -T,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
C.  Terentius  Varro,  consul  216 
b.c.,  37,  3:  Pompey’s  tent- 
companion,  42,  26. 
tergiversor,  1,  — ,  dep.  (tergum, 
back;  verto,  turn),  turn  the 
back,  decline ,  refuse,  32,  25. 


320 


VOCABULARY 


tergum,  -I,  n.,  back,  19,  13  : 

a  tergd,  in  the  rear,  8,  27; 
46,  9. 

terni,  -ae,  -a,  adj.  num.  distrib. 
(ter,  thrice ),  three  each,  by 
threes,  7,  2. 

tero,  3,  trivi,  tritus,  rub,  wear 
away :  use  up,  spe7id,  waste,  34, 

14- 

terra,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  torre5,  dry  tip), 
earth,  grou7id :  land,  30,  7  : 
orbis  terrae  or  terrarum,  the 
earth,  22,  17;  45,  27. 
terre5,  2,  -ui,  -itus,  frighten , 
alar77i,  terrify,  8,  28, 
terribilis,  -e,  adj. (terreo,  frighten), 
frightfid,  dreadftd,  terrible, 
25,  13- 

territus,  p.  of  terreo,  55,  5. 
terror,  -oris,  m.  (cf.  terreo, 

frighten),  great  fear,  dread, 
alar?7i,  terror,  10,  11. 
tertio,  adv.  (tertius,  third),  for 
the  third  time,  47,  5. 
tertius,  adj.  num.  ord.  (ter, 
thrice),  third,  7,  18. 
testimonium,  -I,  n.  (testis,  wit¬ 
ness),  witness,  evidence,  testimo¬ 
ny,  45,  25  :  proof  37,  25. 
testor,  i,  -atus  (testis,  witness), 
cause  to  testify :  make  k7iown, 
attest,  bear  witness,  51,  9. 
thesaurus,  -i,  m.  (Gr.,  drjravpSs), 
something  laid  up,  treasure, 

30,  5- 

Thessalia,  -ae,  f.,  Thessaly,  a 
district  in  northern  Greece,  47, 
13- 

Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber ,  the 


chief  river  of  Latium,  on  which 
Rome  was  built,  1,  7. 

Tiberius,  -I,  m.,  contracted  Ti., 
Tiberius,  a  Roman  praenomen, 
39,  23. 

tibicen,  -inis,  m.  (tibia,  pipe; 
cano,  sing  or  play),  piper,  flute- 
player,  31,  5  (v.  notes,  fig.  17, 
p.  109). 

Ticinus,  -I,  M.,  Tichius,  a  river  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  33,  7. 

tigillum,  -I,  N.  (dim.  of  tignum, 

beam),  si7iall  bar  of  wood,  little 
beam,  8,  17. 

Tigranes,  -is,  m.,  Tigranes,  a 
king  of  Armenia,  46,  19. 

timeo,  2,  -ui,  — ,  fear,  be  afraid, 
dread,  apprehend,  46,  1 5  ;  46, 
29. 

timidus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (cf.  timed,  fear),  fearfid, 
afraid,  cowardly,  timid,  34,  ir. 

titulus,  -i,  M.,  superscription,  in¬ 
scription,  53,  14. 

Titus,  -i,  M.,  Titus,  Roman  prae¬ 
nomen,  3,  20. 

toga,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  tego,  cover),  toga, 
gown,  32,  26  (v.  notes,  fig.  18, 
p.  hi). 

tolero,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (cf.  tollo, 

lift),  bear,  endure,  support,  16, 
22. 

tollo,  3,  sustuli,  sublatus,  lift , 
raise,  4,  9 :  lift,  cheer,  encour¬ 
age,  9,  19:  take  away,  carry  off, 
re  /nove,  10,  20. 

tonitrus,  -us,  M.  (tond,  make  a 
loud  noise),  thunder,  4,  23. 

tonsor,  -oris,  m.  (tonded,  shear), 


VOCABULARY. 


321 


shearer ,  hair-cutter ,  barber,  71, 
2. 

Toranius,  -I,  m.,  T  Toranius, 
who  betrayed  his  father  to 
death  43  B.C.  64,  25. 
torqueo,  2,  torsi,  tortus,  turn , 
twist:  torture,  65,  5- 
tot,  adj.  num.  indecl.,  so  many, 
such  a  number  of,  26,  4. 
totidem,  adj.  num.  indecl.  (tot, 
so  ma7iy;  -dem,  demonstr.  end- 
ing),  just  so  many,  the  same 
number  of,  47,  23. 
totiens,  adv.  num.  (tot,  so  many), 
so  often,  so  many  times,  33, 
10. 

totus,  gen.  totius,  dat.  toti,  adj., 
all ,  the  whole,  entire,  7,  9 ; 

17,  4- 

trado,  3,  -didi,  -ditus  (trans, 

across;  do,  deliver),  give  up, 
hand  over,  deliver,  surrender, 
2,  6  ;  19,  4:  betray ,  14,  17: 
hand  down,  transmit,  report, 
say,  1,  10  ;  41,  30.  (W.  G.  24.) 
traduco,  3,  -duxi,  -ductus  (trans, 
across ;  duc5,  lead),  lead  across, 
conduct  across,  carry  over, 

transfer,  10,  8  :  spend,  pass, 

23,  20 :  lead  in  disgrace,  23, 
30.  (W.  G.  29.) 

traho,  3,  -traxi,  -tractus,  draw, 
pull,  drag,  7,  22  :  obtain,  de¬ 
rive,  25,  4  :  delay,  detain,  40,  6. 
traicio,  3,  -ieci,  -iectus  (trans, 
across;  iacio,  throw),  throw 
across,  transfer :  lead  across , 
take  across,  transport,  52,  17: 
pierce,  stab  through ,  transfix, 


55>  :  pass  over,  cross  over, 

2,  22. 

trano,  1,  -avi,  —  (trans,  across ; 
nd,  swim),  swim  over,  swim 
across,  16,  15. 

trans,  prep,  with  acc.,  across ,  over, 
to  the  farther  side  of,  51,  16. 

transcendd,  3,  -di,  —  (trans,  over; 
scandd,  climb),  climb  over,  pass 
over,  cross,  35,  29. 

transeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  (trans,  over  ; 
ed,  go),  go  over, .  cross  over, 
pass  over ,  pass  by,  pass,  9,  2  ; 
68,  26  :  pass  over,  be  changed, 
be  transformed,  4,  24. (W.  G.  46.) 

transfigo,  3,  -fixi,  -fixus  (trans, 
through;  figo,  fasten),  pierce 
through,  transfix,  8,  2. 

transfuga,  -ae  [trans,  across; 
.FVG-,  flee\,  one  who  joins  the 
enemy,  deserter,  23,  6.  (W.  G. 
40.) 

transgredior,  3,  -gressus,  dep. 
(trans,  across ;  gradior,  step), 
step  across,  pass  over,  cross, 
30,  22.  (W.  G.  44.) 

transigo,  3,  -egi,  -actus  (trans, 
through ;  ago,  drive),  drive 
through  :  finish,  carry  through, 
complete,  65,  18. 

transilio,  4,  -ui,  —  (trans,  across, 
salid,  leap),  leap  across,  jump 
over,  2,  24. 

transmarinus,  adj.  (trans,  beyond; 
marinus,  of  the  sea),  from  over 
the  sea,  25,  5. 

transmigro,  1,  — ,  —  (trans, 
across;  migrd,  depart),  move , 
migrate,  22,  4. 


322 


VOCABULARY. 


transmitto,  3,  -misi,  -missus 
(trans,  across;  mitto,  send), 
send  across ,  put  across ,  throw 
across ,  8,  17  :  pass  over ,  cross 
over ,  52,  22.  (W.  G.  53.) 
transveho,  3,  -vexi,  -vectus  (trans, 
across ;  vehd,  carry),  carry 
across,  convey  over,  transport, 
3i,  24.  (W.  G.  72.) 
transversus,  adj.  (trans,  across ; 
versus,  turned),  turned  across, 
crosswise,  transverse,  61,  22. 

(W.  G.  74  ) 

Trasumenus,  -i,  m.,  Trasiwienus, 
lake  in  Etruria,  celebrated  for 
Hannibal’s  defeat  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans,  217  b.c.  33,  9. 

Trebia,  -ae,  m.,  Trebia,  river  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  tributary  to  the 
Po,  33,  8. 

trecentesimus,  adj.  num,  ord. 
(trecenti,  three  hundred), 
three-hundredth,  17,  20. 
trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  (tres, 
three ;  centum,  hundred),  three 
hundred,  17,  20. 

tredecim,  num.  adj.  in decl.  (tres, 
three;  decem,  ten),  thirteen, 
11,  16. 

trepidatio,  -5nis,  f.  (trepido, 

hurry  with  alarm),  confused 
hurry,  alarm,  agitation,  con- 
fusion,  51,  28. 

trepido,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (trepidus, 
restless),  hurry  with  alarm ,  be 
in  confusion,  21,  1 1  :  hesitate , 
tremble,  fear,  52,  29. 
tres,  tria,  adj.  num.,  three,  4,  19. 
tribunal,  -alis,  n.  (tribunus,  head 


of  a  tribe),  raised  platform  for 
the  seats  of  magistrates,  judg- 
me7it-seat,  tribunal,  18,  16. 

tribunatus,  -us,  m.  (tribunus, 

tribune),  office  of  a  tribune, 
tribuneship,  41,  2. 

tribunicius,  adj.  (tribunus,  trib¬ 
rine),  of  a  tribune,  40,  15. 

tribunus,  -I,  m.  (tribus,  tribe), 
head  of  tribe :  tribune,  17,  11  ; 
18,  24. 

tribud,  3,  -ui,  -utus  (tribus,  tribe), 
confer,  bestow,  give,  yield,  43, 
27. 

tribus,  -us,  F.  (cf.  tres,  three), 
third  part  of  the  people  :  tribe, 
39,  4- 

tributum,  -I,  n.  (p.  n.  of  tribuo, 
give),  stated  payment,  contribu¬ 
tion,  tribute,  16,  21. 

triennium,  -i,  n.  (tres,  three; 
annus,  year),  three  years'  time, 
three  years,  56,  2. 

trigeminus,  adj.  (tres,  three; 
geminus,  born  together ),  born 
three  at  a  birth,  6,  22.  Plur. 
M.  as  subst.,  triplets,  6,  26. 

triginta,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  thirty, 
4,  20. 

tristis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  sad,  sorrowful :  bitter, 
severe,  terrible,  24,  4. 

triumpho,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (tri¬ 
umphus,  triumphal  procession), 
march  in  triumphal  procession, 
celebrate  a  triumph,  triumph, 
11,6;  19,  26. 

triumphus,  -I,  M.,  triumphal  pro¬ 
cession,  triumph ,  celebration  of 


VOCABULARY. 


323 


victory  by  a  public  entrance  into 
Rome,  31,  2. 

triumvir,  -viri,  m.  (tres,  three ; 
vir,  man),  one  of  three  associ¬ 
ates  in  office,  a  member  of  a 
board  of  three ,  64,  20. 

trucido,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [trux,  wild; 
SCID-,  cut],  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  butcher ,  20,  30.  (W. 
G.  66.) 

truncus,  -I,  m.,  stem,  stock  :  trunk, 
body,  47,  19. 

trux,  -ucis,  adj.,  wild,  savage, 
fierce,  25,  19. 

tu,  pers.  pro.,  thou,  you,  ig,  7. 

tueor,  2,  tutus,  dep.,  look  at,  gaze 
upon:  watch,  guard,  protect , 

33,  15- 

Tullia,  -ae,  f.,  name  of  the 
daughter  of  Servius  Tullius, 
also  of  Cicero’s  daughter,  13,  16. 

Tullius,  -T,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  e.g.,  Servius  Tullius,  Mar¬ 
cus  Tullius  Cicero ,  12,  1. 

Tullus,  -i,  m.,  praenomen  of  Ttd- 
lus  Hostilius,  the  third  king  of 
Rome,  6,  17. 

turn,  adv.,  then ,  at  that  time,  in 
those  times,  1,  10;  1,  20;  8,  9; 

12,  25. 

tumultuor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (tumul¬ 
tus,  uproar ),  make  a  disturb¬ 


ance,  be  in  confusion,  11,  24; 
43,  10. 

tumultus,  -us,  M.,  uproar,  dis¬ 
turbance,  disorder,  13,  22. 
tunc,  adv.  (turn,  then;  -ce, 
dem.  suff.),  then,  at  that  time, 
1,  8  ;  4,  8. 

turba,  -ae,  F.,  turmoil,  disorder : 

throng,  crowd,  13,  22. 
turbo,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (turba,  tur- 
moil ),  disturb,  throw  into  dis¬ 
order,  25,  14. 

turbulentus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (turba,  commotion),  fidl  of 
commotion,  disturbed,  stormy, 

60,  22. 

turdus,  -I,  M.,  thrush ,  47,  26. 
turpis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  ugly,  unsightly :  shamefid, 
dishonorable ,  disgracefid,  24,  8. 
tutela,  -ae,  f.  (tueor,  look  at),  de¬ 
fence,  protection,  2,  20. 
tutor,  -oris,  m.  (tueor,  look  at), 
watcher ,  defender  :  tidor,  guar¬ 
dian,  11,  3. 

tutor,  1,  -atus,  dep.  (tueor,  look 
at),  watch,  protect,  defend,  59,  8. 
tutus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(p.  of  tueor,  look  at),  guarded, 
safe,  secure,  16,  7  ;  46,  5. 
tuus,  pron.  poss.  (tu,  thou),  thy, 
thine,  your,  yours ,  28,  13. 


U 


uber,  -eris,  N.  (cf.  Eng.  udder),  aboutiding,  rich,  fruitful,  fer- 
teat,  udder,  breast,  1,  12.  tile,  22,  18. 

uber,  -eris,  adj.,  comp,  uberior,  ubi,  adv.  rel.  and  interrog.:  rel., 
sup.  uberrimus  (uber,  richness),  in  which  place,  in  what  place , 


324 


VOCABULARY. 


where ,  2,  15  :  when ,  3,  13;  41, 
1 1  :  interrog.,  where  ?  65,  5. 

ulciscor,  3,  ultus,  dep.,  avenge 
oneself  on:  take  revenge  for , 
avenge,  64,  12. 

ullus,  gen.  ullius,  dat.  ulli,  adj- 
(for  unulus,  dim.  of  unus),  any, 
14,  17.  As  subst.,  M.,  any  one, 
5°,  27.  _ 

ulterior,  -ius,  adj.  comp .,  farther, 
more  remote,  50,  1  :  neut.  ulte¬ 
rius,  as  adv.,  longer,  farther, 

65,  7- 

ultimum,  adv.  (ultimus,  last),  for 
the  last  time,  18,  19. 

ultimus,  adj.,  sup.  of  ulterior,  far¬ 
thest,  most  distant,  uttermost, 
last,  55,  8  ;  67,  16  :  greatest, 
extreme,  uttnost,  66,  20. 

ultra,  prep,  with  acc.,  beyond: 
above,  past,  exceeding,  57,  2. 

ultro,  adv.  (dat.  and  abl.  of 
*ulter,  far ;  sc.  loco,  place), 
to  the  farther  side,  beyond: 
voluntarily,  56,  16. 

umbo,  -onis,  m.,  knob,  boss,  21,  12 
(v.  notes,  fig.  n,  p.  98). 

umbra,  -ae,  f.,  shade,  shadow, 
46,  9. 

umerus,  -i,  m.,  the  upper  arm , 
shoulder,  7,  28. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever, 
16,  3. 

unde,  relat.  adv.,  from  whom, 
from  which,  where,  on  which 
side,  6,  25;  11,  18:  whence, 
from  what  source ,  29,  30. 

undecim,  adj.  num.  indecl.  (unus, 
one ;  decem,  ten),  eleven,  5,  19. 


undique,  adv.  (unde,  whence;  -que, 
indef.  suff.,  -soever),  from  every 
quarter,  on  all  sides,  all  around, 
53,  21. 

universus,  adj.  (unus,  one,  together ; 
versus,  turned),  all  together, 
whole,  entire,  31,  15.  Plur.  M. 
as  subst.,  all  men,  everybody, 
61,  8.  (W.  G.  74.) 
unus,  gen.  unius,  dat.  uni,  adj. 
num.,  one,  a  single,  7,  10;  7,  15: 
only,  alone,  24,  12:  the  same, 
one  and  the  same,  65,  28. 
unusquisque,  unaquaeque,  unum¬ 
quodque  (unus,  one;  quisque, 
each),  adj.,  each  one,  every  one, 
14,  22. 

urbanus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (urbs,  city),  of  the  city.  As 
subst.,  M.,  inhabitant  of  a  city : 
a  wit,  a  wag,  51,8. 
urbs,  urbis,  f.,  walled  town,  city, 
2,  14  :  Rome,  59,  17. 
urgueo  or  urgeo,  2,  ursi,  — , press, 
force:  press  hard,  beset,  assail, 
21,  18. 

urinator,  -oris,  m.  (urinor,  dive), 
diver,  63,  21. 

usquam,  adv.,  at  any  place,  any¬ 
where,  18,  18. 

usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  right  on, 
continuously,  even,  46,  10. 
usurpd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  [usus,  use  ; 
RAP-,  seize] ,  seize  for  use,  seize, 
upon,  ??iake  use  of,  56,  27. 
usus,  -us,  M.  (cf.  utor,  use),  use : 
profit ,  benefit,  advantage,  42, 

1 5  :  occasion,  need,  want,  29, 
12. 


VOCABULARY. 


325 


ut  or  uti,  adv.,  when ,  as  soon  as, 
7,  4 :  as,  i,  io :  ut  .  .  .  ita, 
as  .  .  .  so,  22,  i ;  36,  25. 
ut,  conj.  with  subj.  of  purpose  or 
result  :  of  purpose,  in  order 
that,  that,  to,  so  as  to,  1 ,  3 ; 
4,  29;  5,  26  ;  7,  1 7  :  of  result, 
that,  so  that,  4,  30. 
uter,  -tris,  m.  (cf.  uterus,  womb), 
bag  of  hide,  leathern  bottle , 
skin,  57,  7. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  gen.  utrius, 
dat.  utri,  adj.,  which  of  two, 
which,  2,  16:  whichever  one, 
the  one  which,  33,  1. 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  adj., 


each,  either,  each  one,  both,  11, 

25  5  55,  14- 

utilis,  -e,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (utor,  use),  useful,  service¬ 
able,  profitable,  6,  3. 
utinam,  adv.,  I  wish  that!  if 
only  l  would  that!  29,  7. 
utique,  adv.,  in  any  case,  at  any 
rate:  in  particular ,  especially , 

64,  3- 

utor,  3,  usus,  dep.,  use,  employ, 
profit  by,  38,  9  ;  43,  5. 
utrimque,  adv.  (uterque,  each  of 
two),  on  each  side,  on  either 
hand ,  7,  I. 

uxor,  uxoris,  f.,  wife ,  spouse ,  3,  4. 


V 


vaco,  1,  -avi,  -atus,  be  empty,  be 
vacant:  be  unoccupied,  be  at 
leisure ,  63,  14- 

vae,  interj.,  alas!  woe!  21,  24. 
vagitus,  -us,  m.  (vagid,  cry),  cry¬ 
ing,  squalling,  1,  11.  (W.  G. 
77-) 

valeo,  2,  -ul,  -iturus  (cf.  Eng. 
well),  be  strong,  be  vigorous, 
17,  9:  have  power,  have  in¬ 
fluence,  26,  27. 

Valerius,  -I,  m.,  Valerius,  name 
of  a  Roman  gens,  25,  7. 
valetudo,  -inis,  F.(valed,  be  strong), 
state  of  health,  health ,  71,  15  : 
ill  health,  sickness,  55,  26. 
validus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(cf.  valed,  be  strong),  strong, 
able,  powerful,  16,  4  ;  43,  20. 
vallum,  -i,  N.  (vallus,  palisade , 


stake),  line  of  palisades,  ratn- 
part,  intrenchment,  2,  21  ;  34,  2. 
vanus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 
(for  *vacnus,  cf.  vaco,  be  empty), 
containing  nothing :  empty, 
groundless,  vain,  53,  12. 
varius,  adj.,  variegated,  mottled : 

diverse,  various,  44,  29. 

Varro,  -onis,  m.,  surname  in  the 
Terentian  gens,  as  C.  Terentius 
Varro,  the  consul  defeated  at 
Cannae,  37,  3. 

Varus,  -I,  m.,  see  Quinctilius, 
71,  6. 

vas,  vasis,  n.,  plur.  vasa,  -orum, 
vessel,  dish,  66,  10. 
vasto,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (vastus, 
empty),  make  empty ,  devastate, 
lay  waste,  ravage,  25,  27  ;  34,  6. 
vastus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup. 


326 


VOCABULARY. 


(cf.  Eng.  waste),  empty,  unin¬ 
habited,  waste,  1,9:  vast,  huge, 
immense,  25,  13- 

vectigal,  -alis,  N.  [veh-,  carry], 
payment  to  the  state ,  tax ,  tribute, 

32,  1 7- 

vectus,  p.  of  veh5,  13,  20. 

vegetus,  adj.,  enlivened,  animated, 
bright,  56,  23. 

vehementer,  adv.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (vehemens,  eager),  eagerly, 
violently,  earnestly,  vehemently, 
48,  6.  (W.  G.  72.) 

veho,  3,  vexi, vectus  [veh -, carry], 
bear,  carry,  convey,  52,  30  ;  6g, 
8:  ride,  13,  20.  (W.  G.  72.) 

Veiens,  -entis,  adj.  (Veil),  of  or 
belonging  to  Veii,  8,  23.  As 
subst.,  an  inhabitant  of  Veii, 
19,  17. 

Veil,  -orum,  M.,  Veii,  an  Etruscan 
town,  ig,  1 1. 

vel,  conj.  and  adv.  (old  imper.  of 
volo,  wish),  or  if  you  will,  or: 
vel  .  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or,  25, 
16  :  even,  66,  30. 

vel5,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (velum,  sail, 
covering),  cover,  wrap,  veil,  g, 
24. 

velocitas,  -atis,  F.  (velox,  szvift), 
swiftness,  fleetness,  speed,  30, 
18. 

velox,  -ocis,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.,  szvift,  quick,  rapid,  fleet, 

43,  20. 

velut  or  veluti,  adv.  (vel,  inten¬ 
sive,  even  ;  ut,  as),  even  as,  just 
as,  like,  1,  13  :  as  if,  just  as  if, 
as  though,  6,  8  ;  8,  18. 


venabulum,  -T,  n.  (venor,  hunt), 
h  untmg-spear,  35,  15. 
venatio,  -5nis,  f.  (venor,  hunt), 
hunting:  hunting  spectacle,  50, 
19- 

vend5,  3,  -didi, —  [venum,  sale ; 
2  da-,  put,  expose ],  sell,  34,  8. 
(W.  G.  25.) 

venenum,  -I,  n.,  strong  potion, 
drug :  poison,  28,  25. 
vened,  -ire,  -il,  —  (venum,  sale;  eo, 
go),  go  to  sale,  be  sold,  29,  26. 
veneratio,  -onis,  f.  (veneror, 
reverence),  reverence,  respect , 
veneration,  49,  21. 
venia,  -ae,  F.,  indulgence,  kind¬ 
ness,  permission,  18,  20  :  for¬ 
giveness,  pardon,  4g,  6. 
venio,  4,  veni,  ventus  [ven-, 
come,  go],  come,  go,  3,  13;  43, 
14  :  come  to,  reach,  17,  5.  (W. 
G.  73-) 

venor,  1,  -atus,  dep.,  hicnt,  1,17. 
venter,  -tris,  m.,  belly ,  stojnach, 
16,  24. 

ventus,  -I,  m.  wind,  37,  9. 
venum,  n.,  that  which  is  sold ; 
usually  acc.  in  a  phrase  with  do, 
as  venum  do,  15,  10. 
venum  d5,  -are,  -dedi,  -atus,  sell  as 
a  slave,  sell,  15,  10. 

Venusia,  -ae,  f.,  Venusia,  a  town 
on  the  borders  of  Apulia  and 
Lucania,  37,  22. 

venustus,  adj.  with  comp,  (venus, 

charm),  charming,  pleasing, 
handsome,  70,  30. 

(verber),  -eris,  n.,  lash,  zvhip, 
scourge,  rod,  45,  II. 


VOCABULARY. 


327 


verbero,  i,  -avi,  -at us  (verber, 

lash),  beat,  scourge,  strike,  ig, 

lS- 

verbum,  -i,  n.  (cf.  Eng.  word), 
word,  2,  23  :  saying ,  expression, 

56,  29. 

vere,  adv.  with  comp,  and  sup. 

(verus,  true),  truly,  38,  13. 
verecundia,  -ae,  f.  (cf.  vereor), 
fear,  modesty:  sense  of  shame, 
53,  30  :  reverence,  respect,  24, 
18. 

vereor,  2,  -itus,  dep.,  reverence, 
respect:  fear,  31,  8. 
veritus,  p.  of  vereor,  31,8. 
verno,  1,  — ,  —  (vemus,  of  spring), 
spring,  be  verdant,  bloom,  22, 19. 
vero,  adv.  (verus,  true),  in  truth, 
certainly,  surely,  9,  1  r  :  indeed, 
18,  21 :  but,  however,  3,  4;  6,  4. 
verruca,  -ae,  f.,  wart,  57,  10. 
versiculus,  -i,  m.  (dim.  of  versus, 
line),  little  line ,  short  verse,  56, 

18.  (W.  G.  74-) 

verso,  1,  -avl,-atus  (freq.  of  vert5, 
turn),  turn  often,  keep  turning : 
pass.,  be  engaged  in,  be  busy, 
conduct  oneself,  42,  14;  57,  25. 

(W.  G.  74.) 

versus,  p.  of  vert5,  46,  28. 
versus,  -us,  m.  [vert-,  turn],  line, 
50,  8.  (W.  G.  74-) 
vertd,  3,  -ti,  -sus  [vert-,  turn], 
turn,  change:  pass.,  be  turned: 
turn  about,  return,  46,  28.  (W. 
G.  74.) 

verum,  adv.  (verus,  true),  tndy, 
certainly:  but,  yet,  4,  15. 


verus,  adj.  with  comp,  and  sup., 
true,  actual,  genuine,  63,  1. 

Vesta,  -ae,  F.,  Vesta,  daughter  of 
Saturn  and  Ops,  goddess  of 
flocks  and  herds,  and  of  the 
household,  guardian  of  the 
city.  1,  4. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  pron.  poss. 
(vos,  you),  your,  yours,  of  you, 
60,  20. 

vestibulum,  -i,  n.,  enclosed  space 
before  a  house,  entrance,  11, 
23- 

vestigium,  -I,  N.  (cf.  vestlgd, 
track),  bottom  of  foot,  sole:  foot¬ 
step,  track ,  53,  28. 

vestis, -is,  F.,sing  collect clothes, 
clothing,  attire,  5,  9. 

Vesuvius,  -I,  m.,  Vesuvius,  the 
famous  volcano,  22,  24. 

veteranus,  adj.  (vetus,  old),  old, 
veteran,  68,  2.  As  subst.,  m. 
plur.,  veteran  soldiers,  veter¬ 
ans,  63,  17. 

veto,  1,  -ui,  -itus  (cf.  vetus,  old), 
not  to  stiffen,  not  to  permit,  for¬ 
bid,  prohibit,  34,  3. 

vetus,  -eris,  adj.  with  sup.,  veter¬ 
rimus,  old,  aged :  of  a  former 
time,  ancient,  former,  27,  27  ; 
38,  28. 

via,  -ae,  F.  [veii-,  carry],  way, 
highway,  road,  street,  8,  17;  18, 
21;  23,  14:  march,  journey, 
57,  4-  (W.  G.  72.) 

vicarius,  adj.  (vicis,  change),  sub¬ 
stituted.  As  subst.,  M.,  substi¬ 
tute,  proxy,  68,  6. 


32S 


VOCABULARY. 


vicesimus,  adj.  num.  ord.  (vlginti, 

twenty ),  twentieth ,  25,  27. 
viciens,  adv.  num.  (viginti,  twen¬ 
ty ),  twenty  times ,  58,  30. 
vicinus,  adj.  with  comp,  (vicus, 
row  of  houses),  of  the  neighbor¬ 
hood,  near,  neighboring,  3,  5. 
victor,  -oris,  M.  (vinco,  conquer), 
conqueror ,  vanquisher,  victor, 
2,  19.  In  apposition,  with  adj. 
force,  victorious,  20,  15. 
victoria,  -ae,  f.  (victor,  victor), 
victory,  6,  25. 
victus,  p.  of  vinco,  19,  16. 
vicus,  -i,  M.,  row  of  houses,  street, 
quarter ,  13,  25  :  village,  37,  5. 
videlicet,  adv.  (videre,  to  see ; 
licet,  it  is  allowed),  one  may 
see,  clearly,  obviously,  3,  23. 
vided,  2,  vidi,  visus  [vid-,  see], 
see,  discern,  perceive,  2,  19  :  see 
to,  provide  for,  41,  19:  go  to 
see,  visit,  3,  12  :  consider ,  reflect 
upon ,  53,  20:  pass.,  be  seen, 
15,  24  :  seem,  appear,  seem 
good,  2,  21  ;  8,  6.  (\Y.  G. 

75-) 

vigil,  -ilis,  adj.,  awake,  on  the 
watch.  Assubst.,  M., watchman, 
sentinel,  35,  13. 

vigilantia,  -ae,  f.  (vigilans,  watch- 
fid),  watchfulness,  vigilance, 
63,  8. 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.  (vigil,  awake,  alert), 
watching:  a  watch,  time  of 
keeping  watch,  35,  26. 
viginti,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  twenty, 
32,  17- 

villa,  -ae,  F.  (dim.  of  vicus,  vil¬ 


lage),  country-house,  country- 
seat,  farm,  villa,  61,  2. 
Viminalis,  -e,  adj.,  sc.  collis,  the 
Viminal  hill,  one  of  the  seven 
hills  of  Rome,  12,  21. 
vincio,  4,  vinxi,  vinctus,  bind, 
fetter,  tie,  fasten,  24,  12  ;  24, 
J7- 

vincS,  3,  vici,  victus,  conquer, 
defeat,  subdue,  be  victorious,  4, 
6 ;  8,  28  :  gain  one's  end,  suc¬ 
ceed,  18,  2. 

vinctus,  p.  of  vinciS,  24,  12. 
vinculum,  -i,  N.  (vincio,  bind), 
fetter,  chain :  plur.,  prison , 
1,  6. 

vindicS,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (vindex,  a 
maintained),  assert  a  claim  to : 
avenge,  punish,  3,  27  ;  18,  23. 
vinum,  -i,  n.,  wine,  26,  13  ;  42, 
21. 

violentus,  adj.  with  comp,  and 
sup.  (cf.  vis,  strength),  violent, 
impetuous,  13,  14. 
violS,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (cf.  vis, 
strength),  treat  with  violence , 
injure,  break,  24,  24  ;  50,  9. 
vir,  viri,  M.,  male  person,  man, 
4,  26  :  husband ,  4,  13  :  man  of 
courage,  4,  3. 

virga,  -ae,  f  .,  slender  green  branch , 
twig,  rod,  19,  14. 

Virginia,  -ae,  f.,  Virginia,  daugh¬ 
ter  of  Virginius,  18,  17. 
Virginius,  -i,  m.,  gentile  name  of 
Z.  Virginius,  the  Roman  centu¬ 
rion,  father  of  Virginia,  18,  3. 
virgS,  -inis,  F.,  virgin,  maid, 
maiden,  3,  18. 


VOCABULARY. 


329 


viritim,  adv.  (vir,  man),  man  by 
man,  singly,  individually,  41, 

I5‘ 

virtus,  -utis,  F.  (vir,  matt),  man¬ 
liness,  manhood :  courage,  valor, 

8,  1 5  :  goodness,  virtue,  28,  15; 

47,  25- 

vis,  vis,  — ,  vim,  vl ;  plur.,  vires, 
-ium,  etc.,  F.,.  vigor,  strength, 
vehemence,  force,  1,  17  ;  18,  7  ; 
67,  l7  :  violence,  15,  2  :  quan¬ 
tity,  number,  3,  3  :  plur.,  troops , 

9,  6. 

viso,  3,  -si,  -sus  (freq.  of  video, 
see),  view,  behold:  go  to  see, 
visit,  48,  8.  (W.  G.  75-) 
visus,  p.  of  video,  7,  28. 
visus,  -us,  M.  (video,  see),  looking, 
power  of  sight :  sight,  appear¬ 
ance,  12,  4  :  apparition,  vision, 

55,  5-  (W-  G-  75-) 
vita,  -ae,  f.  [viv-,  live],  life,  29, 
29  :  way  of  living,  29,  9:  career, 
17,  13.  (W.  G.  76.) 
vitis,  -is,  F.,  vine,  grape-vine,  22, 
22. 

vivo,  3,  vixi,  —  [viv-,  live],  live , 
be  alive,  36,  20  :  reside,  dwell, 
28,  16.  (W.  G.  76.) 
vivus,  adj.  [viv-,  live],  alive, 
living,  66,  23  :  of  water,  run¬ 
ning,  fresh,  13,  7.  (W.  G.  76.) 
vix,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  hardly, 
scarcely,  39,  4. 
vobis,  see  tu. 

vocifero,  or  vociferor,  1,  -atus, 
dep.  [*vociferus,  fr.  vox,  voice ; 
FER-,  bear],  cry  out,  shout,  bawl, 
11,  26.  (W.  G.  77.) 


vocito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of  voco, 
call),  be  wont  to  call,  name,  34, 
12.  (W.  G.  77.) 

voco,  i,  -avi,  -atus  [voc-,  call], 
call,  summon,  11,  25;  18,  10: 
call  by  name,  name,  2,  20.  (W. 
G.  77.) 

volans,  -antis,  p.  of  void,  4,  12. 

volgo,  adv.  (volgus,  the  mass),  in 
the  throng,  commonly,  gener- 
ally,  4,  25. 

volito,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (freq.  of  void, 
fly),  fly  to  and  fro,  flutter,  10, 
21  :  move,  fly,  51,  22. 

volnerd,  1,  -avi,  -atus  (volnus, 
woitnd),  wound,  Inert,  injure, 
7,  8. 

volnus,  -eris,  N.,  wound,  7,  22. 

volo,  velle,  volui  [vol-,  wish], 
will,  be  willing,  wish,  desire, 
want,  pitrpose,  12,  24;  27,  1. 

(W.  G.  79-) 

volo,  i,  -avi,  -aturus,  fly ,  4,  12. 

Volsci,  -orum,  M.,  the  Volscians, 
the  most  important  people  of 
ancient  Latium,  57,  9. 

voltur,  -uris,  M.,  vulture,  2,  18. 

voltus,  -us,  M.  [vol-,  wish],  an 
expression  of  countenance,  fea¬ 
tures,  looks,  air,  face,  2,  6 ;  25, 
20. 

volucer,  -ucris,  -ucre,  adj.,  flying, 
winged.  As  subst.,  F.  (sc.  avis), 
bird,  65,  22. 

volumen,  -inis,  n.  [volv-,  roll], 
that  which  is  rolled:  roll  of 
writing,  book,  volume,  67,  26. 
(W.  G.  78.) 

voluntarius,  adj.  (voluntas,  will), 


330 


VOCABULARY. 


willing ,  voluntary ,  65,  26.  (W. 

G.  79-) 

voluntas,  -atis,  f.  [i  vol-,  wish], 
will,  choice,  desire,  inclination , 

42,  8.  (W.  G.  79-) 
voluptas,  -atis,  F.  [cf.  volup, 

agreeably ;  VOL-,  will],  satis¬ 
faction,  pleasure,  delight,  29,  6. 

(W.  G.  79-) 

vos,  plur.  of  tu,  31,  13. 


votum,  -I,  n.  (p.  n.  of  voveo,  vow), 

pro?nise  to  a  god,  vow.  desire, 
prayer,  67,  13. 

voved,  2,  v5vl,  votus,  vow,  prom¬ 
ise  solemnly,  4,  9. 
vox,  vocis,  F.  [voc-,  call],  voice, 
cry,  call,  8,  26  ;  35,  12  :  utter¬ 
ance,  word,  speech,  saying,  22, 
5;  25,  21.  (W.  G.  77.) 


X 

Xenophon,  -Sntis,  m.,  Xenophoii,  the  Athenian,  55,  26. 

Z 


zona,  -ae,  F.  (Gr.,  £011/77),  woman's  girdle,  belt:  money-belt,  42,  19. 


Date  Due 


nrr.^T. 


BOSTON  COLLEGE 


3  9031  01400368  5 


«gpp* 


POoQg..  I3enj. _ L. 


AUTHOR 


TITLE 


140542 


lirbis  Vernae _ \/ir  i 

LP  N 


BOSTON  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  HEIGHTS 
CHESTNUT  HILL,  MASS. 

Books  may  be  kept  for  two  weeks  unless  other¬ 
wise  specified  by  the  Librarian. 

Two  cents  a  day  is  charged  for  each  book  kept 
overtime. 

If  you  cannot  find  what  you  want,  ask  the 
Librarian  who  will  be  glad  to  help  you. 

The  borrower  is  responsible  for  books  drawn 
in  his  name  and  for  all  accruing  fines. 


